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Topic: Darwinian selection

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Neural Darwinism

Dualism (philosophy of mind)

Angelina Jolie

	Cell biology, molecular embryology, Lamarckian and Darwinian selection as evolvability
		Natural selection had an urgent task to face, to multiply the new constellation of genes that mutated in favor of pathogen recognition and the regulation of immune responses.
		Strong selective pressures (orthoselection) and time, in favor of alleles that coded for designing interstitial cells made to fight a vast range of foreign pathogens, were presumably the path for an efficient immune system.
		Selection at the level of the individual must have effectively opposed selection at the level of the gene of the cell lineage.
	www.funpecrp.com.br /gmr/year2003/vol1-2/gmr0041_full_text.htm (9521 words)

	Darwinism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		August Weismann was the most prominent member of this school, and further articulated that neo-Darwinism referred to evolution specifically by forms of "selection" (natural selection, including sexual selection), and that it was articulated around the idea that the hereditary material of an organism was not modified by the further development of the organism.
		Selection: Inherited traits must somehow affect the ability of the entities to reproduce themselves, either by survival (natural selection), or by ability to produce offspring by finding partners (sexual selection).
		Sometimes, in stricter formulations, it is required that variation and selection act on different entities, variation on the replicator (genotype) and selection on the interactor (phenotype).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Darwinian (1124 words)

	Brainstorms: Selection Acting Directly on Genes
		Given estimates of selection rates, you can work backwards, by a process of elimination, to determine if the selection process producing the measured rate of selection is due to or explained by natural selection- selection based on differential survival and/or reproduction operating on ‘phenotype effects’.
		Darwinian theory appears to suggest that the primary source of selection in evolutionary and genetic change is ‘Darwinian natural selection’.
		Darwinian and neo-Darwinian theory suggest the evolutionary adaptive changes are the result of ‘variation or changes from Nx to Nxv’ and ‘selection based on a process or mechanism called natural selection’.
	www.iscid.org /boards/ubb-get_topic-f-6-t-000162.html (6168 words)

	Darwinian selection Wikipedia, Flickr, Delicious Bash at Bashr.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Selection at a different level than the individual, for example the gene, can result in an increase in fitness for that gene, while at the same time reducing the fitness of the individuals carrying that gene (see intragenomic conflict for more details).
		A strong selective sweep results in a region of the genome where the positively selected haplotype (the allele and its neighbours) are essentially the only ones that exist in the population.
		Selective mating can be the result of, for example, a change in the physical environment (physical isolation by an extrinsic barrier), or by sexual selection resulting in assortative mating.
	www.bashr.com /en_bio_pics/Darwinian_selection (5109 words)

	Introduction to Evolutionary Biology
		Genes are not the unit of selection (because their success depends on the organism's other genes as well); neither are groups of organisms a unit of selection.
		Selection is not a force in the sense that gravity or the strong nuclear force is. However, for the sake of brevity, biologists sometimes refer to it that way.
		When selection is spoken of as a force, it often seems that it is has a mind of its own; or as if it was nature personified.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/faq-intro-to-biology.html (15764 words)

	The Elusive Unit of Selection
		Darwinian selection is clearly not a process of "displacement" of one actor by another.
		The point is that the thing which is selectively important may not be, in any useful sense, a "trait" of a single actor at all, but rather is a "trait" of some groups of actors, or perhaps of the S-lineage as a whole.
		So I consider that the unit of selection is an S-lineage; and that the implication of this is that a given phenomenon can be considered as an outcome of Darwinian evolution if and only if it is consistent with an unconditional selfishness on the part of the S-lineage possessing or exhibiting it.
	www.eeng.dcu.ie /~autonomy/ecal95/rpl-l2h/node3.html (2446 words)

	Evolution: Library: Library: Daniel Dennett: Darwinian Natural Selection
		I think many people are terribly afraid of being demoted by the Darwinian scheme from the role of authors and creators in their own right into being just places where things happen in the universe.
		In fact, I think that what one can see from a Darwinian account is how the addition of culture in our species turns us into a very special sort of animal, an animal that can be a moral agent in a way that no other animal can be.
		A: I think the mistake that many people make about natural selection is thinking that since it's inexorable without exception, that it leaves no room for randomness, for chaos to come in and upset the directions that it's taken so far.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/evolution/library/08/1/text_pop/l_081_05.html (843 words)

