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Topic: Darwinism

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	What is Darwinism?
		One particulary cogent reason why Darwinism cannot be a single monolithic theory is that organic evolution consists of two essentially independent processes, as we have seen: transformation in time, and diversification in ecological and geographical space.
		Darwin did not claim that evolutionary change is slow and continuous -- only that it does not proceed by "jumps" in a single generation (what Mayr calls "saltational" change).
		Darwinism is not a simple theory that is either true or false but is rather a highly complex research program that is being continuously modified and improved.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/darwinism.html (1288 words)

	Social Darwinism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		While Social Darwinism applies the concept of evolution and natural selection to human cultural systems, the extent to which the ideologies related to it are a part of Darwin's biological theory of evolution or Spencer's classical liberal philosophy is arguable.
		Darwin's unique discussion of evolution was distinct in several ways from these previous works: Darwin argued that humans were shaped by biological laws in the same way as other animals, particularly by the pressure put on individuals by population growth, emphasizing the natural over the supernatural in human development.
		Darwin's theory does not equal progress, except in the sense that the new, evolved species will be better suited to their changing environment.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Social_Darwinism (2922 words)

	Darwinism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Darwinism is a term for the underlying theory in those ideas of Charles Darwin concerning evolution and natural selection.
		In the United States, the term "Darwinism" is sometimes used by creationists as a somewhat derogatory term for "evolutionary biology".
		Darwinism may also refer to a specific strand within evolutionary biology, dealing with the mechanism of natural selection, which Darwin studied, as opposed to evolutionary processes that were unknown in Darwin's day, such as genetic drift and gene flow.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Darwinism (1068 words)

	The Death of Darwinism
		Darwin's theory in a nutshell is that organisms produce offspring which vary slightly from their parents, and natural selection will favor the survival of those individuals whose peculiarities (sharper teeth, more prehensile claws, etc.) render them best adapted to their environment.
		Darwin extrapolated from these observations the notion that over many millennia species could evolve by a similar process of selection, the only difference being that the "breeder" is nature itself, sifting out the weakest and allowing the fittest to survive.
		Darwin was aware, however, that the fossil record of his day showed nothing of the sort.
	www.catholic.net /rcc/Periodicals/Issues/Darwin.html (3082 words)

	Darwinism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Both Darwin and his critics recognized that his approach to evolution was distinctive on each of these topics, and it remains true that, though Darwinism has developed in many ways unforeseen by Darwin, its proponents and critics continue to differentiate it from other approaches in evolutionary biology by focusing on these themes.
		Darwinism identifies a core set of concepts, principles and methodological maxims that were first articulated and defended by Charles Darwin and which continue to be identified with a certain approach to evolutionary questions.
		Darwin's theoretical task was, by the time he opened his species notebooks, tolerably clear: the only process that could produce the systematic patterns in the fossil record and the otherwise strange biogeographic distribution of species he now understood so widely and deeply was a process of slow, gradual transformation of species.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/darwinism (10317 words)

	What is Darwinism?
		This means that negative criticism of Darwinism, however devastating it may appear to be, is essentially irrelevant to the professional researchers.
		And in fact Darwinism is unbeatable as long as one accepts the thought categories of scientific naturalism that I have been describing.
		Darwinism is a theory of empirical science only at the level of microevolution, where it provides a framework for explaining such things as the diversity that arises when small populations become reproductively isolated from the main body of the species.
	www.origins.org /pjohnson/whatis.html (4143 words)

	Darwinism Applied to Man, by Alfred Russel Wallace
		Darwin thinks highly probable, and he adds: "It is quite incredible that a man should, through mere accident, abnormally resemble certain apes in no less than seven of his muscles, if there had been no genetic connection between them.
		Darwin's conclusion as to the essential identity of man's bodily structure with that of the higher mammalia, and his descent from some ancestral form common to man and the anthropoid apes.
		Darwin's work, since he goes on to discuss the moral nature and mental faculties of man, and derives these too by gradual modification and development from the lower animals.
	www.wku.edu /~smithch/wallace/S724CH15.htm (7916 words)

	Social Darwinism. New Preface
		Despite Darwin's debts to natural theology, and, despite even his self-conscious diplomacy in dealing with the scientific establishment,[52]attacks on the Origin focused as much on scientific method as on religion per se.
		Darwinism's long-term impact, so Talcott Parsons first argued in The Structure of Social Action (1937), was less to bolster classical economics ("conservative" social Darwinism) or to inspire evolutionist reformism than it was to foster the behaviorist, statistical, and objectivist tendencies in social science that flowered after 1920.
		In The Descent of Darwin (1981) Alfred Kelly distinguishes "moderate" from "radical" social Darwinism (a distinction corresponding to that between "conservative" and "reform" in the American case), But the former turn out to be social organicists (Paul von Lilienfeld and Albert Schaffle) or liberal humanists such as the "struggle school" sociologist Ludwig Gumplowicz.
	www.swarthmore.edu /SocSci/rbannis1/SD.preface.html (7189 words)

