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	Czarist Origins of Communism, II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Czarist Origins of Communism, II arist Origins of Communism, II The Union of Church and State
		The czarist state dominated the Orthodox Church, but by making its priests into government employees, it won their loyalty and obedience.
		The Communist state, like the czarist state, created a kept class of intellectual apologists to inculcate its rigid dogma; instead of priests, these were the Party theoreticians, lecturers, professors, journalists, and writers.
	www.gmu.edu /departments/economics/bcaplan/museum/czar2.htm (422 words)

	Workers World July 8, 2004: Gender & sexuality in czarist Russia
		And the sex that took place between men in the owning classes and laborers, termed "gentlemen's mischief," cannot be characterized as consensual sex, even when physical violence was not directly involved as coercion.
		Some 52 million human beings, enslaved as serfs in czarist Russia, had no rights as far as the landowners were concerned.
		But the peasantry, the preponderant class in czarist Russia, still lived under the boot heel of patriarchal semi-feudalism.
	www.workers.org /ww/2004/lgbtseries0708.php (965 words)

	Background Of The Levanda Index
		Czarist decrees were sometimes revised, revoked, or suspended.
		Though Levanda's collection covers the period 1649-1873, the vast majority of laws (from #56 on) were decreed in the 19th century because there was little need for the Czars to be concerned about Jews until after the three partitions of Poland, which increased the Jewish population of Russia by the hundreds of thousands.
		Czarist laws enacted in the 19th century applied to all 15 Gubernias in the Russian Pale of Jewish Settlement, and usually to the 10 western Gubernias known as the Kingdom of Poland: Kalisz, Warsaw, Plock, Lomza, Suwalki, Svedlitz, Kielce, Radom, Piotrkow, Lublin.
	www.angelfire.com /ms2/belaroots/levback.htm (1352 words)

	The Straight Dope: Did the Russians ever play Russian roulette?
		Somewhere I acquired the explanation that czarist Russian officers played the game to prove their bravery.
		Czarist officers were notorious for their violent, dissolute behavior.
		A year after publication of the book, Lermontov was slain in a duel by a fellow czarist officer.
	www.straightdope.com /classics/a991022.html (1311 words)

	Russo-Japanese War
		The Czarist Russian empire's authority over its far eastern domain was often loose, and local factions were advantaged by St. Petersburg's 10,000 miles distance.
		The occasion for the Russo-Japanese war of 1904 was Russia's refusal to withdraw its troops from Manchuria following the suppression of the 1900 Boxer Rebellion in China, a withdrawal required by the treaty protocol.
		Czarist Russia's conscript army in the Far East, ill trained and low in morale, was 80,000 at the beginning of 1904, and was reinforced slowly, to a low maximum of 250,000 in December 1904.
	zhukov.mitsi.com /Russo.htm (2297 words)

	Czarist Russia - Moscow Stop (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		There were four main social groups during the czarist rule in Russia.
		Czarist Russia: Before the 1917 revolution, Russia was a monarchy under the rule of the czar, or tsar--the title used by the emperors of...
		Czarist Russia's Last Silver Ruble, 1895-1915 It was the largest circulating coin to carry the famous coronation portrait of Czar Nicholas II and
	www.ahabcbc.ca /czarist-russia.html (267 words)

	Russian Revolution of 1917, series of events in imperial Russia that culminated in 1917 with the establishment of the ...
		For centuries, autocratic and repressive czarist regimes ruled the country and most of the population lived under severe economic and social conditions.
		The immediate cause of the February Revolution of 1917 was the collapse of the czarist regime under the gigantic strain of World War I. The underlying cause was the backward economic condition of the country, which made it unable to sustain the war effort against powerful, industrialized Germany.
		It disbanded the czarist police, repealed all limitations on freedom of opinion, press, and association, and put an end to all laws discriminating against national or religious groups.
	www.emayzine.com /lectures/russianrev.html (4539 words)

