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| | Persia - MSN Encarta |
 | | Darius I, who ascended the throne in 522 bc, pushed the Persian borders as far eastward as the Indus River, had a canal constructed from the Nile to the Red Sea, and reorganized the entire empire, earning the title Darius the Great. |
 | | Darius died while preparing a new expedition against the Greeks; his son and successor, Xerxes I, attempted to fulfill his plan but met defeat in the great sea engagement the Battle of Salamís in 480 bc and in two successive land battles in the following year. |
 | | During the reign of Artaxerxes I, the second son of Xerxes, the Egyptians revolted, aided by the Greeks; although the revolt was finally suppressed in 446 bc, it signaled the first major assault against, and the beginning of the decline of, the Persian Empire. |
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