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Topic: DNA analysis

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	The Great DNA Hunt
		DNA can be used to understand the evolution of modern humans, trace migrations of people, identify individuals, and determine the origins of domestic plants and animals.
		DNA analysis, as one scholar put it, is "the greatest archaeological excavation of all time." Because ancient DNA molecules are normally so few and fragmented, and preserved soft tissues so rare, scientists had little hope of finding and analyzing it.
		Scientists are also studying DNA from the Y chromosome, which is passed only from father to son and is not recombined with the mother's genes.
	www.archaeology.org /9609/abstracts/dna.html (1656 words)

	DNA analysis
		First, the basis for virtually all DNA sequencing was the dideoxy-chain terminating reaction, developed by Sanger and for which he received his second Nobel prize.
		In this method, the DNA that is to be sequences, called the template, is hybridized with a short, complementary oligonucleotide, called the primer.
		DNA polymerase and deoxynucleotides are added to the mixture, and the enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of the complementary DNA strand, starting at the primer and extending in the 3' direction.
	faculty.washington.edu /dovichi/UBUBTpage/research/Methods/DNA_analysis.html (641 words)

	Forensic DNA Analysis
		DNA testing is commonly used to help settle legal proceedings of a civil nature.
		DNA testing can determine the identity of the person in question, or disprove the identity of the accused.
		DNA paternity testing examines several pairs of genetic markers in order to determine the probability of paternity of a child.
	www.edeincorp.com /forensic_dna_analysis.htm (0 words)

	FORENSIC DNA ANALYSIS
		DNA Polymorphisms: A polymorphism is a gene or loci with two or more alleles of appreciable frequency.
		For the purposes of forensics, DNA polymorphisms are specific sites in the genome where the precise sequence of DNA tends to differ in unrelated individuals.
		Interspersed repetitive DNA is a type of polymorphism where a particular block is repeated, not sequentially at a single locus (as was the case with VNTRs), but rather throughout the genome.
	staff.jccc.net /scorbett01/Physical/dna.htm (0 words)

	Howstuffworks "How DNA Evidence Works"
		DNA is a fairly resilient molecule, and samples can be easily extracted from hair or bone tissue; once a DNA profile has been created, it can be compared to samples from families of missing persons to see if a match can be made.
		Even without a DNA match to conclusively identify a body, a profile is useful because it can provide important clues about the victim, such as his or her sex and race.
		DNA evidence has freed many innocent people from death row, but you might need to be a scientist to understand it.
	www.howstuffworks.com /dna-evidence3.htm (0 words)

	Lowe Syndrome - DNA Analysis
		DNA sequencing of an affected male is recommended to provide the highest sensitivity; the identification of a mutation would provide the most efficient carrier test for female relatives by targeted DNA sequencing.
		In cases where a male proband is not available, DNA carrier testing can be performed in families with a definite enzyme-confirmed diagnosis of Lowe syndrome in conjunction with careful ophthalmological examination of suspected carrier females.
		Genomic DNA from this individual was used for PCR amplification of all exons contained in the coding region of the OCRL1 gene.
	www.bcm.edu /geneticlabs/tests/dna/lowe.html (0 words)

	DNA Analysis
		DNA is the fundamental building blocks for an individual's entire genetic makeup.
		DNA evidence can be used to implicate or eliminate a suspect from the crime, because of this.
		RFLP and STR use DNA from the nucleus of the cell.
	www.msu.edu /~perkin85/UBT/dnaanalysis.html (0 words)

	Genetic fingerprinting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		RFLP analysis is performed by using a restriction enzyme to cut the DNA into fragments which are separated into bands during agarose gel electrophoresis.
		The DNA is pulled through the tube by the application of an electric field, separating the fragments such that the smaller fragments travel faster through the capillary.
		In 1992, DNA evidence was used to prove that Nazi doctor Josef Mengele was buried in Brazil under the name Wolfgang Gerhard.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/DNA_analysis (0 words)

