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Topic: DNA ladder

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	[No title]
		DNA and proteins are key molecules of the cell nucleus.
		A gene is a discrete sequence of DNA nucleotides.
		DNA responds to signals from outside the cell.
	www.dnaftb.org /dnaftb/toc.html (110 words)

	Electrophoresis, DNA Ladders: GeneRuler™ and O'GeneRuler™ DNA Ladders
		GeneRuler™ and O'GeneRuler™ 50bp DNA Ladders (50-1000 bp)
		GeneRuler™ and O'GeneRuler™ 100bp DNA Ladders (80-1000 bp)
		GeneRuler™ DNA ladders are available in two formats: conventional (in a storage (TE) buffer), and a convenient ready-to-use format: premixed with 6X Loading Dye Solution for direct loading onto agarose or polyacrylamide gels.
	www.fermentas.com /catalog/electrophoresis/generulers.htm (0 words)

	A Science Odyssey: DNA Workshop: Replication
		DNA, which stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, resembles a long, spiraling ladder.
		These bases are the rungs of the DNA ladder.
		During DNA replication, special enzymes move up along the DNA ladder, unzipping the molecule as it moves along.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aso/tryit/dna/replication.html (318 words)

	DNA: The Blueprint for Life
		DNA is shaped like a long ladder that's twisted into a spiral.
		The sides of the DNA ladder are long chains of sugars and phosphates (fahs-fates).
		The rungs of the ladder are four chemical bases: adenine (add-n-een), guanine (gwa-neen), cytosine (sigh-tuh-seen) and thymine (thigh-meen).
	www.microbeworld.org /know/dna.aspx (420 words)

	Brainboost - What are the sides of the DNA ladder
		The sides of the DNA ladder are composed of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules, like links in a chain, and consist of four different chemical bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
		The sides of the DNA ladder consist of a long string of sugar and phosphate molecules, to which the bases are attached.
		The sides of the DNA ladder are made of sugar and phosphate molecules and are connected by rungs of nitrogen - containing chemicals called bases..
	www.brainboost.com /search.asp?Q=What+are+the+sides+of+the+DNA+ladder&lfmq=1 (275 words)

	::segenetic.de - enzyme distribution: Perfect 100 bp DNA Ladder::
		Perfect 100 bp DNA Ladder is ideal for determining the size of double-stranded DNA from 100 to 1000 base pairs.
		The ladder consists of ten fragments that range in size from 100 to 1000 bp in 100 bp increments.
		DNA fragments lenght (bp) and DNA mass: 100 (20 ng); 200 (40 ng); 300 (40 ng); 400 (80 ng); 500x2 (130 ng); 600 (110 ng); 700 (90 ng); 800 (150 ng); 900 (170 ng); 1000 (190 ng).
	www.segenetic.de /index.php?id=412 (158 words)

	DNA - The Double Helix
		Chromosomes are composed of genes, which is a segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein which in turn codes for a trait. Hence you hear it commonly referred to as the gene for baldness or the gene for blue eyes. Meanwhile, DNA is the chemical that genes and chromosomes are made of.
		DNA is called a nucleic acid because it was first found in the nucleus. We now know that DNA is also found in organelles, the mitochrondria and chloroplasts, though it is the DNA in the nucleus that actually controls the cell's workings.
		DNA needs to copy itself when a cell divides, so that the new cells each contain a copy of the DNA.
	www.biologycorner.com /worksheets/DNAcoloring.html (767 words)

	DNA ladder in TutorGig Encyclopedia
		A 'DNA ladder' is a solution of DNA molecules of different lengths used in agarose gel electrophoresis.
		The 1kb ladder with fragment ranging from about 0.5 kbp to 10 or 12 kbp and the 100 bp ladder with fragments ranging from 100 bp to just above 1000 bp are the most frequent.
		DNA ladders are often produces by a suitable restriction digest of a plasmid.
	www.tutorgig.com /ed/DNA_ladder (170 words)

