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	Darwinism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		To say that Darwinism is often used by biologists is an understatement that verges on bathos; Darwinian random variation and subsequent selection is occasionally used by mathematicians to describe evolutionary processes that resemble the evolution of life, such as the development of software with genetic algorithms.
		What we now call "Social Darwinism" was, in its day, synonymous with "Darwinism" — the application of Darwinian principles of "struggle" to society, usually in support of anti-philanthropic political agendas.
		Taking the software as the replicator and the whole system as the interactor, it could be seen as a Darwinian system, however, the code does not change randomly, but is directionally changed or rewritten from scratch; also systems do not reproduce.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Darwinian (638 words)

	Paradoxes in Darwinian Theory
		Darwinian theory holds that varieties become species, which are modified until they can be considered genera, which become families, etc., through the process of natural selection.
		Darwinian authors have failed to provide a logical and empirical bridge between these two fundamental but irreconcilable biological processes C one of the most profound unresolved problems in biology.
		Darwinian mechanisms become a major force in the organic world primarily after the fires of macro-development begin to burn low, specifically in the past 250 million years, and provide adaptive embellishments that enhance the survivability of species.
	www.asa3.org /ASA/PSCF/1996/PSCF9-96DeHaan.html (6116 words)

	Questioning the Role of Darwinian Medicine
		Work in Darwinian medicine by those outside the medical profession needs, therefore, to be quite distinct and established in its own right and should not simply be work allied to the usual medical goals with a Darwinian perspective ‘bolted-on’.
		Darwinian medicine should be doing this not from the confines of medical problems alone but in its own distinctive biological way.
		Broadly speaking, Darwinian medicine could be divided into ‘Darwinian approaches to health’ and ‘Darwinian approaches to disease’, the former using Darwinian principles to maintain and enhance health, the latter using those principles to respond to disease.
	www.chester.ac.uk /~sjlewis/DM/Sept01Poster1.htm (2719 words)

	FT November 2000: Conservatives, Darwin & Design (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Fukuyama used a Darwinian theory of human social behavior to support the conservative view that there really is a human nature that sets norms for social order, in contrast to the common view of cultural relativists that social rules are arbitrary constructions of cultural life.
		Darwinian science must ultimately appeal to the laws of nature as the final ground of explanation; but to ask why nature has the laws that it does is to move beyond nature to nature’s God.
		Darwinian science shows, for example, that there are natural differences on average in the behavioral propensities of men and women, and surely conservatives are right to argue that it is foolish for public policies to ignore those natural differences between the sexes.
	www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft0011/articles/exchange.html (6044 words)

	The Delusion of Darwinian Natural Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Essential to the Darwinian defense of morality is the belief that social behaviors are "biologically rooted" in human nature.
		Darwinians such as Arnhart start from the premise that human beings are "hard-wired" for specific species-preserving behaviors.
		The preservation of the family and, ultimately, of the species itself are the result of the "biological drive for sexual mating." Scrutinized from the Darwinian perspective, the biological desire for conjugal bonding is revealed to perform the necessary task of stabilizing society.
	www.acton.org /publicat/randl/article.php?id=390 (2082 words)

	The Darwinian Interlude
		His main theme is the obsolescence of reductionist biology as it has been practiced for the last hundred years, and the need for a new biology based on communities and ecosystems rather than on genes and molecules.
		By Darwinian evolution he means evolution as Darwin himself understood it, based on the intense competition for survival among noninterbreeding species.
		The third was brains, which opened a new world of coördinated sensation and action, culminating in the evolution of eyes and hands.
	www.technologyreview.com /articles/05/03/issue/magaphone.asp (887 words)

	Darwinian Interlude (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Darwinian evolution is slow because individual species, once established, evolve very little.
		Darwinian evolution requires species to become extinct so that new species can replace them.
		Cultural evolution is running a thousand times faster than Darwinian evolution, taking us into a new era of cultural interdependence that we call globalization.
	www.uwsp.edu /cis/mstern/300CDP/readings/DarwinianInterlude.htm (834 words)

	Science & Theology News - The Darwinian interlude (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		His main theme is the obsolescence of reductionist biology as it has been practiced for the last hundred years, and the need for a new synthetic biology based on communities and eco-systems rather than on genes and molecules.
		By Darwinian evolution he means evolution as Darwin understood it, based on the competition for survival of non-interbreeding species.
		Darwinian evolution requires established species to die and become extinct so that new species can replace them.
	www.stnews.org /articles.php?article_id=576&category=commentary (900 words)

	A classification of possible routes of Darwinian evolution.
		Accessibility by Darwinian evolution: The quality of a biological structure such that it could be generated by a sequence of very small changes, each of which is selectively neutral or advantageous (Darwin, 1859, p.
		One factor hampering examination of the accessibility of biological structures by Darwinian evolution is the absence of a classification of possible routes.
		In this scheme, the connection between tubulin microtubules and dynein arms, which Behe suggested to be irreducibly complex, was absent at the initiation of the mutualist relationship between the eukaryote and the microtubule-containing spirochete, and its origin was explained, albeit incompletely, as part of the transformation from rotational to undulipodial motility (Szathmary, 1987).
	www.cbs.dtu.dk /staff/dave/JTB.html (2738 words)

