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	Armenian dram - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Dram (Armenian: Դրամ) (ISO 4217: AMD) is the monetary unit of Armenia.
		Banknotes of 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 and, 500 dram were issued, whilst, on 21 January 1994, the Central Bank of Armenia began minting 10, 20, 50 luma and 1, 3, 5, 10 dram coins.
		Later a 20000 dram note was issued and a commemorative 50000 dram note was issued to observe the 1700-th anniversary of adoption of Christianity in Armenia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dram_(currency) (344 words)

	Dynamic random access memory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first DRAM cell was invented in 1966 by Robert Dennard, a researcher at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center.
		This cell worked like most modern DRAM cells in that data must be refreshed to restore the charge; the data was destroyed after a read operation and had to be rewritten.
		DRAM is usually arranged in a square array of one capacitor and transistor per cell.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/DRAM#Synchronous_Dynamic_RAM_.28SDRAM.29 (2463 words)

	dynamic random access memory from FOLDOC
		DRAM bit cells are arranged on a chip in a grid of rows and columns where the number of rows and columns are usually a power of two.
		Page Mode DRAM is a standard DRAM where any number of accesses to the currently open row can be made while the RAS signal is kept active.
		DRAM used for Video RAM (VRAM) has an additional long shift register that can be loaded from the row buffer.
	foldoc.org /foldoc/foldoc.cgi?DRAM (1561 words)

	DRAM - Glossary - CNET.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		DRAM is the Hershey's chocolate of readable/writable memory: it's not the best, but it's cheap, does the job, and is available almost everywhere you look.
		DRAM data resides in a cell made of a capacitor and a transistor.
		The capacitor tends to lose data unless it's recharged every couple of milliseconds, and this recharging tends to slow down the performance of DRAM compared to speedier RAM types.
	www.cnet.com /Resources/Info/Glossary/Terms/dram.html (67 words)

	Dram shop liability laws
		The wide variety of dram shop laws across the states suggests that the extent to which bars may be blamed for a drunken person’s behavior at least gives some states pause.
		Missouri’s recently revised dram shop law requires proof that the party demonstrates "significantly uncoordinated physical action or significant physical dysfunction." In Texas, a patron must be so obviously intoxicated that he presents a clear danger to himself and others.
		Under Illinois’ dram shop law, plaintiffs can recover after demonstrating: 1) proof of sale of alcohol to the patron; (2) injuries sustained by the patron; (3) proximate cause between the alcohol sale and intoxication; and (4) that intoxication was at least one cause of the third party damages.
	www.cfif.org /htdocs/freedomline/current/guest_commentary/dram_shop_liability.htm (753 words)

	Dram (mass) - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Dram (mass) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		DRAM loses its contents unless they are read and rewritten every 2 milliseconds or so.
		DRAM is slower but cheaper than SRAM, an alternative form of silicon-chip memory.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Dram+(mass) (108 words)

	NewsForge \| DRAM Pricing: The Fix Is In (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		DRAM supply is heavily concentrated in the hands of five major suppliers who, collectively, control nearly 82% of the worldwide market.
		While DRAM suppliers find out from their customers what they are willing to pay, it's entirely possible that some suppliers have other channels to obtain each other's pricing information.
		On the flip-side, from the DRAM suppliers’ perspective they went from losing a substantial amount of money in 2001 to trying to make up some of their prior year losses in the first quarter of 2002.
	www.newsforge.com /hardware/03/05/12/0125221.shtml?tid=7 (4409 words)

	Define DRAM - a definition from Whatis.com - see also: dynamic random access memory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) is the most common kind of random access memory (RAM) for personal computers and workstations.
		DRAM is dynamic in that, unlike static RAM (SRAM), it needs to have its storage cells refreshed or given a new electronic charge every few milliseconds.
		DRAM stores each bit in a storage cell consisting of a capacitor and a transistor.
	searchstorage.techtarget.com /sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci213914,00.html (277 words)

	HITACHI GLOBAL : News Release : Mechanism influencing DRAM cell retention time fluctuation clarified
		A write operation of a DRAM cell is performed by charging the capacitor via an on-state cell transistor, while the cell transistor is in an off-state during the charge retention period.
		DRAM cell retention time however is limited by charge leakage from the capacitor through an off-state transistor channel and/or a p-n junction.
		DRAM cells need periodic refresh operations, and to prevent retention failure in all memory cells, a large safety margin accommodating for cell variations in memory retention time is set in current production.
	www.hitachi.com /New/cnews/051208a.html (1015 words)

	Webopedia: DRAM Memory Guide
		DRAM needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second while SRAM does not need to be refreshed, which is what makes it faster.
		DRAM stores data in a series of rows and columns, similar in theory to a spreadsheet, and each cell where a data bit is stored exists in both a row and a column.
		DRAM (dynamic random access memory) chips for personal computers have access times of 50 to 150 nanoseconds (billionths of a second).
	www.webopedia.com /quick_ref/dram_memory.asp (2100 words)

