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Topic: De Laval nozzle

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	de Laval nozzle
		A device, designed by Gustav de Laval, for efficiently converting the energy of a hot gas to kinetic energy (energy of motion).
		Originally used in some steam turbines, it is now used as the nozzle design in practically all rockets.
		By constricting the outflow of the gas until it reaches the velocity of sound and then letting it expand again, an extremely fast jet is produced.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/D/de_Laval_nozzle.html (92 words)

	Nozzle » Blog Archive » De laval nozzle (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Flow de laval nozzle conditions for de laval nozzle use as de laval nozzle it leaves the orifice.
		De laval nozzle flow de laval nozzle is from equations de laval nozzle and a turbine engines have been de laval nozzle working with garden tool de laval nozzle handles.
		The de laval nozzle sprayer de laval nozzle is de laval nozzle considered to steer using the example measurements described earlier is fluid de laval nozzle ounces.
	nozzle.niceval.net /2006/6/4/de-laval-nozzle (622 words)

	Exhaust velocity - NewMars
		The exhaust velocity is determined by the properties of the propellant and the properties of the rocket nozzle.
		The effect of nozzle shape on a perfect gas exhaust stream tends to be determined by Mach number as well as the properties of the gas.
		The nozzle section leading out of the reaction chamber is tapered to accelerate subsonic flows (i.e., it converges), and sized to allow the gas to accelerate to the speed of sound.
	www.newmars.com /wiki/index.php/Exhaust_velocity (1139 words)

	Converging Diverging Nozzle
		This device was invented by Carl de Laval toward the end of the l9th century and is thus often referred to as the 'de Laval' nozzle.
		Gas flows through the nozzle from a region of high pressure (usually referred to as the chamber) to one of low pressure (referred to as the ambient or tank).
		The flow pattern downstream of the nozzle (in the diverging section and jet) can still change if you lower the back pressure further, but the mass flow rate is now fixed because the flow in the throat (and for that matter in the entire converging section) is now fixed too.
	www.engapplets.vt.edu /fluids/CDnozzle/cdinfo.html (2235 words)

	Nozzle (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Gas nozzle pump fluid gas nozzle pump ounces but permits gas nozzle pump free stream, there is a homey of the bench gas nozzle pump mark gas nozzle pump for easy maintenance.
		Nozzle spray water the nozzle spray water variable speed at the smaller orifices nozzle spray water are the start of the atomizing.
		De laval nozzle this is the correct pressure exit velocity, at aa.
	nozzle.niceval.net (663 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/De Laval nozzle
		The nozzle was developed by Swedish inventor Gustaf de Laval in the 19th century.
		The gas flow through a de Laval nozzle is isentropic (gas entropy is nearly constant) and adiabatic (heat loss or gain is nearly zero).
		As the throat contracts down the gas is forced to accelerate until at the nozzle throat, where the cross-sectional area is the smallest, the linear velocity becomes sonic.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/De_Laval_nozzle (871 words)

	Robert Goddard and His Rockets
		The critical component, the one in which heat energy of the hot high-pressure steam from the boiler was converted into kinetic energy, was the nozzle from which the jet blew onto the wheel.
		De Laval found that the most efficient conversion occured when the nozzle first narrowed, increasing the speed of the jet to the speed of sound, and then expanded again.
		This method is still use: in the picture on the right, the outer part of the nozzle is covered with a large number of metal pipes, through which the cold fuel flows on its way to the combustion chamber.
	magbase.rssi.ru /REFMAN/STARGAZE/Sgoddard.htm (1498 words)

	Chapter 1: Rocket Engines
		The nozzle of a particular stage of a ballistic missile is configured to maximize total impulse as the vehicle rises and passes through the design altitude.
		However, if the nozzle expansion ratio is too great, as for an upper-stage engine in a sea-level test, the flow will separate from the nozzle wall, and a recirculation region will form inside the nozzle along with a system of oblique shock waves.
		Nozzles of solid-propellant motors are usually constructed with a high-temperature material such as graphite forming the throat, frequently in combination with ablative materials lining the converging and diverging sections.
	www.aero.org /publications/simmons/simmons-1.html (5137 words)

	The Graben:. Nozzle
		The external configuration is a classic de Laval CDN that is mounted at the aft end and is entirely external to the combustion chamber.
		The throat is the region of the nozzle with the smallest cross sectional area.
		The contoured nozzle exit will tend to be shorter than conical exits that deliver the same thrust and will tend to improve the specific impulse, but will not greatly affect the overall performance of the CDN… increases of only 0.5 – 1.0 percent have been estimated.
	home.earthlink.net /~thegraben/nozzle.html (2806 words)

	Steam Engines - Numericana
		In 1890, he invented the convergent-divergent nozzle now named after him, to optimize the efficiency of a single-stage steam turbine (the de Laval nozzle is commonly used in modern rocketry).
		De Laval also came up with innovative reduction gearing which could accomodate the high rotational speed of steam turbines.
		De Laval was an inventor of the same caliber as Thomas Edison.
	home.att.net /~numericana/answer/steam.htm (1990 words)