	Darwinian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		A Darwinian Left for Today and Beyond, by Peter Singer Chapter 5 from 'A Darwinian Left' (New Haven, 1999).
		A Darwinian Left - Peter Singer A review, and links to other information about and reviews of 'A Darwinian Left' by Peter Singer.
		Matt Ridley: The Evolution of a Darwinian Article on 'Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters'.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Darwinian.html (224 words)

	Irreducible Complexity and Darwinian Pathways: Gene, Mike, ARN Forum
		Parallel direct Darwinian evolution can generate irreducibly complex structures, but not irreducibly complex structures of functionally indivisible components, and this is the valid conclusion to draw from Behe's thesis.
		That is, Darwinian evolution is supposed to be a description of history.
		Behe's notion of IC does indeed help us to effectively rule out some of the Darwinian pathways, as admitted by T&U. What is most relevant is that the pathways ruled out by IC are also those best supported by example/evidence and those that are most persuasive in explaining apparent design.
	www.arn.org /docs/behe/mb_mg1darwinianpathways.htm (3474 words)

	Darwinian Processes and Memes in Architecture: A Memetic Theory of Modernism
		Two main points are argued: (1) Darwinian processes (combining variation and selection) are important to architecture; and (2) the specific case of modernist architecture corresponds to a 'parasitic' meme, which has spread in spite of its being non-adaptive for the people that make use of modernist buildings.
		Their success has little to do with their fitness for human habitation; the criteria for success in Darwinian selection are abstract and are not based directly on human needs, even though it is human beings that do the selecting.
		The possibilities of a Darwinian process of design are tied to the system of options within which it operates, and the richer the system is, the broader the field.
	jom-emit.cfpm.org /2002/vol6/salingaros_na&mikiten_tm.html (10328 words)

	Darwinian Medicine
		The earliest suggestion of a Darwinian approach to medicine came in 1980, when George Williams, an evolutionary biologist at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, read an article in which Ewald discussed using Darwinian theory to illuminate the origins of certain symptoms of infectious disease things like fever, low iron counts, diarrhea.
		Nesse and Williams define Darwinian medicine as the hunt for evolutionary explanations of vulnerabilities to disease.
		For instance, Darwinian researchers like physiologist Matthew Kluger of the Lovelace Institute in Albuquerque now say that a moderate rise in body temperature is more than just a symptom of disease; it's an evolutionary adaptation the body uses to fight infection by making itself inhospitable to invading microbes.
	www.people.virginia.edu /~rjh9u/darwmed.html (3334 words)

	What is Darwinian Medicine?
		Darwinian medicine is the enterprise of trying to find evolutionary explanations for vulnerabilities to disease.
		Darwinian Medicine applies the advances that have revolutionized evolutionary biology to the problems of medicine and tries to provide, for each disease, an explanation for why the body isn't better.
		In summary, Darwinian Medicine proposes that descriptions of disease in current medical textbooks omit a crucial section - an evolutionary explanation for why humans are vulnerable to this disease.
	www.chester.ac.uk /~sjlewis/DM/TEXTS/TEXT1.HTM (1242 words)

	Yale Review of Books: A Darwinian Left
		But, Singer warns, a Darwinian acknowledgement of the many relatively fixed aspects of human nature tells us that man is not perfectible, and neither are his societies.
		He believes that part of the left’s reticence about accepting sociobiology with open arms is the Darwinian implication that man is part of a nature “red in tooth and claw,” and therefore inherently competitive and selfish.
		His major suggestion is that a Darwinian left should seek to foster the cooperative rather than the competitive instinct in man. Like so many of his other suggestions, this one is remarkable only in the extent of its banality and unhelpfulness.
	www.yale.edu /yrb/summer01/review02.htm (1528 words)

	How to be Anti-Darwinian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		So, to overcome this confusion of meanings and to ensure that both notional Darwinians and anti-Darwinians alike know what it is they accept and what they object to, this essay covers the varieties of anti-Darwinism, including opposition to transmutationism, common descent, undirected variation, randomness, selection, Weismannism, and monism.
		Each of these "Darwinian" theories can be, and have been at some time in the past 150 years, challenged, and the end result called "anti-Darwinian".
		Of course, many eugenicists also thoght they were good Darwinians (including Darwin's cousin Francis Galton, his son Leonard, RA Fisher and Karl Pearson [13]).
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/anti-darwin.html (2891 words)

	Denis Dutton on Darwinian politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Politics must respond to all of our nature, and it can only do so if it sees with Darwinian eyes the deep, pervasive, and haphazard system of tastes and preferences in human relations that are our inheritance.
		You don’t have to be an old-fashioned positivist to see the purely emotive nature of many attempts by politicians, and political theorists too, to persuade.
		Darwinian Politics offers an attempt to understand the evolved psychological roots of appeals to political sentiment.
	www.aldaily.com /darwin_and_political_theory.html (4891 words)

