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		In its original form, the scheme for the Company had been drawn by a group of Scots merchants in London and principally by William Paterson, a Dumfries wanderer whose creative intellect was in advance of his time, and whose simplicity of faith had scarcely emerged from childhood.
		'Darien', said Paterson, would be the 'door of the seas, the key of the universe', reducing by half the time and expense of navigation to China and Japan, and bringing peace to both oceans without the guilt of war.
		The Spaniards' claim to Darien had been acknowledged by William and the English government, but their attempt to retake it was repulsed by the Scots in a little jungle skirmish.
	www.kinnaird.net /darien.htm (4162 words)

	Darién scheme - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Darién scheme was an unsuccessful attempt by the Kingdom of Scotland to establish a colony on the Isthmus of Panama.
		The Company of Scotland soon became involved with the Darién scheme, an ambitious plan devised by William Paterson to establish a colony on the Isthmus of Panama in the hope of establishing trade with the Far East – the same principle that, much later, would lead to the construction of the Panama Canal.
		The failure of the Darién scheme has been cited as one of the motivations for the 1707 Act of Union.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Darien_scheme (448 words)

	PATERSON - LoveToKnow Article on PATERSON (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		(1658-1719), British writer on finance, founder of the Bank of England and projector of the Darien scheme, was born in April 1658 at the farmhouse of Skipmyre, parish of Tinwald, Dumfriesshire.
		With these funds the council was to revive the Darien scheme, to build workhouses, to employ, relieve and maintain the poor, and to encourage manufactures and fisheries.
		This was the Darien scheme on a dew and broader basis.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PA/PATERSON.htm (2038 words)

	The history of Scotland - The Darien Expedition
		Some have said: 'The Darien venture was the most ambitious colonial scheme attempted in the 17th century…The Scots were the first to realise the strategic importance of the area..." Whilst others claimed: "They were plain daft to try….
		It was however, a depleted and less excited group of pioneers that arrived on the mosquito-infested scrap of land known as Darien on 30 October 1698.
		It has been argued that the Darien Scheme crippled the country's economy to such an extent that it triggered the dissolution of the Scottish Parliament and led to the 1707 Act of Union with England.
	www.historic-uk.com /HistoryUK/Scotland-History/DarienScheme.htm (758 words)

	Scotland's Past - The Darien Scheme (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Darien scheme began in 1695 when the Scottish Parliament passed an Act for the establishment of a 'Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies'.
		Although the destination of the scheme was kept secret supplies were made ready at the Company's warehouses in Leith and advertisements for 1200 settlers were circulated.
		The particular destination of Darien seems to have been the idea of William Paterson, founder of the Bank of England, and he actually sailed with the expedition.
	www.scotlandspast.org /darien.cfm (829 words)

	The Darien Scheme
		Interest in the scheme was so universal that during only a few years an extensive Darien literature came into existence.
		One of the colonists, Sir John Dalrymple, states in his memoirs: 'On the other side of the Harbour there was a mountain a mile high, on which they placed a watch house which, in the rarefied air of the tropics, gave them an immense range of prospect to prevent all surprise.
		While the loss of life caused by the Darien Scheme was great, it is not so certain that Scotland lost financially due to its failure.
	special.lib.gla.ac.uk /exhibns/month/may2005.html (1970 words)

	Darien - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Darien was also the former transliteration of the name of Dalian, in China.
		Darien is the name of several places in the United States of America:
		This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Darien (115 words)

	RBS: Darien Adventure - National Curriculum, Illustrated history for teachers
		Indeed, the origins of the Darien scheme are to be found in Scotland’s political and economic discontent over many preceding decades.
		He was a prolific ‘projector’, a promoter of speculative money-making schemes, who had been responsible for the foundation of the Bank of England in 1694.
		Instead, goods would be transported to the colony on the eastern site of Darien and carried across the narrow isthmus to a port on the western seaboard, where ships with exchange cargoes from the East Indies and Asia would lie waiting.
	www.rbs.co.uk /Group_Information/Memory_Bank/Our_Teaching_Resources/The_Teaching_Resources/The_Darien_Adventure/National_Curriculum/illust_hist.htm (1793 words)

	Scotsman.com Heritage & Culture - Timeline - The Darien scheme: a promising – yet flawed - idea
		THE IDEA for the Darien adventure was the brainchild of William Paterson, the Scottish founder of the Bank of England.
		Paterson had heard sailors' tales of the Darien peninsula in what is now Panama, a fertile land of friendly natives accessible through a sheltered bay.
		The natives were also unlike the sailors' descriptions of vain savages and did not want the hundreds of combs and mirrors the Scots foolishly brought to trade, but did give the dying Scots fruit and fish.
	heritage.scotsman.com /timelines.cfm?cid=1&id=41632005 (579 words)

