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Topic: Date of independence of European countries

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	Date of independence of European countries - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is a list of all present countries of Europe, sorted by their date of independence or creation.
		The date of independence of a country is often arguable; independence cannot be defined precisely.
		If the dependence on another country is short and the country survives it without major changes in its area and constitution, such as a period of occupation during a war, it will be ignored.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Date_of_independence_of_European_countries (312 words)

	Europe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The European Union, comprising 25 member states, is the largest political and economic entity covering the European continent, with the Russian Federation being the second (excluding the portions of Russia historically considered to be in Asia).
		Orthodox Christianity: The countries with significant Orthodox populations are Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland (Karelia), Georgia, Greece, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Ukraine.
		Islam: Countries with significant Muslim population are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Republic of Macedonia, Serbia (especially in Kosovo), Montenegro, several republics of Russia, Crimea in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Azerbaijan and Georgia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/European_countries (4112 words)

	Europe
		Almost all European countries are members of the Council of Europe, the exceptions being Belarus, the Holy See (Vatican City), Kazakhstan, and Monaco.
		This country lies partly in Europe according to definitions which consider the main watershed of the Caucasus as the boundary with Asia.
		European Turkey comprises territory to the west and north of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles straits.
	www.knowledgefun.com /book/e/eu/europe.html (1203 words)

	Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Almost all European countries are members of the Council of Europe, the exceptions being Belarus, the Holy See (Vatican City), and Kazakhstan.
		According to one common view of the boundary, the European continent is the area coloured green on this map.
		These regions have declared and de facto achieved independence, but this is not recognized de jure by their "home" state or by the other independent states.
	art.abcworld.net /Europe (3026 words)

	INTERNATIONAL UPHEAVAL: PATENT INDEPENDENCE PROTECTIONISTS AND THE HAGUE CONFERENCE
		This standard, known as the "independence of patents," was designed to prevent a country from rejecting a patent application based upon the fact that another country had rejected the application.
		The purpose of the independence of patents was based upon the Convention's recognition that the laws governing patents differ from state to state.
		Yet, based upon the fact that the European patent office had rejected the application, the United States may be tempted similarly to deny the application, despite the fact that the application satisfied the requirements of U.S. patent law.
	www.law.duke.edu /journals/dltr/articles/2001dltr0020.html (2623 words)

	Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A of other European countries are negotiating for and several more are expected to begin in the future.
		This country lies partly in Europe to definitions which consider the main watershed the Caucasus as the boundary with Asia.
		European Turkey comprises territory to the and north of the Bosporus and the straits.
	www.freeglossary.com /Europe (1585 words)

	Europe at Caribbean Topfunwebsites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The country with the smallest forest-covered area is Ireland (eight per cent), while the most forested country is Finland (72 per cent).
		Today, the brown bear lives primarily in the Balkan peninsula, in the North and in Russia; a small number also persist in other countries across Europe (Austria, Pyrenees etc.), but in these areas brown bear populations are fragmented and marginalised because of the destruction of their habitat.
		Important European herbivores are snails, amphibians, fish, different birds, and mammals, like rodents, deers and roe deers, boars, and living in the mountains, marmots, Alpine Ibex, chamoises among others.
	www.topfunwebsites.com /grenada/europe.html (2728 words)

	Somalia (07/98)
		Independence: July 1, 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland, which became independent from the UK in June 1960, and Italian Somaliland, which became independent from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship on July 1960 to form the Somali Republic).
		The subjugation and occupation of the independent sultanates of Obbia and Mijertein, begun in 1925, were completed in 1927.
		In 1959, at the request of the Somali Government, the UN General Assembly advanced the date of independence from December 2 to July 1, 1960.
	www.state.gov /outofdate/bgn/s/9029.htm (3291 words)

	The IMF & the European Economic and Monetary Union - Factsheet
		On that date, countries participating in EMU locked their bilateral exchange rates and adopted the euro as their common currency, with monetary and exchange rate policy determined by area-wide institutions.
		In May 1998, the Council of the European Union, meeting at the level of the heads of state or government, announced that the 11 countries that had indicated their intent to be among the initial members—Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain—had qualified to participate in EMU.
		The financial position of the member country's government must be sustainable, as evidenced by the country not being subject to an excessive deficit.
	www.imf.org /external/np/exr/facts/emu.htm (1293 words)

	directopedia : Directory : Recreation : Roads and Highways : Europe
		Russia's and Kazakhstan's European territory consists of the areas west of the Ural mountains and the Ural River.
		This region, the only one in European territory, declared independence, but this is not recognised by their home state or by the other independent states.
		It is sometimes associated with the Latin countries, due to the geographical and cultural ties to the Mediterranean Sea, and sometimes to the Slavic-Orthodox part of Europe due to the importance or Orthodoxy in Greece.
	www.directopedia.org /directory/Recreation-Roads_Highways/Europe.shtml (3647 words)

