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	Configurable DNA Computing
		Computer scientists, chemists, molecular biologists, physicists and microsystem engineers are working together to produce both a technological platform and theoretical framework for feasible and evolvable molecular computation.
		Although the massive parallelism of DNA in solution is impressive (more than 1020 bytes of active memory per liter) and the energy consumption is very low, the ultimate attraction of DNA-Computers is their potential to design new hardware solutions to problems.
		Computer scientists, chemists, molecular biologists, physicists and microsystem engineers are working together to produce both a technological platform and theoretical framework for an effective use of molecular computation.
	www.ercim.org /publication/Ercim_News/enw43/mc_caskill2.html (1153 words)

	BBC News \| SCI/TECH \| Test tube holds a trillion computers
		DNA sequencing is part of the task of cracking the genetic code of interesting organisms as diverse as the pneumonia bug, the tomato and the human body to discover more about the way they function.
		DNA computing took a leap forwards in 1994 when Leonard Adleman of the University of Southern California used DNA to solve a problem commonly known as the travelling salesman problem.
		DNA computing research was inspired by the similarity between the way DNA works and the operation of a theoretical device known as a Turing machine and named after the British mathematician Alan Turing.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/1668415.stm (563 words)

	Applications of DNA Based Computation
		A surface-based approach to DNA computation was also considered in [13], which suggests the products of bit operations could be identified using optical readers scanning for the relative surface position of hybrid double strands consisting of a previously unknown bitstring and a value being held by that bit.
		The feasibility of applying DNA computation to this problem was also addressed in [3] using a more refined algorithm (the sticker model approach) which enabled the researchers to suggest that they could solve the problem using less than a gram of DNA, an amount that could presumably be handled by a desk top sized machine.
		Secondly, DNA computing may prove to be entirely inefficient for a wide range of problems, and directing efforts on universal models may be diverting energy away from its true calling.
	publish.uwo.ca /~jadams/dnaapps1.htm (4208 words)

	The Chronicle of Higher Education: Articles
		By contrast, a DNA computer represents information as a pattern of molecules in a strand of synthetic DNA.That information is manipulated by subjecting it to precisely designed chemical reactions that may mark the strand, lengthen it, or even destroy it.
		But a DNA computer could test all of the keys at the same time, find the right one, and pass it to a human code-breaker for use in translating the message.
		The DNA computer might be a cost-effective way to decode the genetic material of humans and other living things, and it might be able to create "wet data bases" of DNA for research purposes that would eliminate the time-consuming task of translating DNA into a form that can be stored in an electronic computer.
	chronicle.com /data/articles.dir/art-44.dir/issue-14.dir/14a02301.htm (1986 words)

	Computing with DNA
		Furthermore, even although the computation process takes place at an awesome speed, the 'printout' of the result is excruciatingly sluggish, and involves many steps — it took Adleman a week of lab work to extract the potential solutions from his DNA cocktail.
		DNA strand synthesis is liable to errors, such as mismatching pairs, and is highly dependent on the accuracy of the enzymes involved.
		The DNA 'software' is continuously ligated and cut by the enzymes, until it reaches a final state — a defined sticky end — to which a 'reporter' DNA is ligated, thus terminating the computation.
	www.nature.com /embor/journal/v4/n1/full/embor719.html (1790 words)

	DNA Computing Research Requires Cross-Disciplinary Meeting of Minds
		Once the DNA strands are fixed to the surface, researchers use what they know about standard protocol and enzymes to create a series of chemical reactions that will mimic the specific mathematical manipulations required to solve the problem.
		DNA arrays, the surfaces to which the DNA strands are attached, are made of a variety of materials--gels, silicon, and gold to name just a few.
		Adelman and his colleagues at U.S.C. and the California Institute of Technology estimate that a highly automated DNA computer might be able to "crack" a message encrypted using one of the standard 72 quadrillion "keys" or set of instructions in as little as two hours.
	www.engr.wisc.edu /mse/newsletter/1999_spring/dna.html (1293 words)

	DNA Computing
		Computations which need a second on a modern PC are still taking days when using DNA computing techniques.
		The DNA computer, which more closely resembles a biochemistry lab than a PC, was the first nonelectronic device -- including the human mind -- to solve a logic problem with more than 1 million possible answers.
		While the experiment convinced Adleman that DNA computers will never be able to rival their electronic counterparts for speed without an unforeseen scientific breakthrough, he does think that they have a future niche.
	radio.weblogs.com /0105910/2002/08/15.html (363 words)

	DNA Computing
		DNA computing, in the literal sense, is the use of DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid) molecules, the molecules which encode genetic information for all living things, in computers.
		DNA computing is currently one of the fastest growing fields in both Computer Science and Biology, and its future looks extremely promising.
		DNA computing was grounded in reality at the end of 1994, when Len Adleman of USC announced that he had solved a small instance of a computationally intractable problem using a small vial of DNA.
	www.casi.net /D.BioInformatics1/D.Fall2000ClassPage/DC2/dc2.htm (2548 words)

