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	Evolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In biology, evolution is the process by which populations of organisms acquire and pass on novel traits from generation to generation, affecting the overall makeup of the population and even leading to the emergence of new species.
		In the modern synthesis, "evolution" is defined as a change in the frequency of alleles within a population from one generation to the next.
		The belief in a telelogical evolution of this sort is known as orthogenesis, and is not supported by the scientific theory of evolution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Evolution (3931 words)

	Introduction to Evolutionary Biology
		The rate of evolution is k = 2Nvu (in diploids) where k is nucleotide substitutions, N is the effective population size, v is the rate of mutation and u is the proportion of mutants that eventually fix in the population.
		Evolution is a change in the gene pool of a population over time; it can occur due to several factors.
		Biologists studying evolution do a variety of things: population geneticists study the process as it is occurring; systematists seek to determine relationships between species and paleontologists seek to uncover details of the unfolding of life in the past.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/faq-intro-to-biology.html (15764 words)

	The Darwinian Interlude (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		By Darwinian evolution he means evolution as Darwin himself understood it, based on the intense competition for survival among noninterbreeding species.
		Evolution was a communal affair, the whole community advancing in metabolic and reproductive efficiency as the genes of the most efficient cells were shared.
		Darwinian evolution is slow because individual species, once established, evolve very little.
	www.techreview.com /articles/05/03/issue/magaphone.asp (881 words)

	Evolution Theory and Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The theory of evolution, formalized by Charles Darwin, is as much theory as is the theory of gravity, or the theory of relativity.
		However, evolution is the binding force of all biological research.
		The history of thought about evolution in general and paleontological contributions specifically are often useful to the workers of today.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /history/evotheory.html (370 words)

	The Talk.Origins Archive: Evolution FAQs
		However, the mechanisms of evolution are less well understood, and it is these mechanisms that are described by several theories of evolution.
		Evolution does not proceed from any basic randomness, although genetic changes are not coupled to selection and may be characterised as "random" relative to selection pressures, nor do they anticipate the needs of a species.
		One of the favorite anti-evolutionist challenges to the existence of transitional fossils is the supposed lack of transitional forms in the evolution of the whales.
	www.talkorigins.org /origins/faqs-evolution.html (1031 words)

	What is Darwinism?
		The Darwinian answer to this second question is that the creative force that produced complex plants and animals from single-celled predecessors over long stretches of geological time is essentially the same as the mechanism that produces variations in flowers, insects, and domestic animals before our very eyes.
		To insist that schoolchildren be taught that Darwinian evolution is a fact is in their minds merely to protect the integrity of science education; to present the other side of the case would be to allow fanatics to force their opinions on others.
		If theistic evolutionists broadcast the message that evolution as they understand it is harmless to theistic religion, they are misleading their constituents unless they add a clear warning that the version of evolution advocated by the entire body of mainstream science is something else altogether.
	www.origins.org /pjohnson/whatis.html (4143 words)

	Darwinian Evolution
		Support for Darwin's theory of evolution came from tortoises and finches on the Galapagos Islands, an archipelago 600 miles west of the coast of Ecuador.
		Weakness is compensated by neo-Darwinism or synthetic theory of evolution, developed in the 1930's and 1940's.
		flight led to evolution of wings in arthropods and birds.
	www.cbu.edu /~seisen/Darwin.htm (463 words)

	Early Theories of Evolution: Pre-Darwinian Theories
		He believed that evolution was mostly due to the inheritance of acquired characteristics as creatures adapted to their environments.
		That is, he believed that evolution occurs when an organism uses a body part in such a way that it is altered during its lifetime and this change is then inherited by its offspring.
		While Lamarck's explanation of evolution was incorrect, it is unfair to label him a bad scientist.
	anthro.palomar.edu /evolve/evolve_1.htm (1498 words)

	The Scientists: Charles Darwin.
		We are beginning to see that the awesome wonder of the evolution from amoeba to man - for it is without a doubt an awesome wonder - was not the result of a mighty word from a creator, but of a combination of small, apparently insignificant processes.
		The structural change occurring in a molecule within a chromosome, the result of a struggle over food between two animals, the reproduction and feeding of young - such are the simple elements that together, in the course of millions of years, created the great wonder.
		If the idea of natural selection holds good, then animals and plants and man himself have become what they are by natural causes, as blind and automatic as those which go to mould the shape of a mountain, or make the earth and the other planets move in ellipses round the sun.
	www.blupete.com /Literature/Biographies/Science/Darwin.htm (2306 words)