	William Paterson - Darien Scheme/ Founder of Bank of England
		On the arrival of the colonists at the isthmus of Darien, they purchased lands from the natives, and established their settlement at Acta, a place midway between Porto Bello aud Carthagena, having a secure and capacious harbour, formed by a peninisula, which they fortified, and named Fort Saint Andrew.
		Paterson was a warm advocate of the union with England, and he was employed, both in London and Edinburgh, to settle one of the most difficult branches of the treaty, namely, the arrangement of the public accounts between the two kingdoms.
		So imbued with admiration of Paterson's character and genius was the author, that he was proceeding to the very scene of his enterprize, with the view of promoting its revival, when, with all on board, the ship went down, and was lost at sea.
	web.ukonline.co.uk /tom.paterson/surnames/WilliamPaterson.htm (3149 words)

	Darien artifacts found (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The 17th century scheme - known as the Darien Venture - cost 2,000 lives, lost about half of the country's wealth and is said to have changed the course of Scotland's political history.
		During the expedition, the group found parts of the fortifications known as Fort St Andrews and the remains of huts in what was to be New Edinburgh, a communal oven and the wreck of a supply ship.
		Darien had to be one of the boldest bids of its time, to set up a new colony - the basis for a new country - where the jungle was and still is the king.
	www.mirabilis.ca /archives/000821.html (201 words)

	AllRefer.com - DariEn Scheme (British And Irish History) - Encyclopedia
		DariEn Scheme, Scottish project to establish a colony on the Isthmus of Panama (DariEn).
		In 1695, the Scottish Parliament passed an act that chartered a company for trading with Africa and the Indies.
		Investors in the DariEn venture were partially indemnified for their losses.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/D/DarienSc.html (277 words)

	The Scotsman - Critique - Eastern premise
		From the moment his publisher read The Rising Sun, his novel about the Darién Scheme, he declared it to be "the most assured first novel I have ever read".
		So there he was, launched on a tide of critical praise and publisher’s money, hottest thing in literary fiction north of the Border and a long way south, surest of sure things.
		With the Darién Scheme, for example, he was fascinated by the way in which the get-rich-quick project worked "almost as though it was a virus that had been particularly crafted to get into Scots".
	thescotsman.scotsman.com /critique.cfm?id=108572005 (1292 words)

	Roger Moorhouse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		English opposition had spurred popular interest in the scheme, and the promise of 50 acres of land per man had attracted a throng of would-be settlers, many of them Highlanders in search of a new life.
		King William had already distanced himself from the scheme in 1695.
		His English merchants were unsettled by the prospect of a Scottish success, and had persuaded him to declare himself "ill-served in Scotland".
	www.bi-secureserver.net /web/rogermoorhouse/article2.html (1532 words)

	Company of Scotland -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies was an overseas trading company created by an act of the Scots Parliament in 1695.
		Though 5 ships and 1,200 Scottish colonists landed successfully in Darien, the settlement was poorly provisioned and eventually abandoned.
		A second, larger expedition (launched before the fate of the first was known) took up the deserted settlement, but was quickly besieged by the Spanish.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/co/company_of_scotland.htm (98 words)

	The First Campbells on Jamaica - The Blackheath Connection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		As a commercial project, the Scottish Darien Company was preceded by the first Scottish Guinea Company, consisting of four courtiers of Charles 1, including Patrick Maule, first Earl Panmure; and Henry, (the son of William Alexander, first Earl Stirling), secretary of state for Scotland interested in colonising Nova Scotia.
		In brief, the 1790s Darien Company expeditions and initiatives of the Scots were imitative of earlier English colonising endeavours, but they lacked both the maritime expertise and the Puritan "fire in the belly" the English had benefited by.
		By 30 June, 1697 the secretary of the Darien Co. was Roderick Mackenzie.
	www.danbyrnes.com.au /blackheath/jamaica.htm (17686 words)

	PATERSON, WILLIAM (1658-1719) - Online Information article about PATERSON, WILLIAM (1658-1719) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Edinburgh, unfolded his Darien (q.v.) scheme, and soon had the whole nation with him.
		With these funds the council was to revive the Darien scheme, to build workhouses, to employ, relieve and maintain the poor, and to encourage manufactures and See also:
		This was the Darien scheme on a new and broader basis.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /PAS_PER/PATERSON_WILLIAM_1658_1719_.html (2230 words)

	BBC - History - The Darien Venture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It began as an ambitious scheme to establish a Scottish colony in Panama, but ended in loss of life and financial ruin.
		The man who came up with the answer was a financial adventurer called William Paterson, a Scot who had made his name down south as one of the founding directors of the Bank of England.
		If a colony could be established at Darien, goods could be ferried from the Pacific across Panama and loaded onto ships in the Atlantic from there, speeding up Pacific trade and making it much more reliable.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/state/nations/scotland_darien_01.shtml (425 words)

