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Topic: DNA transcription

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	SparkNotes: DNA Transcription: Prokaryotic Initiation
		Both replication and transcription are fueled by the hydrolysis of the pyrophosphate group that is released upon attack.
		DNA transcription is also regulated, but it is triggered by different signals from those used to control DNA replication.
		DNA transcription does not have the same problem because RNA polymerase is capable of initiating RNA synthesis.
	www.sparknotes.com /biology/molecular/dnatranscription/section1.html (1017 words)

	Transcription
		Transcription is the process that takes place as DNA is used as a template to create RNA.
		The strand of the double stranded DNA that the polymerase binds to as it moves along is called the template or sometimes the antisense strand.
		RNA polymerase I and III are involved in the transcription of ribosomal and transfer RNA, while RNA polymerase II is mainly involved with the transcription of mRNA (messenger RNA).
	www.scienceden.com /mbiology/concepts/transcription (1480 words)

	Transcription
		As a consequence, the unmelted DNA is overwound in front of the bubble and underwound behind the bubble.
		The mRNA that is produced is hybridized for a short length to the DNA at the downstream position, and exists separate from the DNA as a "tail", the point of attachment being at the downstream end.
		The transcript is released from its template strand by the unwinding of RNA-DNA duplex by the rho factor.
	www.rpi.edu /dept/bcbp/molbiochem/BiochSci/sbello/transcription.htm (3136 words)

	Dr Chromo's school: transcription of DNA into RNA
		Transcription is the name of the step in which DNA is copied into RNA.
		DNA is a long chain of bases, as shown elsewhere.
		Once the polymerase is attached to DNA (as shown in the figure), and locked on the DNA by the fator sigma, it catalyses the addition of nucleotides from 5' to 3'...
	www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk /notebook/courses/guide/trans.htm (692 words)

	DNA Facts
		Replication is the process by which DNA copies itself for each descendant cell or virus, passing on the information needed for protein synthesis.
		In most cellular organisms, DNA is organized on chromosomes located in the nucleus of the cell.
		Their model proved to be so important for the understanding of protein synthesis, DNA replication, and mutation that they were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine for their work.
	www.deaddybear.com /dna_facts.php (349 words)

	Transcription
		DNA is transcribed by the enzyme RNA polymerase (def).
		Once the actual transcription begins, ribonucleotides containing 3 phosphate groups hydrogen bond through the process of complementary base (def) pairing with the exposed deoxyribonucleotides on the unwound strand that is to be transcribed (see Fig.
		Once the actual transcription begins, ribonucleotides containing 3 phosphate groups form hydrogen bonds through the process of complementary base (def) pairing with the exposed deoxyribonucleotides on the unwound strand that is to be transcribed.
	student.ccbcmd.edu /biotutorials/protsyn/tsc.html (1066 words)

	Botany online: Molecular Genetics - Transcription
		Transcription is the process during which the genetic information is transcribed from DNA into RNA.
		Transcription is similar to DNA replication in that one of the two DNA strands acts as a template on which the base-pairing abilities of the incoming RNA nucleotide are tested.
		Transcription is finished as soon as the polymerase reaches a termination sequence.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/e21/21b.htm (2301 words)

	Gene Expression Tutorial - Transcription (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Transcription is the transfer of the genetic information from the archival copy of DNA to the short-lived messenger RNA.
		When this transcription is finished, the portion of the DNA that coded for a protein, i.e.
		DNA unzips and RNA polymerase enzyme binds to one strand of DNA
	edtech.clas.pdx.edu /gene_expression_tutorial/transcription.html (175 words)

	DNA Science
		DNA does reside in the nucleus of the cell in eukaryotic organisms, but in prokaryotes, which lack a nucleus, DNA is found in the cytoplasm.
		Second, in all eukaryotes the DNA in a cell is isolated within the nucleus, separate from the organelles used in the assembly and modification of proteins.
		Transcription is accomplished by a proteinaceous enzyme called RNA polymerase that catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides to produce an RNA strand.
	homepages.ius.edu /GKIRCHNE/DNA.htm (3684 words)

	DNA binding proteins: nucleosomes and transcription factors
		A possible answer is that mutations in histone genes critically affect posttranslational modification and hence chromosome organizatio, DNA transcription and replication.
		DNA in nucleosome particles, in contrast, is protected against micrococcal nuclease activity, because of its close interaction with histone proteins.
		Transcription factors are dimers when active, i.e., they bind to DNA upon dimerization and are inactive in the monomeric form.
	www.whatislife.com /reader/dnabinding/dnabinding.html (2146 words)

	DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation: Protien Synthesis
		This is a peice of a DNA strand.
		DNA made up of three parts: the nitrogen bases, 5-carbon sugars, and 1 to 3 phosphate groups.
		DNA helicase unwinds the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds.
	members.tripod.com /master_ginsu00/index-13.html (328 words)

