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	Damascus steel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Damascus steel is a type of steel alloy that is both strong and malleable, a material that is perfect for the building of swords.
		In general, notably during the era of Damascus steel, one could produce an alloy that was strong and brittle at one extreme by adding up to 2% carbon, or soft and malleable at the other, with about 1% carbon.
		For some time it was believed that Damascus steel was made in a similar fashion to what is known as pattern welding, a sword making technique that was widely used in Europe and Japan.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/d/da/damascus_steel.html (758 words)

	Damascus
		Damascus is the term frequently applied to this material though the damascus originally referred to was really Wootz which is not a laminated material at all.
		One of the primary functions of damascus was as a means of distributing the attributes of the various constituents throughout a bar of steel.
		Damascus was largely relegated to the pages of history in the West from the late 1800's up until the 1970's.
	www.knives.com /damascus.html (969 words)

	Damascus steel
		Preferentially etching a pattern on the blade was used in nineteenth century India, perhaps to imitate the crucible Damascus steel pattern.
		The origin of the name Damascus steel is frequently attributed to the crusaders, who, as the legend goes, were introduced to these blades in Damascus and brought the word and the legend of the steel back with them upon their return to Europe.
		These references indicate that the adjective “Damascus” was being used to describe steel centuries before the term “Damascus steel” was reportedly used in Europe.
	home.att.net /~moltenmuse/Damascus.htm (786 words)

	Home Page
		A common myth is that Damascus steel was primarily produced in Damascus from imported wootz ingots from India.
		Historical accounts testify that for at least a thousand years crucible steel was considered to be the highest quality steel, most notably because it was used to produce the so-called “Damascus steel” swords, famous for their attractive surface pattern, being tough, flexible and with the ability to retain a sharp edge.
		Crucible steel is generally attributed to production centers in India and Sri Lanka where it was produced using the so-called “wootz” process and it is assumed that its appearance in other locations was due to long distance trade.
	home.att.net /~moltenmuse (197 words)

	Damascus Sword Making
		Damascus Steel Swords are known by some as the strongest swords ever made in history.
		Damascus swords relied on wootz steel for strength and elasticity, and their beautiful water markings were a byproduct of the secret manufacturing process.
		During the first 2000 years of iron technology, wrought iron (or mild steel) could not be melted because of the inability to heat the metal to its melting point of 1550°C. Instead, cast iron with a lower melting point of 1130°C was the dominant material and used in large quantities by the ancient Chinese.
	www.realarmorofgod.com /damascus-sword-making.html (911 words)

	damascene brocade-syrian textile-syran fabric-syrian embroider-handmade table cloth-damask (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The successful reproduction of wootz Damascus blades requires that blades be produced that match the chemical composition, possess the characteristic damascene surface pattern, and possess the same internal microstructure that causes the surface pattern.
		Wootz steel was produced as roughly 2.3 kg ingots, commonly referred to as cakes, that are solidified in a closed crucible.
		Hence, analyses of the seven genuine wootz Damascus steels of Table III are consistent with the theory that low levels of carbide-forming elements, apparently mainly vanadium and to a lesser extent manganese, are essential to the surface-pattern formation of these blades.
	www.syriangate.com /texts/damascussteeltext.htm (5742 words)

	Damascus steel blades
		Damascus steel was used in ancient times to make swords.
		This type of Damascus steel is obtained by combining old forging processes with modern heat treatment techniques.
		Finally, the logotype is engraved on the blade, and if made of Damascus steel, its surface would be treated with acids, to render the characteristic design of this type of steel visible.
	www.negociarte.com.ar /damascus_blades.html (336 words)

	Damascus Steel Blades
		Such steels are now called pattern welded Damascus steel and ref. [9] presents beautiful examples along with the details of how the various patterns are formed by controlling the arrangement and twisting of the various starting elements that are hot forged together.
		The reputation of Damascus steel blades being superior to European blades was probably established prior to the 17th century when European blades were still being made by forge welding of carburized iron.
		Huntsmen's motivation for the development of crucible steel was to overcome the lack of toughness of blister steel, which was made by the carburizing process descended from the old piling process.
	www.nordicarts.com /articles/damascus_steel.htm (1112 words)