	History of Leith, Edinburgh » The Darien Scheme
		As the 17th century drew to a close despite the Union of the Crowns Scotland was still denied access to England’s colonies in North America and the Far East.
		From this came the plan to plant a Scottish colony in the Isthmus of Darien in Central America and the author of this incredible plan was William Paterson (he also founded the Bank of England).
		Later by the Act of Union with England the investors in the Darien Scheme were repaid with interest.
	www.leithhistory.co.uk /2003/12/20/the-darien-scheme (628 words)

	[No title]
		Its special contribution lay not only in what was felt to be a high number of talented missionaries, but in a distinctive philosophy in which a bias towards education was integrated with more direct forms of evangelism.
		In the aftermath of Darien there was resentment, and for a time legislation, about Scots holding positions of authority in English colonies.
		among the natives for their instruction and conversion”. The scheme was a fiasco, but a missionary motive had been stated and generally accepted, even if it was a church and state mission to plant church and state in a foreign land.
	roxborogh.com /Articles/TCCHAP09.doc (4736 words)

	The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: Paterson, William @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Paterson served as a director from 1694 to 1695.
		In 1695, he proposed to the Scottish Parliament the famous but ill-fated Darién Scheme.
		Subsequently he devoted several years to carrying out that plan and accompanied the expedition of 1698 to Darién.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1E1:PatersW1&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (205 words)

	GREAT EPOCHS IN AMERICAN HISTORY
		In 1550 the Portuguese navigator, Antonio Galvao, published a book to demonstrate that a canal could be cut at Tehuantepec, Nicaragua, Panama or Darien, and in 1551 the Spanish historian, F. L De Gomara, submitted a memorial to Philip II, urging in forcible language that the work be undertaken without delay.
		The French plan was for a sea-level canal having a depth of 29½ feet and bottom width of 72 feet, involving excavation estimated at 157,000,000 cubic yards.
		The Colombian Senate, however, refused ratification, and it seemed as if the Panama scheme would have to be abandoned when the complexion of affairs was changed by Panama revolting from Colombia and declaring itself independent in November, 1903.
	www.usgennet.org /usa/topic/preservation/epochs/vol10/pg169.htm (1515 words)

	AllRefer.com - Panama, country, Central America : History : Early History and Spanish Control (Panama Political ...
		The first European sighting of Panama was by the Spaniard Rodrigo de Bastidas in 1501, and Columbus dropped anchor off the present-day Portobelo in 1502.
		MartIn FernAndez de Enciso and Diego de Niuesa failed in their efforts at colonization in DariEn.
		Attempts at Scottish settlement in the DariEn Scheme of the 17th cent.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/Panama-history.html (439 words)

	AllRefer.com - William Paterson, British financier, (Business Leaders, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		In 1695, he proposed to the Scottish Parliament the famous but ill-fated DariEn Scheme.
		Subsequently he devoted several years to carrying out that plan and accompanied the expedition of 1698 to DariEn.
		Paterson advised William III on economic, financial, and state affairs, and he strongly advocated the union of Scotland and England.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/PatersW1.html (288 words)

	New World Celts
		The Darien Expedition: Scotland's colony in Panama The ships set sail from Leith harbor on 4th July 1698, under the command of Captain Robert Pennecuik.
		They made landfall at Darien (now the Isthmus of Panama) on 2nd November, having lost only 70 people during the voyage.
		Darien The Darien Scheme The Darien venture a BBC history
	www.newworldcelts.org /south_america.html (1829 words)

	Scotsman.com News - UK - Ship of fools sank Darien scheme
		Now, new research has found that the grandiose Darien scheme in the 1690s was wrecked by financial mismanagement - not the English, as is commonly believed.
		For more than 300 years, many Scots have argued the demise of the company set up to run the scheme was England's calculated attempt to bring Scotland to its knees and create a path towards the Union of 1707.
		More than 80% of ships which went to Darien sank or were left to rot, and none were insured.
	news.scotsman.com /uk.cfm?id=1488762006 (2065 words)

	Cronaca: Scottish colonialism on display
		The artefacts were excavated by Dr Mark Horton on the site of Scotland's Darien scheme, a failed attempt to start a colony in the New World in 1698.
		The Darien scheme was an attempt by an independent Scotland to create a trading post in South America in order to capture the commerce from the East Indies.
		The failure of the colony in 1700, and the deaths of an estimated 2,500 of the original 4,000 settlers was a significant factor behind the Act of Union in 1707.
	www.cronaca.com /archives/003759.html (122 words)

	Scottish Referendums
		The `Lean Years' of the 1690s were compounded by the catastrophic failure of the Darien Scheme and the attempt to establish a Scottish imperial outlet, the colony of Caledonia, on the Isthmus of Darien.
		The combined votes of the Court party with a majority of the Squadrone were sufficient to ensure the final passage of the treaty through the House.
		Many members of the Squadrone had invested heavily in the Darien Scheme and they believed that they would receive compensation for their losses; Article 14, the Eqivalent granted £398 085 10s to Scotland to offset future liability towards the English national debt.
	www.bbc.co.uk /politics97/devolution/scotland/briefing/1707.shtml (1870 words)

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