	Irreducible Complexity and Darwinian Pathways: Gene, Mike, ARN Forum
		.One factor hampering examination of the accessibility of biological structures by Darwinian evolution is the absence of a classification of possible routes.
		Parallel direct Darwinian evolution can generate irreducibly complex structures, but not irreducibly complex structures of functionally indivisible components, and this is the valid conclusion to draw from Behe's thesis.
		That is, Darwinian evolution is supposed to be a description of history.
	www.arn.org /docs/behe/mb_mg1darwinianpathways.htm (3474 words)

	Charles Darwin: The Theory of Evolution
		Huxley was the first to construct, on the basis of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, a clear and logical image of biological man, and as such, is clearly the founder of evolutionary anthropology.
		Evolution: Biology Wave-Genetics - Recent (and very important) discoveries from Russia confirm that DNA / Genes are Resonant Structures which are subtly interconnected to their Environment.
		Evolution: Evolutionary Philosophy - Evolutionary Philosophy deduces what must Necessarily have Existed (prior to the Evolution of Humans and Human Minds) such that Humans could Evolve to Exist.
	www.spaceandmotion.com /Charles-Darwin-Theory-Evolution.htm (2968 words)

	16 Errors in Evolutionary Theory
		He never made the statement or assumed that "evolution is a fact", as is common today and in actuality expressed doubts that it could be proven; one of these, the continuity of the fossil record is well known as one of his objections.
		The growing controversy over the teaching of evolution in schools is in large part due to the failure to clearly state the limits of Science in the explanation of biological matters.
		Evolution: a process of development of living organisms which has the capability to increase the variety and complexity of them, from the very first prokaryotic cell through to the development of the most complex of living organisms, by a trial and error process.
	www.tdtone.org /evolution/TDTns.htm (13829 words)

	Getting Darwinian Evolution to Work
		I suggest that the answer is that evolution is not a process that is totally allowed or prohibited by the interpretative architecture, but, instead, that different architectures allow different degrees of evolution and that the architecture effectively imposes an upper limit on the complexity of the systems that can be evolved with it.
		Evolution of data that is interpreted by this second layer now proceeds more rapidly and has a higher upper limit on complexity than is allowed by evolution within the context of the basic laws of physics.
		It still does not have a very rapid rate of evolution, or a very high upper limit on complexity, because limits were imposed by the context of the laws of physics in which it evolved, but it does not have to be very good.
	ai-depot.com /Articles/54/Evolution.html (969 words)

	Understanding Evolution
		Evolution and the avian flu - November 2005
		The economic cost for developed countries alone is estimated at 550 billion dollars, and the projected worldwide death toll ranges between 2 million and 150 million people.
		This research profile examines how the scientist Carl Bergstrom uses computer modeling to understand and control the evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria in hospitals.
	evolution.berkeley.edu (323 words)

	FT October 2000: Singer in the Rain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Sociobiology originally raised hackles, Singer explains in an interview, because it was regarded as a revival of “nasty, right—wing biological determinism”—a revival, that is, of Social Darwinism, which has long harnessed the idea of the survival of the fittest to notions of progress through competition and the ruthless pursuit of self—interest.
		Recent Darwinians have shown that humans are hard—wired by natural selection for cooperative as well as competitive behavior, even for altruism.
		Earlier sociobiologists like Wilson had hoped that evolution would reveal “ethical premises inherent in man’s biological nature,” challenging “the traditional belief that we cannot deduce values from facts.” But those earlier hopes have been chastened, and today most proponents of evolutionary psychology vigorously disavow the naturalistic fallacy of seeking to derive “ought” from “is.”
	www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft0010/reviews/pearcey.html (1781 words)

	Non-Darwinian Intraspecies Evolution
		The changing needs of the organisms for survival and their attempts for adaptive fit by expressing latent genes resulted in the changes in the morphological, physiological and behavioural traits, that is in their ‘intraspecies evolution’ up to the respective period of extinction.
		The geologists have studied fossils of the microbes, plants and animals living in different periods of geological evolution.
		In the intraspecies evolution, the term "years" refers to the geological period(s) conducive for the maturation of the preformed self organizing germ units into species adaptively fitting the then obtaining ambient environment, rather than to the time of accumulation of the random mutations in the genomes of pre-developed species.
	www.geocities.com /drratiram_sharma/NonDarwinEvolution.html (1073 words)

