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Topic: DNA fingerprinting

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	Genetic fingerprinting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		DNA fingerprinting begins by extracting DNA from the cells in a sample of blood, saliva, semen, or other appropriate fluid or tissue.
		One of the most modern and widely accepted methods for producing DNA fingerprints in criminal cases, is that of polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
		The trial of Robert Pickton is notable in that DNA evidence is being used primarily to identify the victims, and in many cases to prove their existence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/DNA_fingerprinting (1274 words)

	MSN Encarta - DNA Fingerprinting
		DNA is the genetic material found within the cell nuclei of all living things.
		Originally used to detect the presence of genetic diseases, DNA fingerprinting soon came to be used in criminal investigations and forensic science.
		However, DNA fingerprinting is controversial in a number of areas: the accuracy of the results, the cost of testing, and the possible misuse of the technique.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761579857/DNA_Fingerprinting.html (466 words)

	DNA Fingerprinting: YOU BE THE JUDGE! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		DNA fingerprinting has been hailed as the greatest advance in forensic science since traditional fingerprinting, but it is feared by some that this powerful tool has been accepted into the courts before all the " kinks" have been worked out.
		DNA fingerprinting is a technique that is used to collar criminals, exonerate innocent persons, and identify fathers in paternity cases.
		DNA isolated from blood, semen, hair, tissue, bone marrow, saliva, and urine left at the scene of a crime may identify an assailant.
	www.woodrow.org /teachers/bi/1992/DNA_printing.html (1008 words)

	Genetic fingerprinting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Genetic fingerprinting is used in forensic science, to match suspects to samples of blood, hair, saliva or semen.
		Next, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis is performed by using a restriction enzyme to cut the DNA into fragments which are separated into bands during agarose gel electrophoresis.
		In 1992, DNA evidence was used to prove that Nazi doctor Josef Mengele was buried in Brazil under the name Wolfgang Gerhard.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Genetic_fingerprinting (1274 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Applications of DNA Fingerprinting ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Mapping A marker is a piece of the DNA molecule that is associated with a certain trait of an organism.
		The DNA fingerprinting technique is used with traditional genetic analysis of family pedigrees and breeding data to identify DNA markers that are inherited along with important traits.
		DNA fingerprint -- A pattern generated during laboratory analysis of DNA that is unique to an individual organism.
	www.public.iastate.edu /~biotech_ed_info/BIOTECH_INFO/bio7.html (1900 words)

	DNA Fingerprinting in Human Health and Society
		DNA fingerprints are useful in several applications of human health care research, as well as in the justice system.
		DNA fingerprinting is used to diagnose inherited disorders in both prenatal and newborn babies in hospitals around the world.
		By studying the DNA fingerprints of relatives who have a history of some particular disorder, or by comparing large groups of people with and without the disorder, it is possible to identify DNA patterns associated with the disease in question.
	www.accessexcellence.org /AB/BA/DNA_Fingerprinting_Basics.html (898 words)

	DNA Fingerprinting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		DNA fingerprints allow the tracing of offspring to parents as the various bands in the fingerprint are inherited in a Mendelian fashion.
		DNA fingerprints were used to separate the 12 families in the mixed groups.
		The need for single-locus microsatellite DNA fingerprinting is of primary importance in the genetic analysis of the SGRP stocks because it can accurately detect changes in the gene pool of fish returning from the sea, in contrast to that of the released smolt population that will give rise to returnees (SGRP Annual Report 1990/1991).
	www.asf.ca /Research/resrch03.htm (1208 words)

	NOVA Online \| Killer's Trail \| Create a DNA Fingerprint
		And although your DNA is different from that of every other person in the world -- unless you have an identical twin -- it's the same in every cell that makes up your body.
		That DNA is unique from person to person but the same from cell to cell in one person can be a handy thing, especially when it comes to DNA fingerprinting.
		DNA fingerprints can be used for anything from determining a biological mother or father to identifying the suspect of a crime.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/sheppard/analyze.html (234 words)

	DNA fingerprinting -> Methods on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A common procedure for DNA fingerprinting is restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).
		Yet another process, polymerase chain reaction, is used to produce multiple copies of segments from a very limited amount of DNA (as little as 50 molecules), enabling a DNA fingerprint to be made from a single hair.
		DNA fingerprinting of mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from epidemiologically linked case pairs.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/dna-fing_methods.asp (505 words)

	DNA fingerprinting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		DNA fingerprinting is a powerful test for parentage and paternity testing of cattle.
		It is important that realistic expectations and appropriate uses of DNA fingerprinting are familiar to those wishing to use this new technology.
		The power of DNA fingerprinting is not absolute and it is important that realistic expectations are placed on the test.
	www.dpi.qld.gov.au /beef/2176.html (1916 words)