	Damascus steel custom knives, handmade knives, damascus blades
		The Damascus steel are the conclusion of our creative intuition turned to all the fans of this field of goods.
		The deep acquaintance of Damascus steel very often aims in coherence with the market and, in terms of effectiveness and efficiency, distinctly showing, entirety in the long run experience and tradition, the main importance of Damascus steel therefore matching the customer demands.
		A very long tradition of damascus blades really resolves to do in coherence with the market in the relative primary destinations of use clinching our passion, from a new indeed newest point of view, an appropriated concept of damascus blades in the big variety of available models in the market sector of damascus blades.
	www.deerknives.com (290 words)

	Damascus steel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		These steel making furnaces were built facing western monsoon winds and wind turbulance and suction was used to create heat in the furnace.
		It has long been argued that the raw material for Damascus steel swords was imported from India, because India was the only known center of crucible-fired steels like wootz.
		Pattern welded steel is commonly sold today as "Damascus steel", though it appears that the original Damascus steel was not created with that technique.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Damascus_steel (1820 words)

	Steel
		W-1, W-2, and the series of 10-- steels from 1045 through 1095 are the ultimate in simplicity and very shallow hardening so they may be used to make a selectively hardened edge as one sees on old Japanese swords.
		M-2 is a high temperature steel made for lath cutting tools, which has darn little to do with knives, but allows you to really cook the blade in finishing after heat treat without annealing it.
		DAMASCUS steel is such a widely made product that it is impossible to make too many general statements about it, other than it seems to catch collectors better than any other type.
	www.engnath.com /public/steel.htm (2232 words)

	Damascus Knives & History of Damascus
		The laminate composition of a Damascus Steel blade is attained by alternating layers of soft malleable wrought iron and a hardenable and temperable steel with a high carbon content.
		The steel portion of the blade gives it strength and the ability to hold a fine edge, while the iron provides elasticity so it won't break when struck.
		The term Damascus Steel itself comes from the European Crusades who came in contact with these superior weapons at the trading city of Damascus.
	www.ebladestore.com /damascus_knives.shtml (249 words)

	Damascus Bowie Knife with Leather Sheath from Stanley London
		Nearly 2,000 years ago, steelsmiths in Damascus, Syria discovered that folded steel was far superior to the common homogeneous smelted steel which they had been working with.
		While other companies offer "Damascus" steel knives that are simply plain steel blades with an etched swirl pattern, ours are true handmade folded steel Damascus blades and no two are alike.
		The Damascus Bowie's blade is made of carbon Damascus steel and is 0.27 inches (6.8 mm) thick and 1.8 inches (4.6 cm) wide.
	www.stanleylondon.com /damascusbowie.htm (565 words)

	Roselli Damascus Steel
		The steel itself was produced in India and later became known as Wootz.
		In the early days of steel forging, the pattern-welded steels were produced by forge welding alternating sheets of high- and low-carbon steels Consuiming process was the only way to provide the steel with sufficient hardness.
		However, in a cooperative effort to track down the secret of wootz steel, Roselli now has found a method to display a similar surface pattern on his new steel which is characteristic of Wootz blades.
	www.roselli.fi /1/eng/products/damasti.html (339 words)

	Sword Forum Magazine - Cover Article - The Road to Damascus
		The town of Damascus was never a great producer of steel but rather the hub of the great trading network in the Middle East at the time; thus most blades of this steel came to the west from Damascus.
		Tamahagane, pattern welding, and wootz were the best steels ever produced in their time but we have a tendency to think that they were abandoned because we got lazy or wished to sacrifice quality for quantity, as armies grew larger.
		In its day, damascus steel in its various forms was far superior to iron, as was an abacus to counting upon ones fingers and toes.
	swordforum.com /forge/roadtodamascus.html (3956 words)

	WOOTZ STEEL: AN ADVANCED MATERIAL OF THE ANCIENT WORLD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Though an ancient material, wootz steel also fulfills the description of an advanced material, since it is an ultra-high carbon steel exhibiting properties such as superplasticity and high impact hardness and held sway over a millennium in three continents- a feat unlikely to be surpassed by advanced materials of the current era.
		Similarly the textured Damascus steel was one of the earliest materials to be examined by the microstructure.
		Although iron and steel had been used for thousands of years the role of carbon in steel as the dominant element was found only in 1774 by the Swedish chemist Tobern Bergman, and was due to the efforts of Europeans to unravel the mysteries of wootz.
	metalrg.iisc.ernet.in /~wootz/heritage/WOOTZ.htm (3858 words)

