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Topic: Dardanelles Campaign

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Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign

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Battle of Tannenberg (1914)

	Gallipoli campaign - All About Turkey
		Turkey closed the straits (Bosphorus and Dardanelles) between the Mediterranean and Black Seas, preventing Russia from exporting her wheat or receiving shipments of materials from her allies.
		The Allied fleet chasing the German warships blockaded the Dardanelles, began bombarding the Turkish batteries at the entrance to the Straits on 3rd November 1914.
		Dardanelles is a 61km (28 mile) long and from 3/4 to 4 miles (1.2 to 6.4 kilometers) wide strait between Europe and Asiatic Turkey (Thrace and Anatolia).
	www.allaboutturkey.com /gelibolu.htm (3820 words)

	Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign of the First World War were mainly carried out by the Royal Navy with substantial support from the French and minor contributions from Russia and Australia.
		The Dardanelles Campaign began as a purely naval operation and, after the amphibious invasion of the Gallipoli peninsula, naval forces were heavily involved in supporting the ground troops.
		The Allied submarine campaign in the Sea of Marmara was the one significant offensive success of the Battle of Gallipoli.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Naval_operations_in_the_Dardanelles_Campaign (3700 words)

	First World War.com - Battles - The Gallipoli Front - An Overview
		While much of their time, effort and resources were consumed by the requirements of the struggle in France and Flanders both governments gradually came around to the notion of opening up another front in the Mediterranean, one that offered possibly better prospects of success.
		At this time the War Cabinet was somewhat despondent by the patent lack of success in France and Flanders, and further dismayed by a call by the Russian Commander-in-Chief Grand Duke Nikolai for radical action to offset pressure in the Caucasus.
		The subsequent Dardanelles Commission established to investigate the expedition's failure produced its final report in 1919; its conclusions were regarded as insipid with no figures (political or military) heavily censured.
	www.firstworldwar.com /battles/overview_gf.htm (2801 words)

	::British Submarines and the Dardanelles::
		The Dardanelles was a military disaster for the Allies yet the part played by British submarines shows that not everything in the campaign was a disaster.
		The impact of the submarines in the Dardanelles was mainly psychological.
		Towards the end of the Dardanelles campaign, the E-class submarines still in the area were fitted with twelve pounder guns.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /british_submarines_and_the_darda.htm (1700 words)

	Dardanelles - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		DARDANELLES [Dardanelles] or Çanakkale Boğazi, strait, c.40 mi (60 km) long and from 1 to 4 mi (1.6 to 6.4 km) wide, connecting the Aegean Sea with the Sea of Marmara and separating the Gallipoli peninsula of European Turkey from Asian Turkey.
		By 1402 the Dardanelles were under the control of Ottoman Sultan Beyazid I. Muhammad II began (15th cent.) to fortify the passage, which, with brief interruptions, has remained in Turkish hands until the present.
		A second attempt, known as the Gallipoli campaign, was also unsuccessful, but after the final Turkish collapse an Allied fleet passed (Nov., 1918) the Straits and occupied Constantinople.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-dardanel.html (478 words)

	Battle of Gallipoli - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Turkey the campaign is known as the Çanakkale Savaşları.
		In the United Kingdom it is called the Dardanelles Campaign or Gallipoli, and in France, Australia, New Zealand and Newfoundland it is also known as "Gallipoli".
		At Cape Helles, on the tip of the peninsula, and along the Aegean coast, was the 9th Division and, in reserve at Gaba Tepe in the middle of the peninsula was the 19th Division, under the command of Mustafa Kemal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli (4799 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The goal of the Dardanelles operation was a surprise British naval assault, knocking out the forts on the Turkish shores of the Dardanelles, seizing Constantinople, knocking Turkey from the war and bringing the nations of the Balkans to the Allied cause.
		The Dardanelles batteries and defenses were quite strong...[and] in the rear, the but half crippled works of the Dardanelles...it could not occupy Constantinople, and there was no desire to bombard it.
		The campaign, having already been denied the use of the Royal Navy's Dreadnaught class battleships, as well as the Super Dreadnaughts, and having to rely on outmoded ships with shorter-range guns, was granted the use of one Super Dreadnaught ship, the Queen Elizabeth.
	www.iusb.edu /~journal/2001/pethick.html (7789 words)