	What is Darwinism?
		The selected theories are by no means all of Darwin's evolutionary theories; others were, for instance, sexual selection, pangenesis, effect of use and disuse, and character divergence.
		Modern biologists have proposed other mechanisms for change -- neutral selection, genetic drift, the "founder effect", etc. -- and Darwin himself thought that sexual selection could be important.
		On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life, Charles Darwin, First Edition 1859.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/darwinism.html (1288 words)

	16 Errors in Evolutionary Theory
		Darwinists define the two terms, Natural Selection and Survival of the Fittest, by their effects on organisms, as opposed to stating a detailed description of the process, or mechanism of operation, of either term; they are thus each, a non-sequitor.
		Likewise, selection by an intelligent being is done with a particular outcome as a goal; judgment, experience and corrections are made in the process.
		NS1 is the type of selection that has allowed these organisms to be "alive" at this very instant; these organisms are the result of a an unbroken line of forebears which have existed since the "formation" of the particular species.
	www.tdtone.org /evolution/TDTns.htm (13703 words)

	Darwinian Selection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The genetic makeup of the population changes and evolution is said to occur.
		This varying reproductive success of individuals based on their different genetic constitutions is natural selection.
		Often the concept of natural selection is simplified to "survival of the fittest".
	cas.bellarmine.edu /tietjen/facultyseminar/darwinian_selection.htm (495 words)

	Positive Darwinian Selection at the Pantophysin (Pan I) Locus in Marine Gadid Fishes -- Pogson and Mesa 21 (1): 65 -- ...
		Positive selection is a general phenomenon in the evolution of abalone sperm lysine.
		Positive Darwinian selection drives the evolution of several female reproductive proteins in mammals.
		Positive selection and the molecular evolution of a gene of male reproduction, Acp26Aa of Drosophila.
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/21/1/65 (4833 words)

	The Panda's Thumb: Of Prions and People
		Selection simply needs a mechanism for replication of system states and variable probability of survival for different states.
		What might be selected against is the human stupidity of feeding a cow’s brain to a bunch of other cows.
		Yes the Darwinian fundamentalists are quite accomodating when the theory doesn’t contradict their mechanistic dogmas.
	www.pandasthumb.org /archives/2005/10/of_prions_and_p.html (10673 words)

	Involution and Levels of Selection
		We assert the basic difference between evolution and involution is that involution requires multiple levels of major selection processes (see Buss [2]) whereas evolution as adaptation does not.
		In the realm of physics, Lee Smolin in his recent book [18] has opened the debate to whether there is a selection process at the universe level.
		Besides the evolution of bacteria and the transition to multi-cellular organisms, there is also the cultural evolution of the human race, which may involve a more complex selection process, such as the Baldwin effect [1].
	users.viawest.net /~keirsey/node4.html (804 words)

	Rapid Evolution by Positive Darwinian Selection in the Extracellular Domain of the Abundant Lymphocyte Protein CD45 in ...
		positive selection in primates appear to be the MHC genes (Hughes and Nei 1988)
		Positive selection of a gene family during the emergence of humans and African apes.
		Positive Darwinian selection observed at the variable-region genes of immunoglobulin.
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/21/8/1504 (3775 words)

	Darwinian Selection Affects Fertilization Process
		Silent changes are used as a measure for the background of neutral changes; detection of a level of replacement changes above this background indicates that evolution is forcing the protein to change.
		For all three female proteins tested, the researchers found that some segments of the proteins changed significantly faster than neutral, indicating positive Darwinian selection at work on the most basic, molecular level.
		In addition to detecting the rapid evolutionary change of the female proteins, the new methods also allowed the researchers to identify the particular parts of the proteins that had changed rapidly during evolution.
	unisci.com /stories/20011/0308012.htm (985 words)

	Tim Worstall: Darwinian Selection
		Providing the strongest evidence yet that humans are still evolving, researchers have detected some 700 regions of the human genome where genes appear to have been reshaped by natural selection, a principal force of evolution, within the last 5,000 to 15,000 years.
		Mar 7, 2006 11:24:49 AM Natural selection comes into play with any factor that makes it relatively more (or less) likely for that human to produce offspring.
		Mar 7, 2006 3:19:29 PM In addition, there's a taboo against discussing modern effects of evolution because it is thought to undermine the belief in the essential equality of all people, and to lead to acceptance of things like eugenics.
	timworstall.typepad.com /timworstall/2006/03/darwinian_selec.html (1006 words)

