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Topic: DNA synthesis

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	DNA Synthesis
		Histone H1 occupies the internucleosomal DNA and is identified as the linker histone.
		Synthesis of DNA proceeds in the 5'---->3' direction through the attachment of the 5'-phosphate of an incoming dNTP to the existing 3'-OH in the elongating DNA strands with the concomitant release of pyrophosphate.
		DNA recombination refers to the phenomenon whereby two parental strands of DNA are spliced together resulting in an exchange of portions of their respective strands.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/dna.html (4312 words)

	DNA synthesis
		The result of DNA synthesis is the manufacture of two daughter DNA double helices from one parent double helix, with each daughter double helix consisting of one strand from the parent double helix (the template) and one newly synthesized strand.
		Topoisomerase catalyze the breakage and rejoining of DNA strand.
		During eukaryotic DNA replication, telomerase binds to the ends of linear chromosomes by the complimentary base pairing of the template RNA in the telomerase to single stranded DNA at the end of the chromosome.
	www.pageout.net /user/www/r/h/rhamilto/DNA_synthesis.html (2805 words)

	DNA/Protein synthesis
		Each DNA nucleotide is composed of deoxyribose (a pentose, or five carbon sugar), a phosphate molecule and one of four nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine.
		DNA - carries the blueprint for the order of amino acids to be produced during protein synthesis.
		From a given strand of DNA be able to determine the sequence of mRNA codons, and the amino acid strand produced.
	abbysenior.com /biology/dna_protein_synthesis.htm (1358 words)

	A Science Odyssey: You Try It: DNA Workshop
		Knowledge of the structure of DNA began with the discovery of nucleic acids in 1869.
		That genes control the synthesis of enzymes was understood in the 1940s.
		In 1953, an accurate model of the DNA molecule was presented, thanks to the work of Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, and Francis Crick.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aso/tryit/dna/# (191 words)

	DNA Synthesis - Background, History, Background, Raw Materials, The Manufacturing Process
		DNA polymerase is the enzyme that catalyzes the reactions involved in DNA synthesis.
		DNA synthesis is typically done on a small scale in laboratories.
		It is hoped that one day DNA synthesis will help unlock some of the key aspects of living organisms and lead to the development medicines that will cure various cancers, viral and bacterial infections.
	www.madehow.com /Volume-6/DNA-Synthesis.html (2491 words)

	DNA Virus Replication
		Host enzymes for mRNA synthesis and DNA replication are nuclear (except for those in mitochondrion) and so, if a virus is to avail itself of these enzymes, it needs to enter the nucleus.
		DNA replication is bidirectional (There are two replication forks per circular DNA genome and replication involves leading/lagging strands, Okazaki fragments, DNA ligase, etc.).
		This process of DNA replication is very similar to that which occurs in the host cell - which is not surprising as the virus is using mainly host machinery except for the involvement of the T antigen.
	pathmicro.med.sc.edu /mhunt/dna1.htm (3044 words)

	DNA Synthesis
		The DNA Synthesis Laboratory, located in Room 2360 of the University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, serves as a reagent source for molecular biology and genetics researchers.
		In addition, the synthesis of these oligos is analyzed at each step by an integral trityl monitor in the synthesizer, so failures are usually detected right away.
		Synthesis of oligonucleotides at this larger scale, either plain or modified (for a list of some of the available modifications and pricing information, click on Modifications) will be made on an ABI 394 which does not include a purification step.
	www.biotech.wisc.edu /ServicesResearch/DNA/DNASynth (3360 words)

	DNA Replication I
		The rate of DNA synthesis by pol I is only 20 nucleotides/second, much slower than the rate of 1,000 nucleotides/second measured for the replication of E.
		In general, the 3'-to-5' exonuclease increases the accuracy or fidelity of DNA synthesis by a factor of 10 to 1000.
		Interestingly, E. coli temperature-sensitive (conditional lethal) mutants lacking the 5'-to-3' exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase I at non-permissive temperatures (40 degrees C) are NOT viable (remember, the polymerizing activity of DNA polymerase I is dispensible!).
	oregonstate.edu /instruction/bb492/lectures/DNAI.html (1362 words)