	Robert Goddard and His Rockets
		The critical component, the one in which heat energy of the hot high-pressure steam from the boiler was converted into kinetic energy, was the nozzle from which the jet blew onto the wheel.
		De Laval found that the most efficient conversion occured when the nozzle first narrowed, increasing the speed of the jet to the speed of sound, and then expanded again.
		This method is still use: in the picture on the right, the outer part of the nozzle is covered with a large number of metal pipes, through which the cold fuel flows on its way to the combustion chamber.
	www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov /stargaze/Sgoddard.htm (1951 words)

	Dictionary of Technical Terms for Aerospace Use - N
		Ratio of the cross-sectional area for gas flow at the nozzle inlet to that at the throat.
		The ratio between the momentum of the gases in a nozzle with an angle 2a and the momentum of an
		nozzle to the cross-sectional area available for gas flow at the throat.
	roland.lerc.nasa.gov /~dglover/dictionary/n.html (3654 words)

	Gardena Nozzle (Site not responding. Last check: )
		De Laval nozzle - A de Laval nozzle (or convergent-divergent nozzle, CD nozzle or con-di nozzle) is a tube that is pinched in the middle, making an hourglass-shape.
		Expanding nozzle - The expanding nozzle is a type of rocket nozzle that, unlike traditional designs, maintains its efficiency at a wide range of altitudes.
		Plug nozzle - The plug nozzle is a type of rocket nozzle that, unlike traditional designs, maintains its efficiency at a wide range of altitudes.
	ga66.3rdfaze.info /gardenanozzle.html (1516 words)

	Radio jets (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hence as the jet moves out of the galaxy to regions of low pressure and the jet cross-section increases, the gas in the jet is further accelerated.
		If the gas in the jet first started with a subsonic speed in the interior of the galaxy, then we expect the jet to pass through a de Laval nozzle, as was first suggested in the classic paper by Blandford and Rees (1974).
		If the exhausts have structures like de Laval nozzles, then the jet can be accelerated to supersonic speeds.
	astron.berkeley.edu /~jrg/ay202/node101.html (481 words)

	Research INTELLIGENCE: From macro to micro
		However, the standard 'de Laval' nozzle could not deliver process gas to the interaction site because of the limitations imposed by the short focal length optics.
		The group's next objective was to design shorter nozzles capable of delivering pressure in excess of 10 Bar at speeds of up to Mach 2.5.
		These showed that 'minimum length' nozzles offer one of the most efficient ways to deliver process gas to the interaction site at supersonic speeds, producing shock-free jets of an appropriate length.
	www.liv.ac.uk /researchintelligence/issue13/macro.html (931 words)

	Chapter 16 WEAPON PROPULSION AND ARCHITECTURE
		These gases, when channeled through an exhaust nozzle, are converted into kinetic energy creating a force acting in a direction opposite to the flow of the exhaust gases from the nozzle.
		An exhaust nozzle is a mechanically designed orifice through which the gases generated in the combustion chamber flow to the outside.
		The De Laval nozzle converges to a throat at which the velocity becomes sonic, and then the nozzle diverges such that the flow is expanded supersonically.
	www.fas.org /man/dod-101/navy/docs/fun/part16.htm (8788 words)

	Dr Derek Bray, DAPS - External Ballistics Supplementary Information (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The resulting nozzle shape is the familiar convergent-divergent (sometimes called de Laval) nozzle used on nearly all missile propulsion systems.
		As the ambient pressure is reduced the normal shock moves downstream, as illustrated, until it reaches the nozzle exit.
		For a completely expanded nozzle each of the regimes 1 to 7 inclusive will be passed through during start up, 7 being the final operating condition.
	www.dcmt.cranfield.ac.uk /aeroxtra/gwtcpropn2e2.htm (1152 words)

	One dimensional gas flow (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A de Laval nozzle where subsonic flow is first accelerated through a converging pipe, undergoes a sonic transition, and then continue to accelerates through a diverging pipe.
		The de Laval nozzle does not guarantee supersonic flow at the exit -- the existence of this geometry only demonstrates that such acceleration is possible.
		In principle the operation of a de Laval nozzle is reversible, and a smooth deceleration of supersonic flow to subsonic flow can be obtained.
	grus.berkeley.edu /~jrg/ay202/node100.html (656 words)

	Nozzle, rocket nozzle, vacuum nozzle (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Nozzle 3.6 is a one-dimensional with cross-sectional area variation, compressible flow nozzle.
		It is apparently the first vacuum cleaner nozzle to incorporate the momentum.
		Description: Nozzle determines amount of spray applied to area, uniformity of application, coverage of sprayed surface, and amount of drift nozzle..
	www.family-census.com /nozzle.html (433 words)

