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Topic: DNA profiling

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	Forensic Fact File - DNA Profiling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		DNA analysis can reveal the genetic profile of an individual and compare this with samples from a crime scene to determine whether or not he/she may be the source of the biological material.
		DNA profiling is also commonly in use for paternity testing, usually to determine fatherhood of a child when this is disputed.
		DNA profiling is typically carried out when human biological fluid or tissue is found at a crime scene and used as evidence to link to, or exclude from, that scene, a possible suspect.
	www.nifs.com.au /FactFiles/DNA/what.asp?page=what&title=DNA%20Profiling (751 words)

	Kathy Reichs - DNA Profiling
		Essentially, DNA profiling is the process of separating an individual's unique, polymorphic, fragments from the common ones.
		While all of the DNA contained in the sample has been transferred from the gel to the blot, the probe DNA is designed to attach itself to the polymorphic - and only the polymorphic - fragments.
		In a criminal case in which you're trying to extract DNA from a single strand of hair or drop of blood, or you have only skeletal remains of the victim, this is a distinct advantage.
	www.kathyreichs.com /dnaprofiling.htm (838 words)

	DNA Profiling Techniques - Forensic DNA Analysis
		This was confirmed by comparing the DNA profile of a sample of the biopsy tissue taken from the woman in question with the profile of the excised breast tissue.
		The essential message is that DNA profiling has a much wider application range than might be appreciated at first sight, and it is always worth asking if it might be capable of providing answers, however old or unusual the circumstances surrounding the question.
		DNA profiling has a much wider application range than might be appreciated at first sight, and it is always worth asking if it might be capable of providing answers, however old or unusual the circumstances surrounding the question.
	www.forensic-access.co.uk /forensic-access-publications/benchmark-newsletter/dna-profiling-techniques.htm (1020 words)

	American Kennel Club - DNA Certification Program
		DNA Profiling is required for stud dogs whose semen is collected for fresh-extended or frozen or frozen use.
		AKC DNA Profiling is also required for Frequently Used Sires, effective for litters whelped on or after July 1, 2000, and for imported breeding stock registered on or after March 1, 2006.
		DNA Profiling may be used to determine the correct sire of a litter before registering that litter, such as in cases where the dam was exposed to more than one male during her season.
	www.akc.org /dna/certify.cfm (318 words)

	DNA profiling - Better Health Channel.
		DNA profiling is a way of establishing identity and is used in a variety of ways, such as finding out whether twins are fraternal or identical.
		In a paternity test, for example, the mother’s DNA profile is compared with the child’s to find which half was passed on by the mother.
		The ability of DNA profiling to exclude a suspect means the police are able to confidently drop that line of enquiry and continue their investigation down other avenues.
	www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au /bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/DNA_Profiling?open (1063 words)

	::: DNA Fingerprinting and Civil Liberties :::
		The utility of genetic profiling based on inherited DNA variation has come of age and has now gained almost universal acceptance as a forensic tool that is central to the proper and complete investigation of many civil and criminal matters.
		DNA profiling of crime scene evidence and comparison to known samples from victims or suspects provides a powerful exculpatory or exclusionary tool that has proven fundamental in resolution of many investigations of felonies.
		DNA collected from remains and victims' families may represent cross-sections of populations that would be of interest to researchers.
	www.aslme.org /dna_04/description.php (5455 words)

	CrimTrac - DNA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		DNA profiling is one of the single most important advances in police investigation techniques since the development of fingerprint classification systems in the late nineteenth century.
		DNA profiles are a very powerful means of determining whether two samples may or may not have come from the same person.
		Because DNA is the same in all cells of the body, DNA profiles extracted from different types of samples at different times and in different places can be compared to determine whether they may have come from the same person.
	www.crimtrac.gov.au /dna.htm (1378 words)

	CrimTrac - DNA Techniques (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A gene is a particular area of a DNA molecule where the sequence of bases carries information required to produce a particular protein from a particular sequence of amino acids.
		The remainder of the DNA is non-coding DNA.
		Before a DNA profile can be prepared from a human sample the DNA must be isolated from other organic and non-organic components of the sample.
	www.crimtrac.gov.au /dnatechniques.htm (865 words)

	DNA Diagnostics Center DNA Profiling
		Our DNA profiling service allows individuals to obtain a record of their genetic profile—a unique combination of 16 markers found in their DNA that serves as a permanent genetic ID. Organizations and private individuals choose to obtain records of their DNA profiles in case identification is ever needed, as in the following examples:
		DNA samples may be self-collected if you are using the DNA profile for personal reasons only, and do not intend to use it for any legal purpose.
		Each DNA locus is comprised by two alleles, or copies, of the marker—one inherited from the mother and one inherited from the father.
	www.dnacenter.com /dna-testing/profiling.html (536 words)

	DNA Diagnostics Inc. - DNA Profiling
		Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) typing is increasingly used in human identity testing when biological evidence may be degraded, when quantities of the samples in question are limited, or when nuclear DNA typing is not an option.
		The DNA fragments are separated by size into discrete bands in a gel (gel electrophoresis), transferred onto a membrane, and identified using probes (known DNA sequences that are "tagged" with a chemical tracer).
		The resulting DNA profile is visualized by exposing the membrane to a piece of x-ray film which allows the scientist to determine which specific fragments the probe identified among the thousands in a sample of human DNA.
	www.dnadiagnosticsinc.com /dnaprofiling.html (816 words)