	DNA Computing
		His DNA computing experiment is known as the “start of a new era”, forging an unprecedented link between computational science and life science.
		Since the DNA molecule is also a code, but instead made up of a sequence of four bases, which pair up in a predictable manner, Adleman saw the possibility of using it as a molecular computer.
		Adleman used DNA to solve a system of six vertices, which is not difficult for modern computers, but as the number of cities grows, so does the number of paths between them, making a 1,000 city path impossible to solve for even the best supercomputers.
	www.casi.net /D.BioInformatics1/D.Fall2000ClassPage/DC1/dc.htm (2738 words)

	Ars Technica: DNA Computing - Page 1 - (4/2000) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It was a landmark demonstration of computing on the molecular level.
		It illustrates the possibilities of using DNA to solve a class of problems that is difficult or impossible to solve using traditional computing methods.
		It's an example of computation at a molecular level, potentially a size limit that may never be reached by the semiconductor industry.
	arstechnica.com /reviews/2q00/dna/dna-1.html (790 words)

	DNA Computing
		DNA computing is just one of the many applied areas of Nanotechnology.
		DNA computing is the ability to drive computations, store data, and retrieve data through the structure and use of DNA molecules.
		DNA computing takes strands of DNA with proteins, enzymes and program specific states in each molecule in the double-helix strand.
	www.b-eye-network.com /view/379 (1314 words)

	What is DNA computer? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary
		The DNA sequences were set to replicate and create trillions of new sequences based on the initial input sequences in a matter of seconds (called DNA hybridization).
		The main benefit of using DNA computers to solve complex problems is that different possible solutions are created all at once.
		With this, a DNA computer could hold 10 terabytes of data and perform 10 trillion calculations at a time.
	www.webopedia.com /TERM/D/DNA_computer.html (373 words)

	DNA computing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		DNA computing is a form of computing which uses DNA and biochemistry and molecular biology, instead of the traditional silicon-based computer technologies.
		But DNA computing does not provide any new capabilities from the standpoint of computational complexity theory, the study of which computational problems are difficult to solve.
		DNA computing overlaps with, but is distinct from, DNA Nanotechnology.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/DNA_computing (524 words)

	CNN.com - DNA basis for new generation of computers - Aug. 18, 2003
		It almost sounds too fantastic to be true, but a growing amount of research supports the idea that DNA, the basic building block of life, could also be the basis of a staggeringly powerful new generation of computers.
		Eventually, the scientists aim to create self-sustaining computers that can be used, for instance, on deep-space voyages, to monitor and maintain the health of humans on board.
		DNA is notoriously fragile and prone to transcription errors -- as the world's cancer rates prove.
	www.cnn.com /2003/TECH/ptech/08/18/biological.computing.ap/index.html (978 words)

	DNA Computing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		DNA computational approach promises advanced massive parallelism computation, high energy efficiency, high speed in solving NP and NP-hard complexity problems and large memory amounts.
		A field in which DNA computing appears to be particularly interesting is the cryptography.
		DNA solutions for NP problems demonstrate that molecules hide interesting computational properties, but such results would not be so interesting if a molecular computer did not exist.
	www.ra.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de /~virazela/Seminar (735 words)

	ScienceDaily: New Technique Shows Scalability Of DNA Computing
		DNA computing is a nascent technology that seeks to capitalize on the enormous informational capacity of DNA, biological molecules that can store huge amounts of information and are able to perform operations similar to a computer's through the deployment of enzymes, biological catalysts that act like software to execute desired operations.
		DNA computing, on the other hand, depends on information represented as a pattern of molecules arranged on a strand of DNA.
		Computing -- Originally, the word computing was synonymous with counting and calculating, and a science that deals with the original sense of computing mathematical...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2000/01/000113233534.htm (1832 words)

	Slide aside, silicon!
		But in primitive DNA computers, it performs massive parallel processing, the same strategy that poweres some of the world's baddest supercomputers.
		When computer scientist Leonard Adelman jump-started the field of DNA computing in 1994, he offered some astonishing numbers to explain its potential.
		Eventually, Smith says, DNA computers might be able to tackle this thorny problem faster than you can say Leo Tolstoy.
	whyfiles.org /shorties/dna_computer.html (990 words)

	DNA COMPUTING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		DNA computers require a much more indirect approach to arrive at answer.
		You would like to take advantage of the massive parrallelism of DNA, in other words, tons of DNA strands all in the same area, possibly reacting with neighboring molecules all at the same time.
		This is main paradigm, how to bring DNA or RNA into states that are hidden from other reactions, thereby creating more meaningful lengthy circuits and chains of effects.
	www.geocities.com /lynchdavid/files/dna_computing.htm (313 words)