	DNA Analysis of
		In this work, DNA was extracted from pulverized bone from the first-discovered Neanderthal skeleton, which was found in the Feldhofer Cave in the Neander Valley near Dusseldorf, Germany, in 1856.
		Analysis of the consensus sequence indicated that the Mezmaiskaya mtDNA was significantly different from the modern human sequence, and more similar to the mtDNA sequence of the Feldhofer Neanderthal.
		They suggest that this remarkable instance of DNA preservation may be attributed to specific features of the microenvironment in the Mezmaiskaya limestone cave.
	www.geocities.com /fdocch/neil.htm (0 words)

	Biotechnology: DNA Analysis
		When the DNA fragments of an individual are separated by electrophoresis, transferred to a nylon membrane using the Southern blotting technique, and mixed with specific radioactive single-stranded DNA probes, a unique pattern of bands is produced when the membrane is autoradiographed.
		DNA fingerprinting or profiling can be used to identify an individual based on his or her DNA, but a more precise form of DNA analysis is accomplished by actually determining the sequence of a particular segment of DNA.
		DNA Sequencing can be used to identify an individual, determine if an individual carries a particular mutation, or on a grander scale, determine the sequence of the entire human genome.
	www.life.uiuc.edu /bio100/lectures/f04lects/19f04biotechpcrdna.html (0 words)

	DNA Parental Analysis
		DNA is a unique structure, because it remains constant for a lifetime much like our fingerprint's geometrical line pattern is maintained without varying in shape.
		DNA can be obtained from buccal cells, or various bodily fluids such as blood, urine, synovial, etc. DNA is extracted and isolated by using an ultra speed centrifuge (< 20,000 rpm).
		The identification of DNA is done by searching for matching allele sizes from the child, father and/or mother using methods of electrophoresis or Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
	www.toxassociates.com /dna.htm (0 words)

	DNA Analysis For Genealogy
		This DNA is not mixed with that of the mother, and it is identical to that of the father, unless a mutation occurs.
		Y DNA within such a family group may not match, because of what are delicately called "non-paternal events." There are three causes for such events.
		The results of the analysis are the identification of numerical categories for either 12 or 25 pieces of Y DNA.
	www.chem.northwestern.edu /~lambert/dna/analysis.htm (0 words)

	Forensic DNA Analysis: Technology and Application (BP443e) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Forensic DNA profiles are, in terms of their use in identification, similar to fingerprints; as witness the popular use of the term "DNA fingerprint." The ability of forensic-DNA typing to link scene-of-the-crime evidence to a suspect is well established and, as noted, has enabled authorities to obtain convictions in a significant number of cases.
		DNA evidence should not be collected unless the information is relevant to the crime in question, the crime must involve violence or the likelihood of violence, and the collection must be authorized by a judge.
		DNA Probe: a short segment of DNA labelled with a radioactive or chemical tag that is used to detect the presence of a particular DNA sequence or fragment.
	www.parl.gc.ca /information/library/PRBpubs/bp443-e.htm (11218 words)

	Products for DNA Analysis
		Electrophoretic analysis of this DNA can be used to illustrate the structure of chromatin.
		Two of the DNA samples are shown in the picture of the gel on the right (lanes 9, 10).
		DNA preparations are of the highest of purity and suitable for gene cloning experiments and as substrates for restriction endonucleases.
	www.modernbio.com /products_for_dna_analysis.htm (829 words)

	Homogenization of Soy beans for DNA Extraction and Soy Protein Isolation
		The DNA pellet was resuspended in TE buffer.
		Analysis of the reactions was done electrophoretically (1X TAE with 3% agarose) and is illustrated in Figure 2.
		Based on the fluorescence of the DNA smear in the ethidium bromide stained gel, the CTAB method produced the greatest yield, but fragment size is extremely small as compared to the other DNA preparations and measured against the molecular weight markers.
	www.btc-bti.com /applications/soyhomogenization.htm (1375 words)