	DNA Profiling: Its Uses in Court \| Best Syndication
		DNA is a long molecule located in almost every cell in the human body.
		DNA profiling has even been used to solve crimes that are more than 30 years old.
		DNA profiling is mostly used in sexual offences (60%), homicide (20%), assaults (7%), robbery (7%), criminal damage (1%), and other cases (5%).
	www.bestsyndication.com /?q=092306_dna_fingerprinting_court.htm (466 words)

	Animal Health Trust \| Canine DNA Profiling
		A DNA profile, generated with a set of DNA markers, is unique to an individual, excepting the case of identical twins.
		By profiling their stock, breeders will be able to ensure that there can be no concerns about the authenticity of their lines.
		Profiling will provide a reference if there is a need to identify an individual dog at any stage in the dogs life (DNA profiles do not vary with age), for example if the dog is lost or stolen.
	www.aht.org.uk /sci_diag_disc_genetics_dnaprof.html (171 words)

	AmericanHeritage.com / DNA Takes The Stand
		Today DNA analysis is routine, but 20 years ago the scientists who set about connecting DNA drawn from Andrews’s blood with that from traces of semen found on the rape victim faced a daunting challenge in trying to pick out, from inside two complex molecules, the tiny variations that were unique to an individual.
		He understood that DNA is an awkward molecule to work with, “like an unwound and tangled audiotape on the floor of the car in the dark.” He knew that to do anything useful with it, scientists had to focus on manageable segments.
		The cells containing DNA may be from a crime scene or obtained from white blood cells or a mouth swab from inside the cheek of a suspect.
	www.americanheritage.com /events/articles/web/20061004-dna-profiling-fingerprint-genetic-testing-alec-jeffreys-rflp-polymorphism-pcr-polymerase-kary-mullis.shtml (6993 words)

	MSc/PGDip/PGCert Document Analysis - Postgraduate Courses - University of Central Lancashire
		The MSc in DNA profiling is designed for both graduate students and forensic practitioners.
		The course will be taught as a combination of lectures, practicals and self-directed study and students on this course will study the fundamentals of molecular genetics and population biology that underpin the discipline of DNA profiling.
		The interpretation of DNA evidence will be examined in detail; this will involve the analysis of complex (degraded and mixed profiles) and familiarisation with the statistical analysis that is involved in human population genetics, which is central to the numerical interpretation of DNA profiles.
	www.uclan.ac.uk /courses/pg/files/fzdnap.htm (165 words)

	dna
		The DNA staircase of an organism is divided into a number of separate segments known as chromosomes.
		If we think of the chromosome as a long DNA spiral staircase that connects all the floors of a very tall building, then genotyping can be thought of as the measurement of the distance any two of these floors.
		DNA is divided into segments called chromosomes that exist as matched pairs, as shown in Figure 2.
	www.british-bullmastiffs.co.uk /dna.htm (1428 words)

	Fairfax Identity Labs: DNA Profiling, Paternity Testing
		The science of DNA profiling relies on technology that allows an individual's DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) to be examined and analyzed.
		DNA is composed of subunits called base pairs, with a person's DNA encoded in 6 billion such base pairs.
		This genetic variability cast within the base pairs of our DNA is inherited and forms the basis for DNA profiling useful not only in identifying the perpetrators of crimes but also in establishing parentage (paternity and maternity) and other family relationships.
	www.fairfaxidlab.com /html/aboutus.html (504 words)

	Science and the Law: the Implications of DNA Profiling
		DNA fingerprinting, better known in the scientific realm as DNA profiling, has given police and the courts a means of identifying the perpetrators of rapes and murders with a very high degree of confidence.
		As part of the media frenzy, DNA profiling, the crucial evidence in the case, received unprecedented attention.(14) However, it is important to note that the existence of DNA evidence, as we've seen, does not necessarily lead to a conviction.
		DNA is admitted or excluded on a case-by-case basis, determined by the quality of the tests performed on the DNA samples and the circumstances of the case.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~cbbc/courses/bio4/bio4-1997/KatieLachter.html (2961 words)

	Can DNA Demand a Verdict?
		If the DNA profiles from the evidence and a suspect are similar but not identical, blood relatives of the suspect may be investigated further.
		To detect possible contamination of DNA samples during collection or handling, evidence DNA profiles are often compared with those from detectives at the crime scene, the victim, a randomly chosen person or a DNA profile from a database.
		But DNA evidence alone is not enough to get a person out of jail: the case must be re-examined by a judge, along with lawyers representing both sides of the case.
	learn.genetics.utah.edu /features/forensics (864 words)