	Goddard Gallery
		Chamber and Nozzle: "The hemispherical top to the chamber with the steel entrance pipes bearing the choking and check valves, were used intact (from a previous test).
		Chamber and Nozzle: "The nozzle, with alundum liner 10" long, tapering from 2" to 1/2" diameter, was of welded aluminum, and separated from the liner by a sheet of asbestos."
		Note that Goddard, pioneer of the use of the de Laval nozzle in rockets, left out the convergent section on this first liquid-fueled rocket to fly, six years after he championed the use of the convergent-divergent nozzle in "A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes."
	yellowjacketsystems.com /alway/goddard/goddard_gallery.htm (592 words)

	Coat-of-arms of Gustaf de Laval (1845-1913) - Numericana
		Carl Gustaf Patrik de Laval was a prolific Swedish inventor of the same caliber as Thomas Edison.
		He made a wide variety of important practical contributions ranging from dairy equipment to steam turbines.
		The de Laval nozzle used in modern rocketry is named after him.
	home.att.net /~numericana/arms/laval.htm (84 words)

	Flow through a Converging-diverging nozzle
		Also called a de Laval nozzle, it is an essential element of a supersonic wind tunnel.
		In this application the nozzle draws air from a reservoir which is at atmospheric conditions or contains compressed air.
		A flow is initiated in the nozzle, but the condition at throat is still subsonic.
	www.aeromech.usyd.edu.au /aero/gasdyn/condiv.html (477 words)

	FAQ
		Examples of impulse motivated machines are pelton wheels, De Laval turbines and so on.
		An even more impressive way of looking at it is that every 6 thousandths of a second, air and fuel are drawn into the cylinder, compressed, ignited, had the flame front cross the cylinder, had the combustion gases expand, and exhausted the waste gases.
		works on exactly similar principles, although in this instance the high velocity exhaust gases,when vented through a De laval nozzle are used to drive a turbine, as they were originally designed to do, which in turn would supply the electrical power to drive the car.
	conceptengine.tripod.com /conceptengine/id1a.html (1012 words)

	Aerospace Science and Technology Dictionary D Page
		According to quantum mechanics all particles also have wave characteristics, where the wavelength of a particle is inversely proportional to its momentum and the constant of proportionality is the Planck constant.
		Of a rocket nozzle, the ratio of the mass flow rate in the nozzle to that of an ideal nozzle which expands an identical working fluid from the same initial conditions to the same exit pressure.
		A form of cold-cathode ionization gage in which the color and form of a cold-cathode discharge, without the presence of a magnetic field, gives an indication of the pressure and the nature of the gas.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/hqlibrary/aerospacedictionary/508/d.html (9780 words)

	"Get a Straight Answer"
		I was looking for information on the De Laval nozzle as they are applied in rocket engines and came across your wonderful web site.
		In Germany, the De-Laval nozzle was used by Oberth in 1929 in his liquid-fuel rocket, as "Kegeldüse" (mind the umlaut on the "u"), meaning "cone-nozzle." I am not sure when the nozzle was first tested--I think it was in the early 1920s and I am fairly sure it was inspired by Goddard's work.
		One may design a nozzle efficiently converting the energy of heat to that of a supersonic jet, but it is hard to design a turbine wheel spinning fast enough to extract that energy, and many energy-robbing gears are needed to bring the rotation down to the useful range.
	www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov /stargaze/StarFAQ6.htm (6304 words)

	[No title]
		Later de Laval nozzles was also suggested as a collimation mechanism (Konigl 1982; Raga & Canto, 1989).
		De Young(1986) classified the interaction between the jet and ambient material as two processes: one occurs at the head of the jet, the jet entrains ambient medium through a bow shock, called “prompt entrainment”; the other takes place along the sides of the jet through turbulence, called “steady-state entrainment”.
		Gray-scale images of the logarithm of the density for a M = 5 jet with DM cooling perturbed with the frequency Rjt/u = 0.1 at the nozzle.
	www.astro.indiana.edu /~kai/OUTFLOW.DOC (6154 words)

	Robotica Exotica: May 2004 Archives
		A high pressure version has been designed and built and is pumping at 20+ gpm and 550+ psi.
		This is a well written site describing the function of a convergent/divergent rocket nozzle, along with some design code.
		It is well done, and I thing does a great job of explaining some of the phenomenon associated with nozzle design.
	apps.soe.ucsc.edu /elkaim/archives/2004_05.html (1797 words)

	de Laval Nozzle
		TheSpaceRace.com > Science and Technology > Space Science and Technology > Rocketry and Spacecraft > de Laval Nozzle
		It seems like a key concept is the de Laval nozzle, which helps to convert the heat energy into exhaust velocity.
		But I don't feel like I really grok this.
	www.thespacerace.com /forum/index.php?topic=1687.0 (97 words)

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