	Socialism and The Churches
		From the moment when the workers of our country and of Russia began to struggle bravely against the Czarist Government and the capitalist exploiters, we notice more and more often that the priests, in their sermons, come out against the workers who are struggling.
		And it is for that reason, among others, that the socialists rally all the people to fight against the Czarist regime, which is continually violating men's consciences, persecuting Catholics, Russian Catholics[1], Jews, heretics and freethinkers.
		The Christian religion developed, as is well known, in ancient Rome, in the period of the decline of the Empire, which was formerly rich and powerful, comprising the countries which today are Italy and Spain, part of France, part of Turkey, Palestine and other territories.
	www.newyouth.com /archives/classics/luxembourg/rosaluxemburgsocialismandthechurches.html (9230 words)

	F.C.F.C.'s page
		This was not because the Catholic Church was hostile to the Czarist regime itself but in absolute Czarism the Catholic Church saw the main obstacle to its plans, as being the great supporter of the rival Orthodox Church.
		Thus, when in 1917 the Czarist regime collapsed in utter ruin and was supplanted by Bolshevism, the news was received with great hopes and even rejoicing at the Vatican.
		Ropp, Bishop of Vilna, a refugee from Czarist Russia.
	www.geocities.com /visplace/vatican17.htm (9585 words)

	FORWARD : Arts & Letters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Provoked by a medieval blood libel, flashed around the globe by modern communications, Kishinev was the last pogrom of the Middle Ages and the first atrocity of the 20th century.
		Kishinev, the capital of the czarist province of Bessarabia, today's Republic of Moldova, was a town of some 125,000 residents, nearly half of them Jewish.
		Their rage and energy gave new momentum to the revolutionary movement and led directly to the abortive Russian revolution of 1905, which in turn set the stage for the cataclysm of 1917.
	www.forward.com /issues/2003/03.04.04/arts1.html (1545 words)

	Free-ResearchPapers.com - Communist Vs. Czarist Anti-Semitisim
		Jewish History Project Term Two: Communist Vs. Czarist Anti-Semitism Anti-Semitism is defined as “Hostility toward or prejudice against Jews or Judaism.” Communist anti-Semitism was different from Czarist anti-Semitism in its goals, and the ways in which it achieved those goals.
		The main underlying reason for Czarist and communist anti-Semitism was generations of ignorance and misunderstanding.
		The Czarist regimes prayed on this to their advantage, while the communists used this as justification for the destruction of Russian Jewry.
	www.free-researchpapers.com /dbs/b7/rfh116.shtml (995 words)

	106-year-old survivor of czarist pogroms, Nazis dies in New York - Haaretz - Israel News
		By AP "Bubbe" Maryasha Garelik, who lived through the entire 20th century, surviving the pogroms of czarist Russia, Soviet anti-Semitism and Nazi terror and then dispensing her wisdom to thousands of Lubavitch Jews, has died.
		She died Wednesday night in Brooklyn's Crown Heights neighborhood and was buried Thursday at the Old Montefiore Cemetery near the grave of the ultra Orthodox sect's revered "rebbe," Rabbi Menachem Schneerson.
		According to a Lubavitch biography of Bubbe Maryasha, her father was killed in a pogrom, or organized massacre, in Czarist Russia when she was 5, and her grandparents, with whom she and her mother lived, were subsequently executed.
	www.haaretz.com /hasen/spages/812879.html (764 words)