	DNA to RNA to Protein
		Transcription is the synthesis of a molecule of RNA that is complementary in nucleotide sequence to one side (the transcribed or template side) of a section of the DNA double helix (that would be an allele for a specific trait).
		Transcription Factors are protein molecules that determine which genes are expressed in which tissues at which stages of development.
		RNA transcript of the beta-globin gene and corresponding amino acid sequence, from the University of Virginia
	www.life.uiuc.edu /bio100/lectures/f03lects/14f03-dnatoprot.html (1455 words)

	Transcription factor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In molecular biology, a transcription factor is a protein that mediates the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription.
		The regulation of transcription factors is a highly complex process as it is dependent upon a number of events, most notable of which are the presence of other DNA binding proteins (including other transcription factors) as well as local chromatin structure.
		The transcription factors of this family are activated by the Janus Kinase JAK and dysregulation of this pathway is frequently observed in primary tumors and leads to increased angiogenesis and enhanced survival of tumors.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transcription_factor (712 words)

	The dynamic response of upstream DNA to transcription-generated torsional stress - Nature Structural & Molecular ...
		During transcription from divergent promoters, Cre recombination should recover a population of midi-circles shifted from the thermal distribution according to the amount of torsional stress transiting through the DNA at the moment of ring closure.
		Reducing the length of the transcribed regions decreased the friction on active transcription complexes and diminished the degree of supercoiling in the excised circles (Supplementary Fig.
		The DNA was treated with piperidine (1 M) at 90 °C for 30 min to cleave permanganate adducts, and the samples were analyzed by 7% and 12% (w/v) sequencing gels.
	www.nature.com /nsmb/journal/v11/n11/full/nsmb848.html (6970 words)

	Eukaryotic Transcription II
		The most common recognition pattern between transcription factors and DNA is an interaction between an alpha-helical domain of the factor and about five base pairs within the major groove.
		One transcription factor is produced as a protein bound to the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum.
		They can inhibit transcription from a gene they do not normally regulate when their cognate binding sites are placed within a few hundred base pairs of the gene's start site.
	oregonstate.edu /instruction/bb492/lectures/RegulationIII.html (2609 words)

	DNA Transcription
		Genes, in the form of DNA, are embedded in in the cell's chromosomes.
		Transcription helps to magnify the amount of DNA by creating many copies of RNA that can act as the template for protein synthesis.
		DNA and RNA are both constructed by a chain of nucleotides.
	library.thinkquest.org /C004535/dna_transcription.html (143 words)

	Transcription
		Some general notes about online qualitative data analysis, including transcription and data preparation, are offered by Ann Lewins and colleagues at the University of Surrey, as well as colleagues from the University of Huddersfield.
		You may, however, want to state plainly at the top of the transcript who was the interviewer, transcriber, etc. Adding the date is always good and helps make a list of what was done when.
		With grant funding, paying for transcription may be relatively easy, but proofing remains time consuming and offers a less extensive engagement with the raw data.
	sophia.smith.edu /~jdrisko/transcription.htm (2098 words)

	Actin muscles in on DNA transcription
		The finding is published in the current issue of Nature Cell Biology and follows an earlier discovery by de Lanerolle and his colleagues that actin's cohort, myosin, the other compound involved in muscle contraction, is also present in the nucleus.
		Transcription occurs in the nucleus in enzyme factories composed of up to 100 proteins -- huge complexes through which lengthy segments of DNA move as each nucleotide is read off to create an RNA strand.
		"Learning about the precise components and sequence of events in DNA transcription is important because the process is essential to all cellular activity, whether in normal healthy tissues or in diseases like cancer," de Lanerolle said.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-10/uoia-ami102904.php (530 words)

	DNA transcription is tuned to specific cells
		The finding emphasizes a newly emerging theme in molecular biology -- that DNA transcription is not standardized throughout cells but is instead adapted to control cell-specific gene expression.
		The scientists also used DNA microarrays to explore which genes were switched off in knockout mice that lacked a functional copy of the TAFII105 gene.
		The researchers treated separate DNA microarrays containing more than 11,000 mouse genes with ovarian mRNA from the two mouse strains, to determine which genes were downregulated in the knockout mice.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-09/hhmi-dti091301.php (886 words)

	Scientists model the dynamics of DNA transcription
		DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecules that carry the genetic information essential for the organization and functioning of living cells.
		This sequence is strung together by a sugar-phosphate backbone, and stabilized by a complementary strand of DNA that protects each base in the sequence as a pair, wrapped inside the familiar double helix.
		Genes are the stretches of DNA that contain the blueprints for specific protein and range in length from a few hundred to several thousands of base pairs.
	www.lanl.gov /worldview/news/releases/archive/04-047.shtml (652 words)