	DNA Forensics
		Her estranged husband was implicated because a snowy white cat hair was found in a jacket near the scene of the crime, and DNA fragments from the hair matched DNA fragments from Snowball, the cat belonging to the husband's parents.
		The first case in which a murderer was convicted on DNA evidence obtained from a plant was described in the PBS TV series, "Scientific American Frontiers." A young woman was murdered in Phoenix, Arizona, and a pager found at the scene of the crime led the police to a prime suspect.
		DNA can provide insights into many intimate aspects of a person and their families including susceptibility to particular diseases, legitimacy of birth, and perhaps predispositions to certain behaviors and sexual orientation.
	www.ornl.gov /sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/forensics.shtml (3918 words)

	Handy DNA Analysis
		A biochip company is closer than ever to producing a handheld device to look at DNA in a doctor's office.
		The researchers said the technology, which consists of shooting electrons through the center of a DNA double helix, works as well as more laborious technology now used for analyzing genetic material.
		PCR-RFLP analysis takes up to 48 hours to turn around results, involves several steps, and the results must be interpreted by highly trained medical technologists.
	www.wired.com /news/technology/0,1282,35861,00.html (607 words)

	NOVA Online \| Killer's Trail \| Create a DNA Fingerprint
		And although your DNA is different from that of every other person in the world -- unless you have an identical twin -- it's the same in every cell that makes up your body.
		That DNA is unique from person to person but the same from cell to cell in one person can be a handy thing, especially when it comes to DNA fingerprinting.
		DNA fingerprints can be used for anything from determining a biological mother or father to identifying the suspect of a crime.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/sheppard/analyze.html (234 words)

	Advanced Genetic Technology - DNA Analysis, Inc.
		DNA profile can be generated for you to keep for years to come.
		DNA storage for up to 25 years is available for future genetic testing, upon your request.
		Funeral-related services such as funeral homes, cremation facilities and memorial companies, medical affiliations, and legal firms, law enforcement and private investigative firms are increasingly required to use DNA testing to produce results.
	www.storedna.com (194 words)

	DNA sequence analysis
		tfscan: Scans DNA sequences for transcription factors (EMBOSS).
		repeats : scans a dna sequence, looking for tandemly repeated patterns where the period of the repeat has a user specified size from 1 to 32 nucleotides (G. Benson).
		It was designed to simplify Multivariate Analysis (MVA) of codon usage (John Peden).
	bioweb.pasteur.fr /seqanal/dna/intro-uk.html (329 words)

	DNA Analysis Voles
		DNA is a molecule that holds all of the information to build living things.
		DNA barcoding argues that all members of a species will share a similar DNA sequence for a given gene and will have a dissimilar DNA sequence when compared to other species.
		DNA sequence of a 339 base pair region of cytB obtained from a small mammal from the Lulu Island Bog, Richmond, British Columbia, Canada.
	www.geog.ubc.ca /richmond/city/DNAAnalysisVoles.htm (1805 words)

	DNA Typing and Identification (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Markers of known DNA lengths could be placed in lanes of the electrophoresis gel to assist the lineup, and probes (radioisotope templates of known sequences) could be administered to hybridize the sample by bonding with sample fragments for better visual inspection.
		DNA evidence doesn't lend itself well to informal discovery processes because even though it has the potential to be exculpatory, DNA lab reports aren't exactly the easiest thing to discuss, challenge, or replicate.
		DNA evidence has the potential to be exculpatory, but DNA reports, with all their certitude in terms of probability, are used less for exoneration and more for confusion.
	faculty.ncwc.edu /toconnor/425/425lect15.htm (4838 words)

	MSP (Site not responding. Last check: )
		DNA is the same for every cell, tissue, and organ of a person.
		Consequently, DNA has become a primary method of identifying and distinguishing amongst individuals.
		In cases where a suspect has not been identified, the DNA profile obtained from evidentiary items can be entered into the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) which is administered by the F.B.I. The CODIS system enables federal, state, and local crime laboratories to exchange and compare DNA profiles electronically.
	www.michigan.gov /msp/0,1607,7-123-1593_3800-15955--,00.html (0 words)