	W. H. Calvin, "Competing for Consciousness" Journal of Conscious Studies 5(4)389-404 (1998).
		This full-fledged Darwinian process is what is associated with the recursive shaping up of quality; it should not be confused with mere selective survival of a single pattern and other "sparse sets" that utilize only a few of the "six essentials" (Calvin 1997).
		There's no requirement that darwinian variations have to be truly random; a slow darwinian process could bias or skew the general direction of the variants of a faster darwinian process that deals with lower-level matters, such as perception and movement on the time scale of seconds.
		There could be a cascade or web of such darwinian processes that operate on different levels in the attributes-to-metaphors spectrum, or on different time scales in the milliseconds-to-hours range.
	www.williamcalvin.com /1990s/1998JConscStudies.htm (6377 words)

	A total refutation of Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection.
		Of course this is an assumption, but being the simpler of the two assumptions (similarity of appearance vs. similarity of genes) and in the light of developing knowledge in bio-chemistry and microbiology, the one that should be made.
		Those who believe in Darwinian evolution as currently taught in biology have accepted a cause/effect reversal as a simplistic explanation of a phenomenon which has not yet been discovered by science.
		It is absolutely inexplicable in the Darwinian sense, that some device or method of doing this would fail to evolve over the past eons of their existence.
	www.tdtone.org /evolution/TDTns.htm (10453 words)

	Chapter Four of The Hedonistic Imperative (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		In the old Darwinian era, "natural" selection is based on random genetic variations i.e.
		For reproductive decisions will be taken by informed actors in anticipation of the likely neuropsychological effects of suites of alleles that are purposely pre-selected or designed.
		Genes predisposing to vicious traits that were adaptive in our Darwinian past will be at a selective disadvantage when we choose the attributes of our offspring, not through a cruel genetic lottery as at present, but by rational design.
	www.hedweb.com /object26.htm (317 words)

	A Darwinian Left: Politics, Evolution, and Cooperation, First Things October 2000: Pearcey, Nancy
		Sociobiology originally raised hackles, Singer explains in an interview, because it was regarded as a revival of "nasty, right-wing biological determinism"-a revival, that is, of Social Darwinism, which has long harnessed the idea of the survival of the fittest to notions of progress through competition and the ruthless pursuit of self-interest.
		Recent Darwinians have shown that humans are hard-wired by natural selection for cooperative as well as competitive behavior, even for altruism.
		For the same Darwinian premise that undercuts morality by rendering all behavior merely survival strategies, also undercuts epistemology by rendering the ideas in our minds likewise merely survival strategies.
	www.arn.org /docs/pearcey/np_ftreviews1000.htm (1847 words)

	The Six Essentials? Minimal Requirements for the Darwinian Bootstrapping of Quality
		While our best examples are drawn from species evolution, the immune response, and evolutionary epistemology, the Darwinian process may well be a major law of the universe, right up there with chemical bonds as a prime generator of interesting combinations that discover stratified stabilities.
		I won't review the Darwinian claims except to note that, if we are to blame anyone for the frequent confusion of selective survival with the full Darwinian process, we would have to start with Charles Darwin himself, who named his multipart theory (more in a minute) to emphasize one particularly novel aspect: Natural Selection.
		Like a photographic development process, it is likely that, in the manner of those three-million-year old footprints that were preserved by volcanic ashfall (cement on the fly preventing the usual erosion and backfilling), both culling and fixation are involved in biological memories.
	jom-emit.cfpm.org /1997/vol1/calvin_wh.html (4224 words)

	``Memes, The New Replicators''
		The argument I shall advance, surprising as it may seem coming from the author of the earlier chapters, is that, for an understanding of the evolution of modern man, we must begin by throwing out the gene as the sole basis of our ideas on evolution.
		I am an enthousiastic Darwinian, but, I think Darwinism is too big a theory to be confined to the narrow context of the gene.
		This is because they tend to become the basis for Darwinian selection which, given enough generations, cumulatively builds systems of great complexity.
	www.rubinghscience.org /memetics/dawkinsmemes.html (8617 words)

	Paradise Engineering and the Post-Darwinian Transition
		Complications aside, genetic mutations and meiotic shufflings are quasi-random: Nature has no capacity for foresight or contingency-planning.
		During the primordial Darwinian Era of life on earth, selfishness in the technical genetic sense has closely overlapped with selfishness in the popular sense: they are easily confused, and indeed the first is unavoidable.
		But in the new reproductive era - where (suites of) alleles will be societally chosen and actively designed in anticipation of their likely behavioural effects - the character of fitness-enhancing traits will be radically different.
	www.post-darwinism.com (510 words)

	'Binary' enzyme created by TSRI scientists demonstrates Darwinian evolution at its simplest
		This research, described in the latest issue of the journal Nature, demonstrates that Darwinian evolution can occur in a genetic system with only two bases, and it also supports a theory in the field that an early form of life on earth may have been restricted to two bases.
		It does, however, demonstrate that it is possible to have a genetic system of molecules capable of undergoing Darwinian evolution with only two distinct subunits.
		This work was supported by a grant from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology at The Scripps Research Institute, and through a postdoctoral fellowship from the NASA Specialized Center for Research and Training (NSCORT) in Exobiology.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-12/sri-ec121702.php (867 words)

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