	Evolution News & Views: Kansas Approves Plan To Teach The Controversy Over Darwinism
		Kansas today became the fifth state in the nation to adopt science standards that encourage students to learn both the strengths and weaknesses of Darwinian evolution.
		Discovery Institute strongly believes that schools should require only that the scientific evidence for and against neo-Darwinism be taught, while not infringing on the academic freedom of teachers to present appropriate information about intelligent design if they choose.
		In order to cash in on the nation's current interest in the debate over evolution --thanks to Kansas' adoption of new science standards and the Dover school board trial-- ABC's World News Tonight strung together disparate clips and previous footage to...
	www.evolutionnews.org /2005/11/kansas_approves_plan_to_teach.html (465 words)

	Can Computers Mimic Evolution? by Brig Klyce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		While Ohno’s version of the Darwinian account of new genes is not proven by any comprehensive step-by-step account of the evolution of a new gene, it gains support from the existence of genes with similar nucleotide sequences that fall into three categories.
		The Darwinian explanation for metazoan genes twice as old as metazoa requires a major shift of thought which is not supported by any other evidence — metazoa must twice as old as their oldest fossils (Wray, et al.
		But if this is proposed to be the basis for the evolution of all new genes, then Darwinism must maintain that there are series of expressed genes whose sequences are closely related — one-to-the-next — leading from a small set of original prokaryotic genes to every gene subsequently expressed in biology.
	www.panspermia.org /computr2.htm (2969 words)

	EVOLUTION I - DARWINIAN EVOLUTION – CHAPTER 22 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The idea of evolution was not new, but his proposed mechanism was the first plausible explanation.
		evolution is the best explanation for the fossil record and extant diversity
		adaptation to the environment is a result of evolution.
	nersp.nerdc.ufl.edu /~herrera/february23.htm (797 words)

	Language Log: Darwinian evolution is so over
		The topic is Freeman Dyson's article "The Darwinian Interlude" in the March issue of Technology Review, which I just got around to reading yesterday.
		This is a choice between a biology that solely does society's bidding and a biology that is society's teacher.
		The time has come to replace the purely reductionist "eyes-down" molecular perspective with a new and genuinely holistic, "eyes-up," view of the living world, one whose primary focus is on evolution, emergence, and biology's innate complexity.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/002144.html (849 words)

	Questions about Darwinian Evolution
		If you look at the amount of DNA in various organisms, you will find wide variations between "distant" and even among "close" creatures.
		If evolution was the cause of all these various organisms, you would expect the amount of DNA to track the various relationships between supposedly related organisms.
		The pond would have stopped being productive when it ran out of DNA material or when environmental conditions changed enough the affect the pond chemistries.
	www.mattox.com /genome/answers.html (812 words)

	Introductory Biology Courseware (103)- Evolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The basic concept of Darwinian Evolution is the principle of common descent- the history of life is like a tree.
		Darwin's concept of evolution by natural selection is based on two facts (the existance of variability in organisms within a population and the existance of similarities between parents and offspring) and one inference (variabilities may influence organisms relative ability to survive and reproduce).
		Charles Darwin could defend many of his arguments in favor of natural selection by drawing parallels between the concept of natural selection and the concept of artificial selection which was fairly well understood by everyone (although the underlying genetic mechanisms involved were not known).
	tidepool.st.usm.edu /crswr/103evolution.html (3541 words)

	Denis Dutton on Darwinian politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A lucid attempt to spell out the implications evolution for politics has now been published by Paul H. Rubin, a professor of economics and law at Emory University, in the form of Darwinian Politics: The Evolutionary Origin of Freedom (Rutgers University Press, $25.00, paperback).
		The scene of evolution is the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness, the EEA, essentially the Pleistocene, the whole, long period lasting from 1.6 million years ago up until the shift to the Holocene with the invention of agriculture and large settlements 10,000 years ago.
		Pleistocene evolution is often associated with the savannahs of East Africa, but human evolution occurred in many places out of Africa — in Europe, Asia, and the Near East.
	www.aldaily.com /darwin_and_political_theory.html (4891 words)

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