	DNA: A Key to an Elusive Cat — Snow Leopard Trust (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This is done by analyzing the DNA from samples of wild snow leopard scat and shed hairs that are collected in the ﬁeld.
		DNA from domestic cats is even closer to snow leopards.
		This analysis includes diagnosis of infectious diseases, genetic fingerprinting used in crime investigations, analyzing DNA from extinct species—and the work Dr. Waits is doing on snow leopards.
	www.snowleopard.org /news/currentnews/dnaanalysis (0 words)

	DNA.gov: History of Forensic DNA Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: )
		DNA typing, since it was introduced in the mid-1980s, has revolutionized forensic science and the ability of law enforcement to match perpetrators with crime scenes.
		'DNA fingerprinting' or DNA typing (profiling) as it is now known, was first described in 1985 by an English geneticist named Alec Jeffreys.
		The technique used by Dr. Jeffreys to examine the VNTRs was called restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) because it involved the use of a restriction enzyme to cut the regions of DNA surrounding the VNTRs.
	www.dna.gov /basics/analysishistory (390 words)

	Pryce Praises House Vote to Aid Rape Victims and Eliminate Backlog of DNA Analysis
		Included in this legislation is a sizeable increase in funding to help eliminate the DNA analysis backlog, an issue Pryce has championed.
		“DNA analysis is often the best chance we have to close a painful chapter in the lives of women who have been the victims of rape and sexual assault.
		It is also the best chance to put rapists behind bars before they have a chance to repeat their crimes,” Pryce said.
	www.house.gov /pryce/press%20releases/releases/070904_DNA.htm (265 words)

	HITACHI GLOBAL : News Release : Development of world's first RFID sensor chip for DNA analysis
		The Human Genome Project to read the whole human DNA is complete, and currently the compilation of a SNP database is underway in the effort to achieve tailor-made medicine.
		Using the RFID sensor chip developed, SNPs were successfully detected by measuring bioluminescence in DNA sample solutions, and sensed data is transmitted by RF to the R/W located outside a container.
		DNA micro-array is commonly used for gene analysis To detect a target DNA labeled with fluorescent dye, a detection apparatus called a scanner is used.
	www.hitachi.com /New/cnews/050210b.html (1008 words)

	AMFS: Services >> DNA Testing & Analysis
		DNA testing has become one of the most important pieces of evidence that can be produced at trial.
		A non-match means that the evidence has a DNA profile which is different from the DNA profile of the person in question.
		This means that the person to whom the DNA was compared is not excluded as a possible source of the evidence DNA, but, it also means that nobody else is excluded as a possible source.
	www.amfs.com /se-dnatesting.html (373 words)

	Training Guidelines by Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM) (Forensic Science Communications, ...
		To ensure that a trainee has or is provided the formal education and the working knowledge of the fundamental scientific bases of forensic DNA analysis.
		To educate the trainee on the specific knowledge related to the field of forensic DNA analysis.
		A trainee performing mitochondrial DNA analysis will test an adequate number of samples to ensure a minimum of 50 successful amplifications.
	www.fbi.gov /hq/lab/fsc/backissu/oct2001/kzinski.htm (3206 words)

	Affymetrix - DNA Analysis Products
		Researchers can now study DNA variation both across the whole genome and in candidate regions comprehensively, reliably, and cost-effectively on the same high quality platform that revolutionized gene expression analysis.
		GeneChip Mapping Arrays are available for large-scale genotyping experiments, while Resequencing Arrays and Universal Arrays enable you to design an assay specific to your genetic region or organism of interest.
		DNA Analysis with the GeneChip® System (pdf, 510 KB).
	www.affymetrix.com /products/application/dna_analysis_products.affx (123 words)

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