	Europe - Gurupedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		From the 15th century European nations, particularly Spain, Portugal, France, the Netherlands and Britain, built large colonial empires, with vast holdings in
		A number of other European states are negotiating for membership and several more are expected to begin negotiations in the future.
		Almost all European states are members of the Council of Europe, the exceptions being Belarus, the Holy See (Vatican City),
	www.gurupedia.com /e/eu/europe.htm (743 words)

	EU news: An Independent View from European Voice
		GUNTER Verheugen, the European commissioner for enterprise and industry, has attacked the “economic racists” who doubt whether a German is capable of helping to turn the EU’s economy into an engine of growth.
		EU countries on the Arctic Council have been accused by environmental groups of failing to take a lead in addressing the alarming prospect of a melting polar ice cap.
		European Voice reports that some MEPs believe that the costs of REACH could be reduced by linking registration of chemicals to the risk involved in their use rather than the quantity imported.
	www.europeanvoice.com /archive/issue.asp?id=427 (1890 words)

	Europe
		These regions have declared and de facto achieved independence, but this is not recognised de jure by their "home" state or by the other independent states.
		European nations should pay 10 billion euros ($12.7 billion dollars) a year to Africa to help it stop migrants seeking a better life flooding northwards into Europe, Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi said on Saturday.
		ZURICH: European stocks had their first weekly loss since mid-August as economic reports in the US and Europe revived concern higher interest rates are slowing growth.
	www.paleorama.com /Lakes-E/Europe.php (3503 words)

	Europe Biography,info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		From the end of World War II through the end of the Cold War, Europe was divided into two major political and economic blocks: Communist nations in Eastern Europe (with the exception of Turkey) and Capitalist countries in Southern Europe, Northern Europe and Western Europe.
		This excludes the exclave of Nakhichevan and Nagorno-Karabakh (a region that has declared, and de facto achieved, independence; however, it is not recognized de jure by any country).
		The Uralic Languages are divided into three main groups of which the Finno-Permic languages are spoken in Finland, Estonia and European Russia while the Ugric languages are spoken in Hungary and Siberian Russia.
	www.danceage.com /biography/sdmc_Europe (4124 words)

	Europe
		Many non-European geographical texts refer to a Eurasian Continent, or to a European "sub-continent", given that "Europe" is not surrounded by sea and is, in any case, much more a cultural than a geographically definable area.
		Increasingly, the word "Europe" is being used as a synonym for the European Union (EU) and its member states.
		Almost all European states are members of the Council of Europe, the exceptions being Belarus, the Holy See, and Monaco.
	www.fr-jeux.com /articles/e/u/Europe.html (831 words)

	Top 20 Europe
		European Turkey comprises territory only to the west and north of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles straits.
		In some countries, Western Europe is assumed to include: the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, France and the Benelux (Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg).
		On the map, "Northern Europe" is depicted as only encompassing the Nordic Countries (i.e., "Scandinavia" in the widest sense: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland and Denmark) and the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania).
	top20europe.com (3584 words)

	CYPRUS PROBLEM: Cyprus Towards the European Union (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In signing the Customs Union Agreement, the European Community reaffirmed its support for the legal government of the Republic of Cyprus, for the independence, sovereignty, and territorial intergrity of the country and for the need for a solution to the Cyprus problem based on the relevant U.N. resolutions.
		In compliance with Article 237 of the EEC Treaty, the Council voted to transmit the application to the European Commission for its opinion to the Council of Ministers which,a fter having also considered the position of the European Parliamanet, will then act on whether to order negotiations to commence.
		The application of Cyprus to become a full member of the European Community promises a whole new chapter in the history of Cyprus and offers prospects both for Cyprus and the European Community.
	www.hri.org /Cyprus/Cyprus_Problem/europeanunion.html (2203 words)

	CEPR Discussion Paper Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This paper documents the evolution of the legal independence of the Bank of Israel since its creation in 1954 to present times, provides an international comparison, and assesses the changes in the actual independence of the Bank on a yearly basis following the 1985 stabilization of inflation.
		The data developed in the paper makes it possible to compare the evolution of actual and of legal independence after the 1985 stabilization and to compare the legal independence of the bank with that of other countries at different points in time.
		The paper also evaluates the level of legal independence embedded in the Levin’s committee recommendations for reform of the Bank of Israel law.
	www.cepr.org /pubs/new-dps/dplist.asp?dpno=4906 (316 words)