	Millipore - Technical Library - Effect of Centrifugal Ultrafiltration on Large Fragment DNA Integrity
		DNA bands in lane 1 (starting material) are indistinguishable from the bands on lanes 2–4, which were spun repeatedly in the ultrafiltration devices.
		As in the case of the DNA Ladder, the concentrated samples (lanes 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, and 9) appear to be identical with their corresponding starting material.
		DNA samples of up to 49 kb were concentrated repeatedly without any loss of sample integrity.
	www.millipore.com /publications.nsf/docs/6dll8w (943 words)

	DNA
		DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a very large polymer (a string of two or more molecules) which contains more than a billion molecules.
		DNA is very important because it finally provides us with a very precise definition of micro and macro evolution.
		For evolution to be true it is required that there be so many different base strands of DNA that we must be able to accurately place every organism on Earth into a specific genetic family and not be able to move species around the way evolutionists do today.
	hauns.com /~DCQu4E5g/DNA.html (1445 words)

	NOVA Online \| Cracking the Code of Life \| Journey into DNA (non-Flash)
		Although the DNA code from cell to cell is the same, there are many different types of cells within the body, each with a specific function.
		Note also that DNA with a "left-handed" twist, as this has, is a special kind of DNA known as Z-DNA.
		In the DNA molecule, A always pairs up with T, and C always pairs up with G. The sides of the DNA ladder consist of a long string of sugar and phosphate molecules, to which the bases are attached.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/genome/dna_sans.html (946 words)

	SeeGene - Forever 100bp Ladder Personalizer (Site not responding. Last check: )
		DNA ladder is stable for at least 3 months at 4C.
		The concentration of each template (plasmid) and PCR conditions are set to amplify all 12 fragments in the same reaction to generate a ladder of approximately equal intensities, with a couple at higher concentration for orientation.
		The plasmids each containing ladder fragment were chosen for synthesizing personalized 100 bp DNA ladder and used as templates for PCR amplification.
	www.alleight.com /Products/SeeGene/Forever100bpLadder.htm (665 words)

	Bionexus Gene-Oligo-Peptide Synthesis,DNA Ladder,Taqman
		Bionexus has developed gene synthesis protocols that allow rapid turnaround times from optimizing the codon to confirming the sequence of the synthetic gene at a very competitive price.
		Bionexus TaqMan® Quantative PCR(QPCR) services is a fast, reliable and accurate resulting of quantitatively measuring the distribution and expression of target DNA or RNA.Our Quantative PCR (TaqMan®) Services aims to provide expertise and custom services in the quantitative analysis of infectious agents, gene expression and the detection of genetic diseases.
		Bionexus DNA Sequencing services results are amongst the longest, allowing you to finish your project faster with fewer custom primers.
	www.bionexus.net (0 words)

	Glencoe Online Science Quiz Chapter
		One side of the DNA "ladder" has the following sequence of nitrogen bases: G C C T. What is the sequence of nitrogen bases on the other side of the ladder?
		One side of the DNA "ladder" has the following sequence of nitrogen bases: A T G A. What is the sequence of nitrogen bases on the other side of the ladder?
		What is the type of DNA formed when DNA from one organism is spliced into the DNA of another organism?
	www.glencoe.com /qe/science.php?qi=1404 (173 words)

	Promega eNotes - Applications
		For the phenol/chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation, the DNA pellet was resuspended in 50μl Nuclease-Free Water.
		Equivalent volumes of the 1kb DNA Ladder before and after purification were separated on a 2% agarose gel and visualized on a UV transilluminator.
		Prior to staining, no DNA bands are visible on the gel for the purified 1kb DNA Ladder, indicating removal of the ethidium bromide (see Figure 1, Panel A).
	www.promega.com /enotes/applications/ap0045_print.htm (982 words)