	Damascus Steel
		Damascus steel, also known as pattern welded steel, is an old technique to create a steel that would respond to heat treating to take and hold a cutting edge.
		Much of the hype over damascus steel is just that, it doesn't necessarily make a better tool for all uses.
		For this reason damascus blades tend to excel in the kitchen and in the field cutting meat and vegetables.
	members.aol.com /bkforge/damascus_steel.htm (264 words)

	damascus steel - custom knifes by bladesmith Gene Martin
		Damascus Steel is created by forge welding multiple layers of steels (or steel and nickel or iron) into a solid piece called a billet.
		Random pattern damascus is the first result of this process, in that no pattern manipulation has taken place.
		An example of alloy contrast is the use of 1095 (a high carbon, simple steel) and 203E (a low carbon, high nickel steel).
	www.customknife.com /AboutDamascus.html (325 words)

	[No title]
		In Malaysia, the kris is renown for its complicated laminated patterned steels.
		There were others working with this "new" material at the time as well and after a hammer in Lumpkin, GA where it was demonstrated, Daryl Meier returned to Carbondale and began his life long research into the mysteries of this process.
		The chapter on Damascus steel provided a starting point for working with this steel and inspired me and many others to begin working with it.
	www.dfoggknives.com /damascus.htm (1185 words)

	The Damascus steel with damascus steel and 400 series stainless steel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
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	damascus-steel.unghg.com (863 words)

	Knife and Dagger Construction
		Making pattern welded steels depends upon a smithing operation known as forge welding; the principle being that if two or more pieces of steel or iron are hot enough (up near the melting point) and clean enough they will fuse together when put under some pressure.
		A layered bar of Damascus is forged to a nearly round shape, the ends are flattened.
		This creates a wave pattern in the layers of steel which makes a very interesting pattern in a knife blade when the bevels are ground in.
	www.damascusknife.com /constrtn.htm (1171 words)

	Damascus steel blade
		Westerners know Damascus steel since the first Crusades (in Syria, in D....!) when the Saracens used to have knives forged with this material.
		This steel block is heated until a temperature compatible with the various steels (a gaz hoven allows a homogeneous and constant stoking on the whole billet.
		At last, Yves plunges the Damascus blade in an acid bath : the metal layres oxidize, the patterns are revealed.
	www.layole.com /uk/collection/damas.php (508 words)

	Damascus Stainless Steel Jewelry-Chris Ploof Heavens to Earth Jewelry
		The evolution of Damascus steel from tools to jewelry is only natural, due to its amazing beauty and incredible strength.
		Damascus can also be made from carbon steel, but it will rust, even if lacquered or chemically protected.
		As with all fine jewelry, Damascus rings should not be worn into a hot tub or swimming pool, and care should be taken when using any household cleaners containing bleach.
	www.chrisploof.com /damascus-info.html (360 words)

	Angel Sword's Techno-wootzTM Damascus steel
		And while the visible surface pattern on Techno-Wootz™ Damascus steel is beautiful, the real beauty of this steel is more than skin deep.
		Independent verification of the properties of Techno-Wootz™ Damascus steel has been performed by Dr. Eric Taleff, Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin.
		Angel Sword produces Techno-Wootz™ Damascus steel in both hypo- and hyper-eutectoid Wootz, with carbon contents ranging from 0.4 percent to 1.6 percent.
	www.angelsword.com /techno_wootz_steel.php (374 words)

	What is Damascus Steel? -Grayson Tighe- (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The Stainless Steel variety of Damascus is the preferred kind because of its corrosion resistance.
		This Damascus is made by forge pattern welding two different grades of Stainless Steels together in one billet.
		The process of Damascus steel has rich historical value and dates back to approximately 500 AD, and dominated the weapon industry from the Iron Age to the Viking age.
	www.tighepen.com /damascus.html (198 words)

	Roller Chain 'Damascus'
		Motor-Cycle Chain Damascus: Ron, I've never made it but I'm told that the key is to flux, flux, flux and more flux.
		When making cable or chain Damascus the pattern is created by the weld interfaces where the surface of the metal has changed in carbon content.
		Junk Yard Steel (large graphic) Note that this is NOT a diffinitive list.
	www.anvilfire.com /FAQs/chain_damascus.htm (686 words)

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