	DNA Fingerprinting in Human Health and Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Unlike a conventional fingerprint that occurs only on the fingertips and can be altered by surgery, a DNA fingerprint is the same for every cell, tissue, and organ of a person.
		Consequently, DNA fingerprinting is rapidly becoming the primary method for identifying and distinguishing among individual human beings.
		DNA fingerprinting is a very quick way to compare the DNA sequences of any two living organisms.
	web.mit.edu /esgbio/www/rdna/fingerprint.html (794 words)

	Junky genes speak
		When the double-helix of DNA serves to pattern proteins, it is the sequence of bases that matters.
		While old-fashioned fingerprints record the wavy, whorled ridges on fingertips, DNA fingerprints record the chemistry of small sections of DNA in chromosomes.
		DNA stores information in a four-letter code: Each base, or nucleotide, is labeled C, G, A or T. Four letters may seem primitive compared to our 26-letter alphabet, or our 10-digit counting system.
	whyfiles.org /126dna_forensic/3.html (715 words)

	How Does Genetic (DNA) Fingerprinting Work - Naked Scientists 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		DNA samples gathered at a crime scene can be compared with the DNA of a suspect to show whether or not he or she was present.
		DNA fingerprinting confirmed that the ‘suspect’ (inferior) caviar was present at the crime scene.
		DNA fingerprinting is often used to track down the genetic basis of inherited diseases.
	www.thenakedscientists.com /html/columnists/dalyacolumn8.htm (1421 words)

	DNA fingerprinting -> Applications on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In criminal investigations, the DNA fingerprint of a suspect's blood or other body material is compared to that of the evidence from the crime scene to see how closely they match.
		First developed in the mid-1980s, DNA fingerprinting has been accepted in most courts in the United States, and has in several notable instances been used to exonerate or free persons convicted of crimes.
		DNA fingerprinting is generally regarded as a reliable forensic tool when properly done, but some scientists have called for wider sampling of human DNA to insure that the segments analyzed are indeed highly variable for all ethnic and racial groups.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/dna-fing_applications.asp (526 words)

	DNA fingerprinting
		Fortunately for Ochoa, evidence from the crime was still available for DNA fingerprinting, a simple test that can prove whether a biological sample did or did not come from a suspect.
		A match, Laber says, is "very powerful evidence." (For a prosecutor's story of DNA fingerprinting, see "And the Blood..." in the bibliography).
		DNA tests have helped spring 10 people from death row since 1993, according to Richard Dieter, executive director of the Death Penalty Information Center.
	whyfiles.org /126dna_forensic (539 words)

	DNA Fingerprinting and Plants
		DNA fingerprinting approach was employed to investigate the molecular basis of somaclonal variation focusing on the hypervariable minisatellite regions and on the low copy regions using heterologous probes and random clones from poplar plasmid library.
		DNA was extracted from original or cutting-propagated plants and from tissue culture-propagated plants of the cultivars Montego and Lee's Dark Purple.
		DNA will be analyzed using a RAPD protocol that we developed and have used successfully for constructing a genetic map of blueberry and for generating DNA fingerprints of 20 different strawberry cultivars.
	www.nal.usda.gov /pgdic/cris-icar/dnafing.html (16062 words)

	DNA Fingerprinting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It is widely known that each individual has a DNA profile as unique as a fingerprint.
		Actually, over 99% of all 3 billion nucleotides in human DNA which we inherit from each parent are identical among all individuals.
		DNA fingerprinting has proved valuable, not only for convicting felons and exonerating the innocent, but also for establishing maternity or paternity and proving family relationships.
	www.bergen.org /AAST/Projects/Gel/fingprint1.htm (171 words)

	dna fingerprinting paternity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Multilocus DNA fingerprinting in paternity analysis: a Chilean experience DNA polymorphism is very useful in paternity analysis.
		Basics of DNA fingerprinting This website was created as a class project at the University of Washington.
		With DNA testing you have several choices when trying to determine biological relationships dna fingerprinting paternity DNA paternity testing is the most accurate form of paternity testing available
	www.geneticdiscovery.co.uk /dna-fingerprinting-paternity.html (385 words)

	Molecular Biology - DNA Fingerprinting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		DNA fingerprints can be used to determine the identity of a child’s parents if they are unknown.
		DNA samples were taken from a crime scene, the female victim and two suspects in a sexual assault case.
		In spite of the problems with DNA fingerprinting, it is a reliable form of evidence when performed properly, which has helped falsely convicted people be released from jail.
	www.bioteach.ubc.ca /MolecularBiology/DNAfingerprint (1220 words)

	DNA Fingerprinting - [Medical Test]
		DNA fingerprinting is a test to identify and evaluate the DNA of a person's cells.
		DNA makes up the thin strands (called chromosomes) found in the centre, or nucleus, of all body cells except red blood cells and platelets.
		DNA testing also can be done on cells obtained by a simple mouthwash, but this method is not recommended.
	www.bchealthguide.org /kbase/topic/medtest/hw4439/descrip.htm (385 words)