	HELLFIRE CORNER - Australia - The Great War - 1914-18
		The Dardanelles is the strait connecting the Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara.
		The Dardanelles was not a novel theatre of war: after all, one of the most popular side trips for visitors to Gallipoli is to the ruins of Troy.
		Perhaps the enormity of the loss and devastation at V Beach, in a campaign that is not short of heartbreaking failure and bloody slaughter, overwhelmed his professionalism and his objectivity.
	www.fylde.demon.co.uk /morangallip.htm (13019 words)

	Dardanelles & Gallipoli campaigns in WW1
		The Dardanelles, through to the Sea of Marmara is a narrow, winding passage flanked on the north by the Gallipoli peninsula.
		Being slow and vulnerable to the U-boats that later arrive off the Dardanelles, she is withdrawn to Mudros in May.
		Bombardments on the 2nd and 3rd are indecisive with the battleships being hindered by mobile gun batteries.
	www.naval-history.net /WW1CampaignsDardanelles.htm (4437 words)

	The Gallipoli Campaign - NZHistory.net.nz
		The campaign had no great impact on the outcome of the war, and it was a costly failure for the Allies that cost thousands of lives - 2721 New Zealanders lost their lives.
		A campaign in the Eastern Mediterranean might, moreover, encourage Italy to enter the war on the Allied side.
		A military assault on the Dardanelles was not envisaged.
	www.nzhistory.net.nz /war/gallipolicampaign (1217 words)

	Daring the Dardanelles British Submarines in the Sea of Marmara During World War I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Originally conceived by then-First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill, the Dardanelles initiative was intended to open a supply line through the Black Sea to the beleaguered Russians and simultaneously drive Ottoman Turkey out of the war with one decisive blow.
		To appreciate the achievement of these daring submarine pioneers, consider the geography of the Dardanelles, the narrow, southwest-northeast strait that connects the Aegean Sea with the Sea of Marmara, with Asia to the south and the Gallipoli Peninsula - Europe - to the north.
		Before the Gallipoli campaign wound down in early 1916, 13 Allied submarines took part in the Dardanelles operations, and although eight were lost, 27 successful passages were recorded.
	www.chinfo.navy.mil /navpalib/cno/n87/usw/issue_8/daring_dardanelles.html (2297 words)

	The Churchill Era: An Educational Resource
		Control of the Dardanelles would allow the allies to get supplies to Russia's Black Sea ports; it was also hoped that the attack would lead to an assault on the Turkish capital, Constantinople, and so force Turkey out of the war and attract new allies in the Balkans.
		After considerable discussion, and against Churchill's wishes, the decision was taken to abandon the naval campaign and launch a land assault on the Gallipoli peninsula, at the entrance to the Dardanelles straits.
		The failure of the campaign sparked a lot of criticism, much of it directed at Churchill as First Lord of the Admiralty.
	www.chu.cam.ac.uk /archives/churchill_era/a_level/dardanelles (394 words)

	Golda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The effectiveness of the German and Turkish defense of the Dardanelles was determined by a collection of critical factors, the concrete and intangible strengths and weaknesses of their force.
		The failure of the Royal Navy to force the Dardanelles committed the British army to a land campaign on the Gallipoli Peninsula.
		Adopting the Royal Navy Dardanelles campaign for educational purposes as a historical analogy for littoral mine warfare, and discussing the issues it suggests, could help alter the U.S. Navy's perception of the significance of littoral mine warfare.
	www.nwc.navy.mil /press/Review/1998/summer/art6su98.htm (6357 words)