	The Cell Cycle & Mitosis Tutorial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The DNA of chromatin is wrapped around a complex of histones making what can appear in the electron microscope as "beads on a string" or nucleosomes.
		DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a large molecule structured from chains of repeating units of the sugar deoxyribose and phosphate linked to four different bases abbreviated A, T, G, and C. We will later show how the simple structure of DNA contains the information for specifying the proteins that allow life.
		The process of mitosis is designed to insure that exact copies of the DNA in chromosomes are passed on to daughter cells.
	www.biology.arizona.edu /cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/cells1.html (191 words)

	DNA and Protein Synthesis
		DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is in the family of molecules referred to as nucleic acids.
		The specific base-pairing of DNA aids in reproduction of the double helix when more genetic material is needed (such as during reproduction, to pass on characteristics from parent to offspring).
		Protein synthesis is a 2 part process that involves a second type of nucleic acid along with DNA.
	web.jjay.cuny.edu /~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm (1203 words)

	DNA synthesis
		Synthesis of DNA proceeds in the 5' -----> 3' direction through the attachment of the 5'-phosphate of an incoming dNTP to the existing 3'-OH in the elongating DNA strands with the concomitant release of pyrophosphate.
		In order for DNA synthesis to occur simultaneously on both template strands as well as bidirectionally one strand appears to be synthesized in the 3' ------> 5' direction.
		The template for the lagging strand is temporarily looped through the replisome such that the DNA polymerases are moving along both strands in the 3' ----> 5' direction simultaneously for short distances, the distance of an Okazaki fragment.
	www.med.unibs.it /~marchesi/dna.html (3606 words)

	DNA Synthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Synthesis of oligonucleotides up to 80 bases in length is routine.
		The 40 nanomole synthesis yields from three to six OD260 units, the 200 and 1000 nanomole syntheses give six to fifteen and twenty to fifty OD260 units, respectively.
		DNA synthesized at the 40 nanomole level which are 40 bases or smaller in size can be cartridge purified with a fine yield of one to three OD units; while oligos up to 60 bases long can be successfully purified by reversed phase HPLC.
	wmriokc001.ouhsc.edu /dna.htm (486 words)

	The Student's Guide to DNA Synthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The 5’ carbon is the one in the tail.
		The slanted lines w/o arrows are the parent strands of DNA which have been duplicated; the slanted lines w/ arrows are the new daughter strands of DNA.
		The new strand of DNA is going to be shorter where it is made off the 3’ end of the parent DNA.
	www.ccsn.nevada.edu /science/jreed/SGDNA.htm (2836 words)

	Oligo synthesis Order Help Form-Bionexus
		Oligo synthesis form in PDF format (Please print fill in and fax it back to us 510-625-8419), Oligo synthesis form in Word format (Just fill in the form save it as an attachment and email it back to us.
		One OD unit of DNA is the amount of DNA that gives an absorbance reading of 1.0 at 260 nm for a sample dissolved in 1.0 ml total volume of ddH2O which is read in 1 cm quartz cuvette.
		For oligonucleotides, 1 OD is approximately 33 ug of DNA.
	www.dna-sequencing.org /DNA-Sequencing-oligosynthesis.htm (1091 words)

	DNA 2.0 Inc. - Gene Synthesis - Codon Optimized Synthetic Genes
		DNA 2.0 Inc. is a leading provider of custom gene synthesis and heuristic protein engineering based on modern data mining algorithms.
		Applications of our custom gene synthesis process include codon optimization for increased protein expression, DNA vaccine, artificial genes, synthetic biology, circumvent error prone PCR cloning and lack of cDNA template, gene variants, splice variants, addition/removal of restriction sites, modify glycosylation, pegylation or phosphorylation sites and much more.
		Custom gene synthesis is the perfect technology to liberate scientists from making the tools to create the science.
	www.dna20.com (231 words)