	How America Can Help Baltic Independence
		Although the countries conquered by the Nazis and Japanese were liberated at the end of World War II, the Soviet Union, as one of the victorious powers, kept the territories it had seized.These included Moldavia, western Ukraine, eastern Poland, parts of southern and eastern Finland and, of course, the Baltic states.
		Given the cooperation between the independence forces in both legislatures, it is possible that the new Estonian Supreme Soviet will dissolve itself and recognize the authority of the Congress of Estonia, creating a chal lenge to Soviet authority by dismantling all institutions of Soviet rule in the republic.
		Now that these countries are becoming free and democratic, the U.S. should not ignore their requests for recognition US hulditnpcethree&h~The governments in the Baltic states must be democratically elected the governments formally must declare or reassert their independence the governments must request U.S. recognition.
	www.heritage.org /Research/RussiaandEurasia/bg762.cfm (5025 words)

	US Dept of State - Democracy Dialogues: Judicial Independence
		The existence of a robust, fair and independent judiciary willing to hold all political and social entities accountable to legal and constitutional protections has come to be regarded as a key requisite for successful democracies.
		However, while judicial independence often is proclaimed as a principle, valued among other things for its contribution to the fair and effective administration of justice, the diversity of legal and political orders in the world has made it difficult to define this principle in practice.
		While there are certain indispensable conditions for achieving judicial independence -- for example, ensuring that judges are immune from attack either personally or professionally -- what may be required to bring about truly independent courts can vary from country to country.
	usinfo.state.gov /usinfo/USINFO/Products/Webchats/wheeler_18_may_2006.html (441 words)

	Records from the Central Military Archives in Warsaw (European Reading Room, Library of Congress)
		The armed forces in the social and political life of the country.
		The Independent Press in Poland 1976-1990 The European Division of the Library of Congress houses a collection of 865 titles, representing some 4,575 items.
		The second section begins after 1945 and is organized by the scope of coverage, beginning with directories for the entire country and followed by directories for specific regions.
	www.loc.gov /rr/european/archiwum.html (2604 words)

	Unity and Federalism
		European Movement — Association contributing to the establishment of a unified, federal Europe.
		European Convention — Seek a constitutional convention for Europe.
		European Union (EU) in the US — Seeks a federal union of the European countries, but have been proceeding through a gradualist process that raises questions of constitutional legitimacy.
	www.constitution.org /cs_feder.htm (290 words)

	News: Balkans, Montenegro independence vote splits old Muslim region
		Speaking at a recent public debate on the effect of the referendum on Bosniaks, the president of Montenegro's main Sandzak town of Rozaje, Nusret Kalac, said the key for his people was eventual EU membership.
		But now, with Montenegro looking increasingly likely to gain independence, some Muslim leaders in the region have begun to revive demands for autonomy, a policy they flirted with in recent years.
		Tigrin Kacar, the owner of the town's Stig clothing company, says he just wants issues like Montenegro's independence and the status of the UN-run province of Kosovo to be resolved as soon as possible so he can focus on his business.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/VBOL-6PWFTM?OpenDocument (743 words)

	CEPR Discussion Paper Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The 12 governors of the EC member countries national central banks of the EEC have recently proposed a statute which delineates the institutional structure of the ECB.
		In this paper, we discuss the likely impact of this proposed structure on the conduct of monetary policy at the European level, particularly from the point of view of the trade-off between inflation and stabilization.
		We analyse the role of the political independence of the ECB and the effect on policy choices of voting rules for appointing ECB board members
	www.cepr.org /pubs/dps/DP563.asp (238 words)

	News: Caucasus (Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia), Georgia: Abkhaz leader presses independence claim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Asked what the prospect of independence talks would mean for the hundreds of thousands of Georgians who left Abkhazia or who were expelled as a result of the conflict of 1992-3, Bagapsh said they could be allowed to return once his republic won independence.
		A source close to the talks told IWPR that the Russians are now accepting language in the text that explicitly affirms the territorial integrity of Georgia within accepted international borders while the western countries are ready to agree to a text that offers firm support for the Russian peacekeeping force in Abkhazia.
		Dov Lynch, an expert on Abkhazia at the European Union Institute for Security Studies in Paris, said that there was currently no alternative to the peacekeeping arrangements in place for Abkhazia.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/YAOI-6MJ8VV?OpenDocument (1015 words)

	Chechnya continues to bleed
		All of them are generally critical of the Islamic terrorist groups, but consistent in their demand for an independent Chechen State.
		Hundreds of Arab nationals of Chechen ancestry had joined the 6,000 plus jihadi mercenary force raised by the CIA through the ISI in the 1980s for fighting against Soviet troops and had fought in Afghanistan under Osama bin Laden.
		19.Yeltsin followed a policy of distinguishing between those seeking independence and those with pan-Islamic objectives and reached accommodation with the former in 1996 to isolate the latter.
	www.saag.org /papers6/paper573.html (1873 words)

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