	CHAPTER #10: GENETIC ENGINEERING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Clearly the DNA from the scene-of-the-crime is not that of O.J., as the fragment patterns (the DNA fingerprint) are different.
		In the case of crime evidence this means that the DNA in a single hair follicle, a single drop of semen or blood is sufficient to prove that an individual was present at the scene of a crime.
		DNA fingerprinting is a powerful technique that is capable of distinguishing every individual organism from every other individual organism on this planet with the EXCEPTION of identical twins or clones.
	www.slic2.wsu.edu:82 /hurlbert/micro101/pages/Chap10.html (7875 words)

	DNA FINGERPRINTING
		The preparation and conduct of the DNA fingerprinting laboratory is divided into the following sections: Preparation of the student materials, plasmid DNA preparation, restriction endonuclease preparation, migration dye preparation, and the preparation, loading and running of an agarose gel for use with Carolina Blu Stain.
		If the incubated DNA is not going to be loaded by the students into the gel immediately, it can be stored in a refrigerator until the migration dye is added and the gel is loaded.
		The blue dye is used to monitor the migration of the DNA during electrophoresis.
	www.nal.usda.gov /bic/Education_res/protocols/dna.finger.html (3476 words)

	DNA Identification Services \| DNA Fingerprinting
		DNA is a very popular area of research these days.
		DNA Banking offers you a chance to have your DNA stored or 'banked' in a safe environment where it is always available for retrieval.
		The DNA sample is tested using 9 of the 10 DNA loci accepted by the National DNA Database of the UK.
	www.dna-paternity-test.co.uk /dna-identification.html (461 words)

	lambda DNA Fingerprinting Simulation
		DNA sample tubes for suspects X, Y, and Z as well as from blood samples collected at the scene of the crime (E) should be prepared as follows:
		DNA profiling, or as it is more commonly called, DNA fingerprinting, involves three basic steps-- restriction of the DNA samples into fragments that can be handled more easily: separation by size of the various length fragments using electrophoresis; and then visualizing certain fragments to which radioactive probes have been attached.
		Compare the fingerprints of all the suspects in this case to the DNA profile of the DNA isolated from the blood droplets at the crime scene.
	www.accessexcellence.org /AE/AEC/AEF/1996/conley_dna.html (1515 words)

	Show 1305 DNA Fingerprinting
		Formerly used only in research labs, DNA fingerprinting (called DNA profiling by scientists) has entered an intense public spotlight, where lawyers, crime investigators, and scientists constantly discuss its merits and pitfalls.
		Although usually used to establish paternity, DNA profiling is such good evidence that prosecutors are relying on it more and more to help convict suspects in criminal cases.
		The most common form of DNA profiling, abbreviated RFLP, is a way of showing the unique patterns of bases in some of these areas.
	reachoutmichigan.org /funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/dna.html (1202 words)

	DNA fingerprinting -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		DNA is extracted, treated with restriction enzymes, and sequenced using gel electrophoresis to …
		The technique was developed in 1984 by the British geneticist Alec Jeffreys, after he noticed the existence of certain sequences of DNA (called minisatellites) that do not contribute to the function of a gene but are repeated within the gene and in other genes of a DNA sample.
		Fingerprints afford an infallible means of personal identification, because the ridge arrangement on every finger of every human being is unique and does not alter with growth or age.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9030731?&query=dna (874 words)

	DNA Fingerprinting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The information from a multi-locus fingerprint is very high due to the hundreds of detected polymorphic regions, a reason why this method is frequently used in paternity testings.
		The most crucial question for a cell bank concerning DNA fingerprinting is, whether or not the new cell line is authentic.
		This sequential use of both fingerprint systems is necessary because of the higher genetic instability of non-coding DNA regions compared to coding DNA regions and because of the lost alleles when cell lines change from the heterozygous to homozygous status (Table 1).
	www.dsmz.de /mutz/mutzdnaf.htm (952 words)

	Wired News: DNA Fingerprinting for All!
		Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys, of the department of genetics at the University of Leicester, said existing criminal DNA databases were too small to catch criminal suspects.
		DNA fingerprinting -- from the tiniest of human specimens -- is already widely used in criminal investigations, paternity testing and to help settle applications for immigration, affecting the lives of thousands of people in a way Sherlock Holmes could not have dreamed possible.
		The technique was developed in 1984 by Jeffreys after he noticed the existence of certain sequences of DNA that do not contribute to the function of a gene are repeated within the gene and in other genes of a DNA sample.
	www.wired.com /news/privacy/0,1848,58600,00.html (538 words)

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