	CiteULike: Detection of genomic DNA fragmentation during apoptosis (DNA ladder) and the simultaneous isolation of RNA ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		CiteULike: Detection of genomic DNA fragmentation during apoptosis (DNA ladder) and the simultaneous isolation of RNA from low cell numbers.
		Detection of genomic DNA fragmentation during apoptosis (DNA ladder) and the simultaneous isolation of RNA from low cell numbers.
		Using this method, we were able to detect a DNA ladder from as low as 30,000 apoptotic cells in only 45 min including gel electrophoresis.
	www.citeulike.org /user/cherrie/article/843711 (276 words)

	GeneRuler™ DNA Ladder Mix
		The DNA ladder yields the following 21 discrete fragments (in base pairs): 10000, 8000, 6000, 5000, 4000, 3500, 3000, 2500, 2000, 1500, 1200, 1031, 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400, 300, 200, 100.
		GeneRuler™ DNA Ladder Mix was diluted in a loading dye to a concentration of 0.1mg/ml.
		The DNA ladder can be loaded directly on agarose gel.
	www.cinnagen.com /GeneRuler_DNA_Ladder_Mix.htm (122 words)

	genome.gov \| Molecular Model
		If you construct a DNA model out of pop beads containing 12 bases pairs (or rungs of the ladder) it is approximately one foot long.
		One fun activity to add to the DNA modeling station would be to represent this length using string and a map.
		The rungs of the ladder represent the hydrogen bonds that hold the DNA strands together.
	www.genome.gov /11511419 (549 words)

	Mechanism of Apoptosis Induced by a New Topoisomerase Inhibitor through the Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide -- Mizutani ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		DNA cleavage by TAS-103 induces PARP hyperactivation and subsequent
		Alteration in the topology of DNA by intercalation
		TAS-103 induced DNA cleavage in HL-60 cells after a 1-h treatment; the formation of DNA ladders was observed at 4 h.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/277/34/30684 (3592 words)

	ScienceDaily: New Look At DNA Hints At Origin Of Ultraviolet Damage (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The atoms of the sugar-phosphate backbone are shown in gray, and the ultraviolet-absorbing portions of DNA -- the bases -- are shown in blue or magenta, depending on which side of the DNA strand they are located.
		It could be that when base pairs arealigned in their natural state in a DNA strand, the electronicinteractions along the stack provide an easier way for DNA to riditself of UV energy, compared to passing the energy back and forthbetween the two bases in a base pair as scientists have previouslythought.
		Scientistsbelieve that proteins in the body repair DNA by removing photolesionsand filling in new material, using the remaining DNA strand as atemplate.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/08/050826081430.htm (1229 words)

	BI 171 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Because DNA molecules have uniformly distributed negative charges (from the phosphate groups) throughout their length, the charge density in the molecule is directly proportional to the length of the nucleic acid molecule.
		DNA molecules can be visualized very conveniently by incubating them with a dye called ethidium bromide.
		Load a DNA ladder (molecular size standards) into a well, and connect the power supply to the electrophoresis apparatus.
	www.auburn.edu /~locyrob/teaching/bi1027/1027specialproject/1027sp5.html (495 words)

	DNA Structure - what's the dna ladder anyway?
		Like Gene said, my full name is DNA Polymerase.
		Those are sticky spots that cause the two DNA strands of a chromosome to stick together.
		And how the sticky spots make sure that A is always across from T and C is always across from G? "Now you can see how Gene and all the rest of the chromosomes are made from small pieces called nucleotides.
	www.eurekascience.com /ICanDoThat/dna_structure.htm (881 words)

	New look at DNA hints at origin of ultraviolet damage
		In the current issue of the journal Nature, Bern Kohler and his colleagues report that DNA dissipates the energy from ultraviolet (UV) radiation in a kind of energy wave that travels up the edge of the DNA molecule, as if the energy were climbing one side of the helical DNA "ladder."
		Their work revealed that the DNA helix was composed of paired bases, and that discovery led researchers to focus on how UV energy might interact with base pairs.
		Base stacking is frequently overlooked, he admitted, because the ladder terminology that we use to describe DNA structure makes us think that there are open spaces between successive rungs of base pairs.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-08/osu-nla082205.php (1012 words)