	DARWINISM: SCIENCE OR PHILOSOPHY? Chapter 4
		To prove that Darwinism is not hostile to "religion," Gould cited the example of Theodosius Dobzhansky, whom he described as "the greatest evolutionist of our century, and a lifelong Russian Orthodox." As Gould knew very well, Dobzhansky's religion was evolutionary naturalism, which he spiritualized after the manner of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin.
		To know that Darwinism is true (as a general explanation for the history of life), one has to know that no alternative to naturalistic evolution is possible.
		To infer that Darwinism is true because there is no creator God, and then to interpret Darwinism as God's method of creating, is to engage in self-contradiction.
	www.leaderu.com /orgs/fte/darwinism/chapter4.html (2674 words)

	Social Darwinism
		Social Darwinism is a quasi-philosophical, quasi-religious, quasi-sociological view that came from the mind of Herbert Spencer, an English philosopher in the 19th century.
		In these years, when Darwin's Origin of Species, popularized by Herbert Spencer as "the survival of the fittest, " and applied to races as well as species in a vulgarized form, Social Darwinism, the coming Christian triumph was presented as an Anglo-Saxon Protestant one.
		Charles Darwin was an English biologist who, along with a few others, developed a biological concept that has been vulgarized and attacked from the moment his major work, The Origin of Species, was published in 1859.
	www.ioa.com /~shermis/socjus/socdar.html (1171 words)

	Of Darwinism and Social Darwinism
		Extending Darwin into a realm Darwin never intended, Spencer and his followers saw society as a competitive struggle where only those with the strongest moral character should survive, or else the society would weaken.
		It was Spencer, not Darwin, who coined the phrase "survival of the fittest." Social Darwinism thereby offered a perfect moral justification for America’s Gilded Age, when robber barons controlled much of American industry, the gap between rich and poor turned into a chasm, urban slums festered, and politicians were bought off by the wealthy.
		The only consistency between the right’s attack on Darwinism and embrace of social Darwinism is the utter fatuousness of both.
	www.commondreams.org /views05/1129-28.htm (968 words)

	Neo-Darwinism: The Current Paradigm. by Brig Klyce
		Charles Darwin championed the theory of common descent and evolution by natural selection among descendants with slight variations on the ancestors' features.
		Darwin wrote that evolution was a gradual process, with infinitesimal changes accumulating over the ages to eventually yield major differences in living things.
		It is the name given to apparent coincidences in evolution, such as the physical similarity between sharks (fish) and dolphins (mammals), or the parallelism in the cochlea of birds and mammals.
	www.panspermia.org /neodarw.htm (6515 words)

	CSC - Center for Science and Culture
		During recent decades, new scientific evidence from many scientific disciplines such as cosmology, physics, biology, "artificial intelligence" research, and others have caused scientists to begin questioning Darwinism's central tenet of natural selection and studying the evidence supporting it in greater detail.
		Yet public TV programs, educational policy statements, and science textbooks have asserted that Darwin's theory of evolution fully explains the complexity of living things.
		The public has been assured that all known evidence supports Darwinism and that virtually every scientist in the world believes the theory to be true.
	www.dissentfromdarwin.org (364 words)

	Darwinism: Blogs, Photos, Videos and more on Technorati
		[IMG Teamwork]Charles Darwin is known for defining the concept surrounding of survival of the fittest.
		Documented proof of Darwin's natural selection (Terry Glavin, November 15, 2007, Straight.com) Although Darwin could show that evolution by natural selection must be the answer, he couldn't present evidence for that answer in even a single case of evolution by natural selection, observed and documented in the "natural" world.
		Thanks to Phillip Johnson (or, Darwinism in its Death Throes)
	www.technorati.com /tag/Darwinism (647 words)

	Darwinism and "Social Darwinism"
		The following is a list of Online materials relating to Darwinism and social Darwinism.
		Darwin, Descent of Man, entire text or chs.3-5
		Bannister, Robert, Social Darwinism: Science and Myth (1978), Preface to 1988 edn.
	www.swarthmore.edu /SocSci/rbannis1/DARWIN (86 words)

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