	The National Archives \| Exhibitions & Learning online \| First World War \| Battles
		If successful, the campaign would also bring the Ottoman empire to its knees and encourage Balkan states such as Greece, Bulgaria and Romania to join the war on the Allied side.
		Although the naval attack on the Dardanelles on 18 March 1915 was almost successful, the Anglo-French forces ran into an unexpected line of 20 Turkish mines and three battleships were sunk, causing a temporary retreat.
		The Gallipoli campaign ensured that the Western Front was given precedence over all other theatres of military operation for the rest of the war.
	www.nationalarchives.gov.uk /pathways/firstworldwar/battles/gallipoli.htm (676 words)

	Turkish/German Air Forces: Gallipoli (Dardanelles) 1915
		To fully understand the contribution or lack of the aviation played on both sides during the legendary Dardanelles campaign, one has to examine the four distinctive phases of the enterprise, as the role of aircraft changed with each phase of battle.
		In this well-known phase of Dardanelles campaign, the mines which were laid by Nusrat mine ship and the allied mine ship couldn’t being recognized by the enemy.
		With the completion of the Allied retreat from the Dardanelles, the aerial defense of the entire coast from the Gulf of Enos to Smyrna and to the gulf of Auxandretta was assigned to the Dardanelles Squadron.
	www.diggerhistory2.info /graveyards/pages/units/turkish_air.htm (6736 words)

	Dardanelles Victory Timeline: Pre-Operational Planning
		The only time the Ottomans fought on their home soil was during the Dardanelles campaign, and they did a pretty reasonable job.
		The official Turkish history of the Dardanelles campaign states that "Up to 25th February it would have been possible to effect a landing successfully at any point on the peninsula, and the capture of the straits would have been comparatively easy.".
		The Dardanelles were not, however, seen as a critical theatre, and fewer resources were allocated than von Sanders had advised.
	www.geocities.com /davidbofinger/plan.htm (1396 words)

	Marine Corps Amphibious Doctrine - The Gallipoli Connection
		In January of 1915, the British decided to engage in a naval campaign to force the Dardanelles, with the goals of diverting from the Caucasus Turkish troops that were pressing the Russians, and of giving the Russians access to the Mediterranean.
		In 1919 he would write of the fated campaign, "The Dardanelles operations were indeed charged throughout with instruction for the thinker on the methods of war." (17:346) Callwell provided many forward-looking conclusions regarding amphibious landings in his book, Campaigns and Their Lessons.
		The formal study of Gallipoli at the Marine Corps Schools, and the importance the Marine Corps placed on the familiarity of officers with the campaign, is evidenced by the curriculum of 1932- 1933.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1990/CKL.htm (5823 words)

	The Traitor : A Novel by Geoffrey Miller
		For it is now clear that Admiral Mark Kerr, the British Admiral on loan to the Greek Government for the purposes of reorganizing their fleet, was aware of Souchon’s destination and passed on this information to the Russian Minister in Athens, Prince Demidoff, who in turn cabled the Admiralty in St Petersburg.
		Not until the campaign at the Dardanelles was almost under way would the Greeks again be approached for assistance.
		The Dardanelles defences—unrelenting German pressure—Enver’s authorization—a step too far—Said Halim rallies support—the victory is short-lived—Mallet’s rebuke— Churchill renews his attack upon Mallet—Carden’s new orders—a minor incident—the Straits are closed—Mallet’s surmise—a lack of suitable agents—Talaat, the pivotal figure?—Kühlmann’s mission—Enver’s mercenary suggestion—Germany buys Turkish action—hope is abandoned in London.
	www.flamboroughmanor.co.uk /thetraitor/straits.htm (4308 words)

	History's Greatest Blunders: Disaster in the Dardanelles; Mutiny in the Trenches. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Anzacs are mentioned in a context which probably correctly reflects their involvement in the campaign.
		The program provides details of the war as a context for this campaign and as such would be a useful overview or revision of World War 1.
		Assess the capability of the planners and commanders of the Dardanelles Campaign and the Nivelle Offensive.
	www.foxtel.com.au /1657.htm (725 words)