	DNA 2.0 Inc. - Custom Gene Synthesis
		Suitable DNA may be impossible to find, costly or time-consuming to obtain.
		Not only does it allow codon optimization using a choice of codon distribution tables, while minimizing DNA repeats and mRNA secondary structures etc. It is also a universal software tool for all your gene design needs.
		Gene synthesis allows you to define exactly what specifications the gene should conform to, instead of consuming your time and effort in working around the limitations of the natural gene.
	www.dnatwopointo.com /commerce/misc/syn.jsp (1029 words)

	DNA Synthesis
		The DNA synthesis core lab provides custom-made quality oligonucleotides to assist you in your research.
		The synthesis begins with the 3' terminal nucleoside that is attached to a solid support and the nucleotide bases are added one at a time until the synthesis is complete.
		Each machine-grade oligo is cleaved and deprotected, precipitated by addition of ethanol to remove salt, residual synthesis reagents and very short truncated nucleotide products.
	csb.wfu.edu /brf/synthesis.html (210 words)

	DNA/RNA Synthesis
		Standard oligonucleotide synthesis is provided at variety of scales ranging from 40nMole to 10µMole.
		An Applied Biosystems model 3900 48 column DNA synthesizer provides a much higher throughput for us, synthesizing 48 20mers in approximately two hours, with scales ranging from 40nMole to 1µMole.
		Synthetic DNA and RNA oligomers can be synthesized with a wide variety of modified bases or sugars, or can be labeled with many different molecules including biotin, fluorescein, rhodamine or cyanin derivatives, as well as the incorporation of functional linkers such as amine or thiol linkers.
	www.umm.edu /cancer/research/biopoly_dnasynth.html (290 words)

	nucleic acids & protein synthesis notes b1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		DNA helicase (enzyme) uncoils and breaks the weak hydrogen bonds between complementary bases (strands separate)
		DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to the exposed bases in the 5’ to 3’ direction
		DNA contains the instructions for making proteins but is too large to leave the nucleus
	sps.k12.ar.us /massengale/nucleic_acids_.htm (979 words)

	All DNA Synthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		DNA Polymerase Mu Predicted to react with Human (100% identity with immunogen) due to sequence homology.
		Predicted to react with Mouse (100% identity with immunogen) and Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) (75% identity with immunogen) due to sequence homology.
		Predicted to react with Mouse (97% identity with immunogen), Rat (97% identity with immunogen) due to sequence homology.
	www.abcam.com /index.html?c=871 (975 words)

	BioServe Biotechnologies: DNA Synthesis Department
		During the course of synthesis, Argon is continually introduced into the inner chamber and the small gap at the top of the chamber guarantees a constant flow of gas through the chamber.
		Our oligonucleotides are shipped via overnight express service to destinations in the USA and 20 countries.
		OPC: This purification method is based on the "trityl-on" synthesis of the oligonucleotides.
	www.bioserve.com /departments/dna_synthesis.cfm (509 words)

	Midland Certified - Oligos, Biotin, Oligonucleotide, Synthetic RNA, DNA & Oligo Synthesis
		Another outgrowth of our focus on the quality of our synthesis chemistry is the ability to modify oligonucleotides.
		While several DNA and RNA modifications can be ordered from this website, many pose technical challenges that we will need to discuss with you before we proceed to manufacture, and for these we ask that you contact us.
		However, synthesis technology is now sufficiently advanced that for many applications, purification, which would have been essential only a few years ago, is no longer necessary.
	www.oligos.com (333 words)

	DNA SYNTHESIS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Oligonucleotide synthesis is performed using a BioAutomation Corporation MerMade that is capable of making 192 (2-96 well plates) oligos at one time and two Perkin-Elmer Model 394 DNA/RNA Synthesizers.
		RNA as well as DNA and phosphorothioate (sulfur) oligonucleotide synthesis is possible.
		The DNA Synthesis lab also works with investigators who generate specialty amidites that are then coupled to make oligonucleotides using the automated synthesizers.
	www.unmc.edu /mbcl/Dna_synthesis.htm (186 words)