	Wehrmacht-Awards.com Militaria Forums - soviet medal bar with czarist awards?
		I know in WW2 the soviets remembered their own history and re- invited shoulder boards in the old czarist style, used the old czarist pentagonal bars for the medals, even used the St. Georges ribbon for the Order of Glory.
		I would have guessed that before 1942 wearing Czarist awards was tantamount to inviting in the firing squad, so I speculate that this is a photo from during or after the Great Patriotic War.
		The issue became moot after the so-called "officer purge" of the late twenties and the national unification and anticipation of a great-power conflict of the late thirties.
	www.wehrmacht-awards.com /forums/printthread.php?t=7742 (450 words)

	ipedia.com: Political commissar Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		A political commissar is an officer appointed by a communist party to oversee a unit of the military.
		They were first used by the Red Army by Leon Trotsky, who faced the task of integrating Czarist officers and troops into the new Red Army, while insuring their loyalty.
		The political commissar were appointed by the Communist Party to military units to direct political propaganda and ensure that Party decisions were implemented.
	www.ipedia.com /political_commissar.html (356 words)

	Seversky Aircraft and Republic Aviation
		Seversky flew with the Czarist Naval Air Service and suffered the loss of a leg as a result of being shot down in 1915.
		Ultimately, Seversky was credited with no less than shooting down thirteen German aircraft before the Czarist government reached an armistice with the Kaiser Wilhelm in 1917.
		In early 1918 Seversky was appointed by the Czarist Government to study aircraft design and manufacturing in the United States.
	home.att.net /~historyzone/Seversky-Republic.html (1404 words)

	Feature
		The locale was not a natural choice for a city; it's a river delta, a swamp.
		All these grand temples to czarist autocracy are set on pilings, built on sand.
		Modern Saint Petersburg is Petersburg 3.0: the first release was czarist, the second was the communist Leningrad, the third is global-capitalist Sankt-Piterburg, just another friendly Baltic seaport, a big tourist draw.
	www.wired.com /wired/archive/6.01/sterling.html (738 words)

	PublicEye.org - Apocalyptic Dualism & Conspiracism
		The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is a hoax document fabricated by the Czarist secret police in the early 1900s to divert grievances caused by an oppressive monarchy toward the scapegoat of Jews.
		The main Russian print source for the Protocols first appeared as an appendix in The Big in the Small, and Antichrist as a Near Political Possibility; Notes of an Orthodox Person by Sergei A. Nilus, published in 1905 but republished to wider audiences in 1911 and 1917.
		After the Russian revolution, Czarist loyalists emigrated to countries in Europe and to the US, and brought copies of the Protocols claiming they were the plans used by the Judeo-Bolsheviks to seize power.
	www.publiceye.org /tooclose/protocol.html (1020 words)

	: : : : F O R U M : : : : Żydzi - Polacy - Chrześcijanie
		Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn in his new work "Two Hundred Years Together" argues that the Kishinev pogrom was not inspired by the czarist regime.
		According to him the pogrom was misused to severely punish and stigmatize Russia.
		Polish historical studies from the interwar period (and contemporary ones) unambiguously point to the czarist authorities as the force behind the pogrom.
	www.forum-znak.org.pl /index-en.php?t=przeglad&id=1036 (542 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Therefore, by instituting new socialist-national relationships in place of the old colonial-national relationships of Czarist Russia, it was able to bring about a intermediate union state comprising a new socialist soviet people instead of the old empire with its 57 percent of colonial people dominated and oppressed by 43 percent of Great Russians.
		With the triumph of the bourgeois-democratic revolution of Russia in February 1917, that is with the overthrow of the Czarist dynasty and establishment of the bourgeois provisional government the national contradictions of the Czarist empire became paramount.
		Therefore what can be generally remarked is that there will be now question of secession of nations in a socialist society and the Soviet Union and there is no basis for such a question to arise and that the national question has been subjected to the class question and resolved once and for all.
	www.jvpnet.com /publi/NQchap05.html (5371 words)

	U.S. Senator John McCain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Washington, DC - U.S. Senator John McCain, in a statement delivered on the Senate floor today, warned that “a creeping coup against the forces of democracy and market capitalism in Russia is threatening the foundation of the U.S.-Russia relationship and raising the specter of a new era of cold peace between Washington and Moscow.
		State Duma deputy Yuri Shendoshokhtin, who had been looking into the role of the FSB in the Moscow bombings as well as a scandal surrounding the involvement of FSB officers in illegal trade, was also killed in mysterious circumstances.
		In today’s Russia – as in Soviet Russia, as in czarist Russia – the state uses its power to suppress political dissent.
	mccain.senate.gov /index.cfm?fuseaction=NewsCenter.ViewPressRelease&Content_id=1173 (2732 words)