	SimpleTech Consumer Pages
		Then the DRAM places the data from the cell on the data output if the access is a read; or, the DRAM writes the data from the data inputs into the cell if the access is a write.
		That is, FPM and EDO DRAMs rated in 60, 70, and 80 ns were fast enough to keep up with microprocessors slower than 66 MHz; however, with the introduction of 66 MHz and faster microprocessors, the need for a faster memory standard was necessary.
		FPM and EDO DRAMs are driven by pulling signals active whereas SDRAMs inputs and outputs its data synchronized to a externally-supplied clock.
	www.simpletech.com /support/support_wp-dramwp.php (840 words)

	Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
		All PCs use DRAM for their main system memory, instead of SRAM, even though DRAMs are slower than SRAMs and require the overhead of the refresh circuitry.
		DRAM is manufactured using a similar process to how processors are: a silicon substrate is etched with the patterns that make the transistors and capacitors (and support structures) that comprise each bit.
		DRAM costs much less than a processor because it is a series of simple, repeated structures, so there isn't the complexity of making a single chip with several million individually-located transistors.
	www.pcguide.com /ref/ram/typesDRAM-c.html (610 words)

	How memory works
		DRAM is more than a digital device, with only levels of 0 and 1; internally it is an analog device with a level detector.
		DRAM Memory is arranged in a XY grid pattern of rows and columns.
		DRAM has to have a rest or dead time between access cycles, this time is usually the same as the access time.
	xtronics.com /memory/how_memory-works.htm (4108 words)

	A DRAM renaissance? \| CNET News.com
		The DRAM market saw worldwide revenue increase by just a fraction year over year to $3.72 billion during the second quarter of 2003, Gartner said last week.
		DRAM price declines have led to a major consolidation in the industry as companies got out of the market or tried to stem huge losses.
		If the cost for DRAM exceeds a certain price--usually 8 percent to 10 percent of the bill of materials for a PC--manufacturers may be forced to cut back on the memory allotments offered in new models or to shift other features to compensate.
	news.com.com /A+DRAM+renaissance/2100-1004_3-5065456.html (1099 words)

	Reducing DRAM Access Latency (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In this report, DRAM research from recent years is surveyed, the causes of latency are examined, along with techniques that have been developed to reduce latency.
		Clearly the exponential growth of DRAM capacity is maintained by increasing die size and improving lithography.
		It is also clear from surveying the literature that there is no such thing as a conventional DRAM, and that DRAM circuit design is somewhat of a fl art, and will remain as such until someone attempts to compare the multitudes of "novel" designs against one another.
	www-cad.eecs.berkeley.edu /~jimy/classes/dram/dram_access.html (2552 words)

	DRAM To Recover > DRAM To Recover, Memory Prices Climb > August 19, 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) market is on the brink of a recovery, market research firm Gartner said Tuesday in a new report.
		A bounce-back for the DRAM business will be welcome news to chip makers, which have struggled during a two-year dry spell in memory sales that sent some companies' revenues dropping into the basement and put several on the brink of bankruptcy.
		Gartner's report forecasts worldwide DRAM revenue to climb significantly both during the third quarter of 2003 and for the year overall, said Andrew Norwood, the principal analyst for Gartner's semiconductor research group.
	www.techweb.com /wire/story/TWB20030819S0012 (694 words)

	The Mavens' Word of the Day
		The lyrics of my favorite Bob Dylan song, "Moonshiner," has the word "dram" in it: "The whole world's a bottle, and life's but a dram." My dictionary says that it means a small amount of something to drink, but I'm curious as to its origin.
		Dram has two meanings referring to fluid measure: one is the specific one, 'a fluid dram', equal to 1/8 of a fluid ounce.
		These meanings derive from the use of dram as a unit of weight, equal to 60 grains, or 1/8 of an ounce, in apothecaries' weight (3.88 grams metric), or 1/16 of an ounce in standard avoirdupois weight (1.77 grams metric; apothecaries' and avoirdupois ounces are not identical).
	www.randomhouse.com /wotd/index.pperl?date=19970618 (242 words)

	DRAM Consultancy - Your Business Representative (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		DRAM CONSULTANCY is a Kingdom of Bahrain based subsidiary of SOFT TECH SYSTEMS Inc, USA.
		At DRAM CONSULTANCY, the emphasis is on understanding client's requirements and tailor complete solutions that deliver tangible value to an enterprises through.
		DRAM CONSULTANCY is the Sponsor and Strategic Alliance Partner of SAGE Software in the Kingdom of Bahrain.
	www.dramconsultancy.com (128 words)