	Turkish Odyssey/Places of Interest/Marmara/Istanbul-Troy-Assos Destination
		The Gallipoli campaign of 1915 was an Allied attempt to knock Ottoman Turkey out of World War I and reopen a supply route to Russia.
		The Allied fleet began bombarding the Turkish batteries at the entrance to the strait on November 3, 1914.
		The name Troy refers both to the remains of a Bronze Age fortress and city at Hisarlik, near the entrance to the Dardanelles and to the legendary city of King Priam that was destroyed by the Achaeans in the Trojan War.
	www.turkishodyssey.com /places/marmara/marmara8.htm (3559 words)

	Gallipoli Campaign
		Gallipoli is the name of both a city and a peninsula in the eastern Dardanelles, guardian of the approach to Constantinople (called Istanbul after 1930), the Bosporus and the Black Sea.
		At the beginning, it appeared that the plan was succeeding as the British fleet moved several miles up the waterway, cleared mines and forced the evacuation of a number of Turkish forts.
		A decision was made by the theater commander to end the campaign; withdrawal was begun in December and completed in January 1916.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1088.html (569 words)

	Ataman Hotel - Gelibolu / Gallipoli
		The Dardanelles Campaign and the associated Gallipoli infantry campaign was a disastrous failure.
		But the Dardanelles Strait was 64 kilometres long, had currents reaching 4 knots for the submarines to push against, was narrow and posed difficult navigational hazards, and was carefully guarded with forts and gun-boats, floating and fixed minefields, and nets.
		Having extricated herself from that predicament, she then beached herself high and dry twice at the dog-leg turn in the Dardanelles passage known as the Narrows where the city of Çanakkale sits.
	www.atamanhotel.com /gallipoli.html (1321 words)

	Cecil T W Grimshaw
		This campaign, fought on the Turkish peninsula on the north side of the Dardanelles (Gallipoli peninsula), was generally considered to be unsuccessful.
		The Dardanelles was selected as the place, a combined naval and military operation being strongly supported by the then first lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill.
		On January 28 the Dardanelles committee decided on an attempt to force the straits by naval action alone, using mostly obsolete warships too old for fleet action.
	www.grimshaworigin.org /Webpages2/CecilGrimshaw.htm (11068 words)

	Gallipoli Landings
		On 19th February, 1915, the British attacked the Turkish forts at the Dardanelles.
		The campaign came, more than once, very near to triumph, achieved the impossible many times, and failed, in the end from something which had nothing to do with arms nor with the men who bore them.
		Nevinson, accompanied the expedition to the Dardanelles in April 1915.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /FWWgallipoli.htm (1600 words)

	STRAITS Home Page
		After seeking refuge inside the Dardanelles, the German admiral in command eventually manoeuvred his ships into the Black Sea and deliberately shelled Russian ships and ports.
		A new interpretation of the “Drift to the Dardanelles” examining the extent to which the campaign originated as a result of personal friction between Churchill and Fisher.
		STRAITS takes the opening bombardment at the Dardanelles not as the starting point but as its culmination in an endeavour to explain how it was that Turkey was aligned with Germany — a ruinous alliance which was by no means preordained.
	www.manorhouse.clara.net /book2/index.htm (1628 words)

	Gallipoli Battlefields, Thrace, Turkey
		The World War I battle for control of the Dardanelles (Hellespont) strait was fought mainly on Turkey's Gallipoli peninsula, with appalling casualties.
		Invading armies and navies have coveted the strategic Dardanelles strait since the days of the Trojans because it controls sea traffic between the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara, and the Aegean/Mediterranean.
		The best base for visits to Gallipoli, the Dardanelles and Troy is the town of Çanakkale, on the Dardanelles' southern shore.
	www.turkeytravelplanner.com /WhereToGo/ThraceMarmara/gallipoli (453 words)

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