	American Kennel Club - DNA and the AKC
		The DNA Profile Program is for owners and breeders electing to add value to their breeding programs by eliminating concerns or questions about identification and parentage.
		AKC DNA Profiling is required for: Frequently Used Sires (dogs having the greatest impact on the AKC Stud Book); imported breeding stock; dogs whose semen is collected for fresh-extended or frozen use; and for the sires, dam and puppies for Multiple-Sired Litter Registration.
		Comparison of the DNA profiles of a dam, sire, and pup(s) will determine, with greater than 99% confidence, whether the pups are from the tested dam and sire.
	www.akc.org /dna/index.cfm (571 words)

	NEW DNA QUALITY ASSURANCE STANDARD HELPS ENSURE ACCURACY OF DNA PROFILING
		DNA, short for deoxyribonucleic acid, is the long spiral- shaped molecule that contains the unique set of genes which determines an individual's physical traits from hair and eye color to height and foot size.
		PCR-based DNA profiling is as accurate and precise as the RFLP method and has been used successfully in several criminal trials.
		The DNA in SRM 2391 was analyzed at NIST and by 20 federal, state and commercial laboratories in the United States as well as three foreign laboratories.
	www.nist.gov /public_affairs/releases/n95-13.htm (850 words)

	NOVA Online \| Killer's Trail \| Create a DNA Fingerprint
		And although your DNA is different from that of every other person in the world -- unless you have an identical twin -- it's the same in every cell that makes up your body.
		That DNA is unique from person to person but the same from cell to cell in one person can be a handy thing, especially when it comes to DNA fingerprinting.
		DNA fingerprints can be used for anything from determining a biological mother or father to identifying the suspect of a crime.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/sheppard/analyze.html (234 words)

	DNA Profiling / Storage / Sample Collection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		These services, DNA Profiling and DNA Storage, can be ordered at the time a genetic test is requested, or at any other time, independent of other tests.
		If DNA Profiling and/or Storage services are ordered along with genetic testing as a convenient package, a separate Sample Collection Kit for either of these services will be provided.
		VetGen's DNA Profiling service positively identifies your dog in the event that it is stolen and subsequently recovered by a third party.
	www.vetgen.com /profile.html (424 words)

	DNA Testing -- Genetic fingerprinting -- DNA Profiling
		Genetic fingerprinting, DNA testing and DNA profiling are techniques used to distinguish between individuals of the same species using only samples of their DNA.
		Allan Legere was the first Canadian to be convicted as a result of DNA evidence, for four murders he had committed while an escaped prisoner in 1989.
		Robert Pickton is notable in that DNA evidence is being used primarily to identify the victims, and in many cases to prove their existence.
	www.edinformatics.com /inventions_inventors/dna_fingerprinting.htm (1119 words)

	DNA Analysis - What is DNA?
		DNA profiling is a tool to identify an individual’s unique genetic makeup.
		DNA banking is preserving one’s DNA for a period of 25 years with option of renewal for a nominal fee.
		DNA profiling and banking is the last gift your loved one can give to you and your family.
	www.storedna.com /html/dna.html (428 words)

	DNA Testing: - DNA ID and Banking
		Many people are using DNA testing to research their deep ancestral roots.
		The powerful DNA profiling technology is encouraged to be used by parents when adopting newborn children.
		DNA Banking is a "additional option" for those that are having other DNA tests or DNA profiles done.
	www.genetree.com /other/dnaIdBanking.php (608 words)

	Forensic Biology » Articles » DNA Profiling » "Priestly Caste of Jews Linked to ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		They decided to collect DNA samples, through blood testing, of males of all religious faiths and of all nationalities, number them on the sample and a separate piece of paper.
		PCR is a procedure in which the DNA is doubled by the addition of primers, which attach themselves to the DNA strands, expand and then separate.
		DNA typing is a multi-step procedure that starts out with a sub-procedure known as Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP).
	www.bxscience.edu /publications/forensics/articles/dna/f-dna05.htm (758 words)

	Special DNA Tests - DNA Infidelity Detection Services
		If a stain tests positive for seminal fluid and sperm is present, a DNA profile may be obtained.
		Using a known reference sample, a second DNA profile may be obtained and compared to the first.
		Infidelity Detection Services is the Comparison DNA Profile, in which we will compare the two profiles to establish the donor of the semen or not.
	www.800dnaexam.com /DNA_Infidelity.aspx (461 words)

	DNA - FAQ
		DNA profiling is a process which begins when a minute sample of genetic material - DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - is taken from human tissue and ends when the sample is given a computerised numeric value in the form of a 'bar code'.
		The principle on which DNA profiling is based is relatively straightforward: a series of molecular biology techniques is used to determine the sizes of discrete DNA fragments that contain hypervariable target sequences.
		Yes, the investigating officers and prosecutors using DNA profiling should be aware of several areas where the defence could challenge evidence successfully.
	www.interpol.com /Public/Forensic/dna/dnafaq.asp (964 words)

	Beta Paternity DNA Profiling Services
		DNA profiles can be used in future DNA tests should the need ever arise for identification or verification of family relationships.
		These markers are specific locations on the DNA that have been determined by scientists to be unique and important for human identification.
		For extra security, you may want to have your DNA collected in such a way that the results of any future testing on the DNA can be used in a legal proceeding, such as inheritance claims.
	www.betagenetics.com /dna-profiling.html (440 words)

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