	BioSyn: DNA Synthesis, Peptide, Organic Synthesis, Life Science Products, Custom Synthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This unique peptide nucleic acid structure replace natural nucleic acid sugar phosphate backbone with a synthetic peptide backbone by forming from N-(2-aminoethyl)-glycine units and different bases (purines and pyrimidines) are linked to the backbone by methylene carbonyl linkages, resulting in an achiral and uncharged mimic.
		Unlike DNA or DNA analogs, this peptide "like" DNA structure does not contain any pentose sugar or phosphate groups, the resulting structure is chemically stable and resistance to hydrolytic reactions and, thus, not expected to be degraded inside living cells.
		Pseudo peptide nucleic acids are capable of sequence specific recognitions of DNA and RNA.
	www.biosyn.com /new_popup.htm (227 words)

	ResGen : Products : Custom DNA Synthesis
		Three scales of purified synthesis are available: 30µg, 100µg, and 300µg.
		Bulk DNA services are also available at 1mg and 5mg scales.
		It may be necessary to order multiple syntheses for a large quantity of a long oligo.
	www.resgen.com /products/CuDNA.php3 (239 words)

	DNA synthesis
		When DNA is synthesized the free 3´ hydroxyl (OH) group from the growing strand of DNA attacks the a phosphate on the next base to be added (see the red arrows below).
		Pyrophosphate is released and the new base forms a phosphodiester bond with the growing strand of DNA.
		A Quicktime animation of the chemistry involved in DNA synthesis
	bioweb.uwlax.edu /GenWeb/Molecular/Theory/DNA_synthesis/dna_synthesis.htm (95 words)

	PrimeSyn Lab Inc : Custom DNA Synthesis: Custom Oligos - Analyte Specific Reagent (ASR Oligos), GMP Oligos including ...
		Licensing information can be obtained by contacting the Director of Licensing, Applied Biosystems, 850 Lincoln Centre Drive, Foster City, CA 94404 or the Licensing Department at Roche Molecular Systems Inc., 1145 Atlantic Avenue, Alameda, CA 94501.
		Download our brochure on custom DNA synthesis, ASR Oligos (Analyte Specific Reagent), primers synthesis, and custom oligos.
		For quotes regarding custom DNA synthesis, ASR oligonucleotides, custom oligos/GMP Oligos (click here).
	www.primesyn.com (500 words)

	DNA Synthesis Reagents from Beckman Coulter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Beckman Coulter offers DNA synthesis reagents in bulk packaging for oligo production facilities and in standard packaging for use on Oligo Series DNA Synthesizers and ABI DNA Synthesizers.
		Beckman Coulter's oligonucleotide synthesis products feature dC-acetyl phosphoramidite and UltraFAST cleavage and deprotection chemistry for increased yield and production of oligonucleotides in less than one hour.
		Beckman Coulter's proven CED-phosporamidite synthesis chemistry and packaging conveniences improve efficiencies and deliver higher yields.
	www.beckman.com /products/Discipline/Life_Science_Research/pr_disc_dna_synth.asp?bhjs=0 (87 words)

	DNA Synthesis and Sequencing Laboratory
		The UMDNJ-RWJMS DNA Sequencing and Synthesis Core Facility, a core facility of the
		National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences center at EOHSI, is committed to provide quality, inexpensive services to scientists at UMDNJ, Rutgers University, and other scientific institutions and companies.
		Services are provided for automated DNA sequencing, oligonucleotide synthesis, DNA fragment analysis, SNP analysis,
	www2.umdnj.edu /dnalbweb (77 words)

	Animations
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		How Nucleotides are Added in DNA Replication (1028.0K)
		To learn more about the book this website supports, please visit its Information Center.
	highered.mcgraw-hill.com /sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter14/animations.html (139 words)

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