	Transcription (genetics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Transcription factories can also be localized using fluorescence in situ hybridization, or marked by antibodies directed against polymerases.
		In the case of HIV, reverse transcriptase is responsible for synthesising a complementary DNA strand (cDNA) to the viral RNA genome.
		An associated enzyme, ribonuclease H, digests the RNA strand and reverse transcriptase synthesises a complementary strand of DNA to form a double helix DNA structure.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transcription_(genetics) (1600 words)

	Transcription of DNA to Messenger RNA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Only one part of the DNA is transcribed to produce nuclear RNA, and only a minor portion of the nuclear RNA survives the RNA processing steps.
		In many genes, the DNA sequence coding for proteins, or "exons", may be interrupted by stretches of non-coding DNA, called "introns".
		In the cell nucleus, the DNA that includes all the exons and introns of the gene is first transcribed into a complementary RNA copy called "nuclear RNA," or nRNA.
	www.accessexcellence.org /AB/GG/rna_synth.html (205 words)

	RNA-Induced Melting of DNA during Selective Gene Transcription.
		Selective DNA transcription during eukaryotic gene regulation is a complex process involving the chromatin remodeling by transcription activator molecules, the localized melting of gene-specific DNA sites to form transcription bubbles, and the recruitment of RNA polymerase II and other transcription factors to synthesize gene-specific pre-mRNA transcription products [1-4].
		In isolated nuclei from interphase calf thymus lymphocytes, 80 percent of DNA is inactive in RNA synthesis [18].
		The finding that the initiation and stabilization of melting of DNA templates during selective gene transcription is mediated by small RNA molecules in the eukaryote cell nucleus [1-4] poses many fundamental questions for the activity of gene clusters and operons [12], for functional genomics [10], and for molecular medicine [11].
	www.euchromatin.net /Hovsepian01.htm (2476 words)

	ScienceDaily: DNA Transcription Is Tuned To Specific Cells
		Targeting Transcription: New Insights Into Turning Genes On (September 12, 2003) -- The 35,000 or so genes within a human cell are something like players on a sports team: If their activity isn't controlled and coordinated, the result can be disastrous.
		They are encoded in the organism's genetic material (usually DNA or RNA), and control the physical development and behavior of the organism.
		DNA microarray -- A DNA microarray (also commonly known as gene chip, DNA chip, or biochip) is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2001/09/010914073914.htm (2220 words)

	InterPro: IPR008917 Eukaryotic transcription factor, DNA-binding
		MafG is a member of the Maf family of proteins, which are a subgroup of bZIP proteins that function as transcriptional regulators of cellular differentiation.
		Skn-1 is a transcription factor that specifies mesodermal development in C. elegans.
		However, the involvement of helix 2 (H2) in DNA recognition differs between MafG and Skn-1, with two residues at the beginning of H2 in MafG contributing to the unique DNA-binding specificity of Mafs.
	www.ebi.ac.uk /interpro/IEntry?ac=IPR008917 (3144 words)

	Bioassays of Isolated Nuclear Species as Activators of DNA Transcription.
		Active DNA transcription is confined to the euchromatin portion of the mammalian cell nucleus in vivo, and this activity is preserved within the euchromatin fraction after its gentle isolation from the nuclei.
		Similarly, repressed DNA transcription is found within the heterochromatin portion of the cell nucleus in vivo, and this repression is preserved within the heterochromatin fraction after its gentle isolation from the nuclei.
		Cationic histones react with the anionic phosphate groups of the DNA molecule, and are equally distributed between active euchromatin and repressed heterochromatin.
	www.euchromatin.net /Hovsepian02.htm (2234 words)

	DNA - transcription - RNA - translation - protein
		The most important concept to understand in molecular biology is the way information stored in DNA is passed on and expressed.
		The information in DNA is first passed on to RNA in the process of transcription.
		DNA makes copies of itself in a process called replication.
	www.scienceden.com /mbiology/concepts/overview (235 words)

	Sense and Antisense during RNA Initiation of the DNA Transcription Bubble.
		The DNA Strand-Separation model of mammalian gene regulation (1) is based on the ability of DNA and RNA sequences to interact during the initiation and elongation phases of selective DNA transcription.
		When DNA transcription is excessive at a particular gene locus, rising levels of messenger RNA and of 5' leader RNA from that locus are produced by the splicing process.
		Such loss of activator RNA from the gene locus may result in a decrease of DNA transcription at that locus, thus providing a feedback-loop for the control of RNA synthesis at a particular gene locus.
	www.euchromatin.com /Hovsepian05.htm (987 words)

	A Science Odyssey: You Try It: DNA Workshop
		Knowledge of the structure of DNA began with the discovery of nucleic acids in 1869.
		In 1953, an accurate model of the DNA molecule was presented, thanks to the work of Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, and Francis Crick.
		The activity in this section places you within the cell, involving you with the processes of DNA replication and protein synthesis.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aso/tryit/dna (191 words)

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