	DNA Computing by Self-Assembly
		Leonard Adleman’s original paper on DNA computing contained the seed of the idea we’ll pursue here--that the programmability of DNA hybridization reactions can be used to direct self-assembly according to simple rules.
		DNA self-assembly could be used in a variety of ways to solve this problem: molecular components (e.g., AND, OR, and NOT gates, crossbars, routing elements) could be chemically attached to DNA tiles at specific chemical moieties, and subsequent self-assembly would proceed to place the tiles (and hence circuit elements) into the appropriate locations.
		Presuming that algorithmic self-assembly of DNA can be made more reliable, it then becomes important that we understand the logical structure of self-assembly programs and how that structure relates to and differs from existing models of computation.
	www.nae.edu /nae/bridgecom.nsf/weblinks/MKUF-5UZJFP?OpenDocument (3525 words)

	dna-computing-faq
		A: (Sept. 2000) After 6 years of research by the Laboratory for Molecular Science and other first rate laboratories around the world, I am left with the impression that DNA computers are unlikely to become stand-alone competitors for electronic computers.
		Even if neither DNA computation nor quantum computation succeed, they may lay the foundation for discovering the true "computer of the future".
		(major) Work on the DNA computer has led us through a door into (I am confident) a new area of research which is quite fertile and which will lead to exciting new discoveries (read the "molecular science manifesto").
	www.usc.edu /dept/molecular-science/fm-dna-computing-faq.htm (328 words)

	DNA computing targets West Nile Virus, other deadly diseases
		Computers that process information using DNA instead of silicon chips could one day lead to faster, more accurate tests for diagnosing West Nile Virus, bird flu and other diseases, according to a team of researchers at Columbia University Medical Center in New York and the University of New Mexico.
		"These DNA computers won't compete with silicon computing in terms of speed, but their advantage is that they can be used in fluids, such as a sample of blood or in the body, and make decisions at the level of a single cell," says the researcher, whose work is funded by the National Science Foundation.
		In the future, she suggests that DNA computers could conceivably be implanted in the body to both diagnose and kill cancer cells or monitor and treat diabetes by dispensing insulin when needed.
	www.physorg.com /news80230272.html (927 words)

	DNA May Make Computers, Not Run Them - Forbes.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The DNA molecule looks like a long, twisted ladder; these blueprints are encoded on it through combinations of four possible kinds of rungs.
		DNA computing appeared to be a way of getting around the speed limits imposed by silicon and metal.
		But Yurke and Adleman argue that making DNA computers to replace desktop machines may not be the point of their research after all.
	www.forbes.com /2000/09/19/feat2.html (869 words)

	DNA Computing Solutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		DNA Computing Solutions is a separate organization that embodies the product focus formerly within the DNA Enterprises organizational structure.
		Founded in 1981, DNA Enterprises is an established engineering design services company that helps clients with their product development programs, and offers customization of DNA Computing Solutions' standard products to fit specific functional and environmental requirements.
		DNA Computing Solutions, Inc. is located in the heart of North Texas’ Telecom Corridor.
	www.testandmeasurement.com /storefronts/dnacomput.html (227 words)

	The DNA Computer
		His brilliant insight was to realise than the method by which DNA works in nature is a form of Turing Machine and such a machine can be used to solve computational problems.
		The incredible thing is that once the DNA sequences had been created he simply "just added water" to initiate the "computation":.
		DNA computers won't be replacing the common old PC in the foreseeable future but this development could well go down as a significant step in human history: the merging of two great discoveries of the 20th Century - computing and molecular biology.
	users.tpg.com.au /users/aoaug/dna_comp.html (667 words)

	Howstuffworks "How DNA Computers Will Work"
		DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules, the material our genes are made of, have the potential to perform calculations many times faster than the world's most powerful human-built computers.
		DNA might one day be integrated into a computer chip to create a so-called biochip that will push computers even faster.
		While still in their infancy, DNA computers will be capable of storing billions of times more data than your personal computer.
	computer.howstuffworks.com /dna-computer.htm (203 words)

	DNA Computing by Mike Wisz
		In a test tube somewhere at a lab in USC, one-fiftieth of a teaspoon of DNA chugged away at a problem, perhaps the first ancestor of a future generation of computers that will leave today's supercomputers in the dust.
		All computers in existence today make use of binary code - 1's and 0's, or on's and off's on the circuits of a computer chip, forming the basis for every calculation a computer performs, from simple addition to the solution of the most complex differential equations.
		Even though Adleman's molecular computer would have a hard time multiplying two 100-digit integers, an easy task for one of today's electronic computers, its capability to solve complex problems is unparalleled.
	xtrj.org /ssm6/usc_experiment.htm (874 words)

	Computer Made from DNA and Enzymes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		DNA computing is in its infancy, and its implications are only beginning to be explored.
		Instead of showing up on a computer screen, results are analyzed using a technique that allows scientists to see the length of the DNA output molecule.
		The computer cannot count how many ones are in a list, since it has a finite memory and the number of ones might exceed its memory size.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2003/02/0224_030224_DNAcomputer.html (840 words)

	Links Related to DNA/Molecular Computation
		Summary by students in a Computational Biology course, of Adleman's paper.
		On the Path to Computation with DNA by David Gifford in Science Vol 266, 11/11/94, pp.
		Computing with DNA by Adleman himself, Scientific American, August 1998.
	barzilai.org /dna/links.html (392 words)

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