	SPACE.com -- Darwinian Selection of Satellite Orbits for Military Use
		So the Purdue researchers led by William Crossley, an associate professor at the university's department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, set a computer about to dreaming up numerous possible configurations for groups of four satellites.
		As in Darwinian evolution, bad orbits were tossed out.
		The genetic algorithm selected the best-performing constellations by interchanging variables such as how far apart the satellites are from each other, the heading of the satellites as they cross the equator, and how high they are above the Earth's surface.
	www.space.com /news/darwin_satellites_011016.html (642 words)

	Evolutionary Game Theory, Natural Selection, and Darwinian Dynamics - Cambridge University Press
		All of life is a game and evolution by natural selection is no exception.
		G-function is a tool that simplifies notation and plays an important role developing Darwinian dynamics that drive natural selection.
		An ESS maximum principle is formulated and its graphical representation as an adaptive landscape illuminates concepts such as adaptation, Fisher's Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection, and the nature of life's evolutionary game.
	www.cambridge.org /uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521841704 (345 words)

	darwinian natural selection
		Darwinian fitness: ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment
		following heavy rains selection was for smaller body and beak size.
		selection is not teleological, there is no conscious intent (either by the organism or a creator), but it does increase adaptation to the environment.
	users.tamuk.edu /kfjab02/Biology/EVOLUTION/b3301_ch003.htm (733 words)

	Santa Fe Institute \| Research
		In practical terms a minimal protocell should be characterised by a strong coupling between its metabolism and genetic subsystem which is made possible by the container.
		There is still no general agreement on how such a complex system might have been naturally selected for in a prebiotic environment.
		As exponential growth implies the survival of the fittest in a competitive environment, these results suggest that protocell assemblies could be efficient vehicles in terms of evolving through Darwinian selection.
	www.santafe.edu /research/publications/wpabstract/200609032 (352 words)

	A total refutation of Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection.
		Note that there are many more ideas hostile to Darwinian theory, such as the (3) (yes three) billion+ year gaps in the fossil record, which are unexplainable and likewise virtually never discussed.
		Other long-held beliefs, such as the connection between Natural and Artificial selection, Kettlewell's experiments, the Malthusian Connection, logical fallacies involving evolution, are analyzed; several analogies are presented which illustrate erroneous belief.
		As noted above, Darwin's original explanation for evolution, Natural Selection, received criticism from even his closest friends partially because of the florid language used in the definition of it, but more because of the lack of supporting evidence.
	www.tdtone.org /evolution/TDTens.htm (13193 words)

	ScienceDaily: TU Biologist Sees Darwinian Selection In Action
		To Charles Brown, a University of Tulsa biology professor, natural selection took place literally overnight in 1996 as he witnessed the starvation death of half the cliff swallows he has studied in Nebraska for 17 years.
		Natural Selection Has Strongly Influenced Recent Human Evolution, Study Finds (October 23, 2005) -- The most detailed analysis to date of how humans differ from one another at the DNA level shows strong evidence that natural selection has shaped the recent evolution of our species, according to a...
		Natural selection -- Natural selection is the phrase Charles Darwin used in 1859 for the process he proposed to explain the origin of species and their apparent adaptation to their environment.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/1998/10/981026195313.htm (2272 words)

	Evolution: Library: Daniel Dennett: Darwinian Natural Selection
		Daniel Dennett is the director of the Center for Cognitive Studies at Tufts University.
		Dennett takes the controversial view that the concept of natural selection can be extended beyond biology.
		In this interview filmed for Evolution: "Darwin's Dangerous Idea," Dennett discusses Darwinian natural selection and why it makes some people uncomfortable with regard to their religious beliefs.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/evolution/library/08/1/l_081_05.html (86 words)

	What Use is Religion?
		Group selection is the controversial idea that Darwinian selection chooses among groups of individuals, in the same kind of way as, in accordance with normal Darwinian theory, it chooses among individuals within groups.
		However, given that genetic selection has set up brains of this kind, they then provide the equivalent of a new kind of non-genetic heredity, which might form the basis for a new kind of epidemiology, and perhaps even a new kind of non-genetic Darwinian selection.
		I believe that religion is one of a group of phenomena explained by this kind of non-genetic epidemiology, with the possible admixture of non-genetic Darwinian selection.
	www.secularhumanism.org /library/fi/dawkins_24_5.htm (3026 words)

	Global landscape of recent inferred Darwinian selection for Homo sapiens -- Wang et al., 10.1073/pnas.0509691102 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Global landscape of recent inferred Darwinian selection for Homo sapiens -- Wang et al., 10.1073/pnas.0509691102 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
		Global landscape of recent inferred Darwinian selection for Homo sapiens
		Genomic signatures of positive selection in humans and the limits of outlier approaches
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/0509691102v1 (403 words)

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