	[No title]
		I load the same amount of ladder to each type of gel (RFLP or for PCR products), but add extra loading buffer to the ladder for the bigger gel.
		I wonder if the concentration of the ladder is high enough to visualise on the gel you are currently using.
		Hi The ladder is 1Kb+ and is actually an aliquot of a stock that has previously been used for the same type of analysis (RFLP- run o/n) where discrete and fairly tight bands were observed so I'm not sure about whether it could have spread out so far as to be invisible.
	www.protocol-online.org /forums/index.php?showtopic=20628&mode=linearplus&view=findpost&p=71359 (1043 words)

	KOMA DNA Marker & Ladder
		The DNA fragment mixture shows a ladder with 12 DNA fragments.
		The 500 and 1000bp DNA fragment are two or three times brighter, facilitating analysis of DNA fragments generated by PCR or restriction digest and separated on agarose gels.
		This ladder is a mixture of several plasmids digested to
	www.komabiotech.co.kr /product/koma/ladder.htm (173 words)

	BAC-Tracker™ Supercoiled DNA Ladder, EPICENTRE® Biotechnologies
		The BAC-Tracker™ Supercoiled DNA Ladder is suitable for estimating the size of large supercoiled DNAs, such as BAC (Bacterial Artificial Chromosome) clones, by agarose gel electrophoresis.
		Supercoiled DNAs of 8, 28, 38, 55, 95, 120, and 165 kb.
		Each batch of BAC-Tracker™ Supercoiled DNA Ladder is checked by gel electrophoresis to ensure the correct size of all 7 supercoiled DNA bands.
	www.epibio.com /item.asp?ID=381&CatID=125&SubCatID=127 (259 words)

	GENEFLO 625 DNA Ladder
		GENEFLO DNA Ladders are compatible with all fluorescent based separation systems including the ABI PRISM.
		These new fluorescent ladders consist of 24 evenly spaced bands ranging from 50 to 625 bp, plus 2 doublets (129 bp and 429 bp) for software orientation.
		GENEFLO 625 DNA Ladders are composed of 26 fragments of the following sizes: 50, 75, 100, 125, 129, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 429, 450, 475, 500, 525, 550, 575, 600 and 625.
	www.bioresearchonline.com /Content/ProductShowcase/product.asp?DocID={9DE37851-FC3F-11D4-A770-00D0B7694F32} (172 words)

	DNA and Protein Synthesis
		DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is in the family of molecules referred to as nucleic acids.
		One strand of DNA has a backbone consisting of a polymer of the simple sugar deoxyribose bonded to something called a phosphate unit.
		The specific base-pairing of DNA aids in reproduction of the double helix when more genetic material is needed (such as during reproduction, to pass on characteristics from parent to offspring).
	web.jjay.cuny.edu /~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm (1203 words)

	Chemicon - Product #APT151 - DNA Ladder Detection Kit
		Internucleosomal DNA fragmentation is a hallmark of apoptosis in mammalian cells.
		Chemicon's Quick Apoptotic DNA Ladder Detection Kit provides a fast and easy means for detection of DNA fragmentation in apoptotic cells.
		The new procedure increases recovery of small fragmented DNA and therefore improves the sensitivity of the assay.
	www.chemicon.com /browse/productdetail.asp?ProductID=APT151 (275 words)

	New microscope allows scientists to track a functioning protein with atomic-level precision
		DNA is often compared to a twisted ladder consisting of two strands connected by molecular rungs called "bases," which are known by the abbreviations A, T, G and C. Lengthier DNA sequences code for genes, which contain explicit instructions for building a specific protein.
		A typical DNA ladder carries thousands of genes that encode thousands of proteins, which keep the organism alive and functioning.
		For the Nature experiment, Block and his colleagues used DNA and RNAP extracted from E. coli bacteria, which is remarkably similar to RNAP in more complex organisms, including humans.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-11/su-nma110805.php (1842 words)

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