	Suomen Matkatoimisto - www.smt.fi - CZARIST ST. PETERSBURG 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The rest of the day is free for you to explore this exciting city on your own.
		Former czarist palaces, extravagant mansions, and richly decorated churches create an imperial ambience all around the city, which used to be the home of the Russian czars for two hundred years.
		In the afternoon, guided transfer by private car to the railway station and return to Helsinki with arrival late in the evening.
	www.smt.fi /english/fft_winter/czarist05winter.html (466 words)

	Japan Says Czarist Gold Long Gone - MONEY - MOSNEWS.COM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Japanese Foreign Ministry conducted an independent study of the fate of Czarist gold which was brought into the country in 1916-1920 and announced that currently there are no Russian assets which have to be returned.
		In the course of investigation the Foreign Ministry studied the archives of Yokohama Siokin bank, predecessor of the Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi, where the gold is currently held, as the Russian government claims.
		The remaining part was spent by the Japanese government after the Revolution of 1917, because it was unclear who the new owner of the funds is and because the time when the funds could be legally reclaimed has already passed.
	www.mosnews.com /money/2004/04/30/japangoldgone.shtml (510 words)

	Oligarchy, the Utopian System
		They had seen how the czarist system had led to the decline in size of the Roman Empire, with whole provinces being occupied by barbarian tribes.
		The problem with the czarist system was that 80% of the emperors were incompetent.
		The Venetians realised that if they set up a czarist government, some future dictator would give the islands to the Goths, so they resolved to prevent a dictatorship arising at all costs.
	www.students.org.au /oligarchy (3694 words)

	Czarist Treasures - Welcome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The glass binding process enables the artist to permanently attach any glass forms to one another, affording the artist the creative freedom to present eclectic and unique characteristic and design to each sculpture.
		Each Czarist Treasures vase originates as the brainchild of the artist, Gadi Fishman.
		The design is then presented to a team of seasoned art glass workers each of whom make on individual contribution under the artist masterful guidance.
	developer.czaristtreasures.com (270 words)

	Crash Course in Jewish History Part 57 - The Czars and the Jews
		In Czarist Russia, government-organized pogroms against the Jews kept the eyes of masses off the corrupt regime.
		In Czarist Russia, there were so many pogroms against the Jews that it is simply impossible to even begin to list them all.
		However, in Czarist Russia, most of the pogroms were government organized.
	www.aish.com /literacy/jewishhistory/Crash_Course_in_Jewish_History_Part_57_-_The_Czars_and_the_Jews.asp (2325 words)

	Canteens, Breadbags & Mess Gear
		Original Czarist era Russian military canteens made from aluminum.
		They were absorbed into the Red Army after the revolution and were common items carried by Russian WW2 soldiers during the early parts of the war.
		These are original Russian Czarist Canteens dated 1910 and made in Riga, Latvia.
	www.ostfront.com /militaria/Rus-WW2-FG-Canteens.html (331 words)

	- Uniforms and ... War I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Description: NEW "Spencer Coil examines the uniforms and equipment used by the multiethnic Czarist Russian Forces during the turbulent reign of Czar Nicholas II.
		Description: Spencer Coil examines the uniforms and equipment used by the multiethnic Czarist Russian Forces during the turbulent reign of Czar Nicholas II.
		NEW CONDITION Spencer Coil examines the uniforms and equipment used by the multiethnic Czarist Russian Forces during the turbulent reign of Czar Nicholas II.
	u-books.used-books.eu.com /--Uniforms+and+...+War+I--0764321579--1.html (1403 words)

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