	DRAM contract prices to stay flat, says DRAMeXchange
		DRAM contract prices will stay flat in the second half of December but chipmakers are joyful about potential rebound, said DRAMeXchange, a DRAM and flash memory industry analysts.
		DRAMeXchange further reported that although DRAM makers attempted to propose a slight DRAM contract price raise in the second half of December with reference to the hike of recent spot prices and solid customers demand, they were disappointed by the final quotes as most prices settled flat.
		This was evident in the DRAM supply bit growth which was trimmed down to 2.65% in November, versus the 10% sequential bit growth that was recorded in September and October.
	www.eetasia.com /ART_8800401347_499486_5e63eea1.HTM?from=RSS (298 words)

	EETimes.com - DRAM market is in long-term decline, says Gartner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		LONDON — DRAMs are set to remain cheap for years to come, according to a worldwide DRAM market forecast from the semiconductor group of Gartner, which concluded the market is now in long-term decline.
		This will come after a year of weak DRAM market conditions in 2006 during which revenues are set to decline 5.0 percent to $24.4 billion and pricing to decline 37.1 percent.
		Gartner’s prediction for DRAM revenues in 2005 is unchanged from previous estimates of $25.7 billion, representing a 2.3 percent revenue decline year-on-year.
	www.eetimes.com /showArticle.jhtml?articleID=174300706 (578 words)

	DRAM MEMORY TRENDS 2002
		Elpida Memory is the new brand name of the DRAM joint venture between NEC Corp. and Hitachi Ltd. The union was finalized in September 2000.
		DRAM manufacturers also have to migrate from 8-inch wafer to 12-inch wafer to compete in the market place.
		DRAM memories will be used in more point-to-point constructions instead of DIMM format.
	www.simmtester.com /page/news/showpubnews.asp?num=84 (2132 words)

	Elpida > Elpida Envisions DRAM For Wireless Devices > January 30, 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Elpida, formed last year through the merger of the DRAM marketing and development divisions of Hitachi Ltd. (stock: HIT) and NEC Corp. (stock: NIPNY), will determine early this year whether to proceed with the project.
		After the present DRAM inventory is cleared out, we will start seeing the effect of the faster demand growth against a slower growth in supply.
		Today's commodity DRAM is going to evolve into three different application-specific areas: high-performance expandable DRAM for workstations and servers; a high-bandwidth unified memory architecture DRAM for PCs; and a low-voltage, smaller-capability, consumer-specific DRAM.
	www.techweb.com /wire/story/TWB20010130S0010 (948 words)

	Bunnie's DRAM FAQ
		DRAM arrays use special amplifiers, called sense amps, to detect the state of the capacitor.
		DRAM cells are so sensitive that stray alpha particles can induce errors (called soft errors by DRAM mfgs).
		A fast page mode DRAM access consists of a sequence of accesses where only the first access specifies both row and column addresses; the remainder specifies just a column address (the row address is implicity the same).
	web.mit.edu /rec/www/dramfaq/DRAMFAQ.html (970 words)

	Using a 72 Pin SIMM (DRAM)
		I did find a circuit/article about interfacing DRAM, but with the 8051 it required the software to control the memory (I think wait until it was ready) I feel that the buffer memory should only require the normal memory access insctructions of the MCU and in the case of the 8051 it's not possible.
		DRAM is just so much faster than a disk drive, cdrom, or even flash memory that it's not worth the effort.
		I am speaking from the recent experience of designing a custom DRAM controller for the 8051 (that is now working), and I know it can be difficult to make sense out of the datasheets at first.
	www.pjrc.com /tech/mp3/simm/simm.html (6201 words)

	Howstuffworks "How RAM Works"
		Rambus dynamic random access memory is a radical departure from the previous DRAM architecture.
		Credit card memory is a proprietary self-contained DRAM memory module that plugs into a special slot for use in notebook computers.
		Another self-contained DRAM module for notebooks, cards of this type are not proprietary and should work with any notebook computer whose system bus matches the memory card's configuration.
	computer.howstuffworks.com /ram4.htm (709 words)

	The Database of Recorded American Music (DRAM)
		DRAM is a joint venture by New World Records and NYU, and is designed to facilitate the music research needs of university users.
		Now with DRAM you might enter the word “whaling” into a keyword search field to return a list of every recording in the Database relevant to your search term.
		The decision to create DRAM was driven in no small part by the expressed needs of the university community, and so we continue to work with university users to improve the service.
	diglib.dartmouth.edu /search/dram.shtml (657 words)

	How To Start Trading DRAM Futures Contract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		For instance, if investor A has bought one DRAM futures contract at US$5.10 and the price of the futures contract subsequently fell to US$4.00, this would represent a mark-to-market loss of US$1,100 (1,000 pieces x [US$4.00-US$5.10]) and the balance in A's account will be reduced by the same amount.
		DRAM futures trades higher at $5.05 after the receipt of strong demand data.
		As a result, DRAM manufacturers are unable to adapt quick enough to the changing demand and their ever-changing consumer patterns.
	www.semiconx.com /Exchange01/SilverStream/Objectstore/General/FAQFutures.html (1515 words)

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