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	Ferdinand de Saussure Encyclopedia
		Ferdinand de Saussure (pronounced [fɛʁdi'nɑ̃ də so'syʁ]) (November 26, 1857 – February 22, 1913) was a Geneva-born Swiss linguist whose ideas laid the foundation for many of the significant developments in linguistics in the 20th century.
		Saussure's most influential work, Course in General Linguistics (Cours de linguistique générale), was published posthumously in 1916 by former students Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye on the basis of notes taken from Saussure's lectures at the University of Geneva.
		However, their expansive interpretations of Saussure's theories, which contained ambiguities to begin with, and their application of those theories to non-linguistic fields of study such as sociology or anthropology, led to theoretical difficulties and proclamations of the end of structuralism in those disciplines.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/Ferdinand_de_Saussure.html (1168 words)

	Ferdinand de Saussure - Wikipedia
		De Saussure betoogde dat de taalkunde la langue als onderzoeksterrein moest nemen en dus niet het taalgebruik, of het laatste tenminste steeds in verhouding tot het tekensysteem, dat symbolisch en dus volkomen arbitrair is.
		De concrete taaluitingen zijn uiteraard relevant, omdat zij onderhevig zijn aan diachrone verandering en de betekenisrelatie dus dynamisch dient te worden opgevat; in dier voege spreekt Saussure van de signifiant, het concreet gerealiseerde teken, en de signifié, het psychologische concept waaraan de signifiant refereert.
		Saussure legde de basis voor de moderne structuralistische taalkunde, en vond, althans wat zijn conceptuele voorstelling van de taal betrof, veel navolging in zowel functionele als generativistische hoek.
	nl.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure (358 words)

	Ferdinand de Saussure
		Ferdinand de Saussure (November 26, 1857 - February 22, 1913) was a Swiss linguist, considered by many to be the father of structuralism.
		Saussure had become fascinated with the idea that, in a verse-form known as Saturnian (poetry) (with forebears reaching back through Homer to ancient Sanskrit), poets encoded a name – often that of a god or patron – into the words of a poem.
		Jakobson recognized the value of Saussure's theories to Russian language because of the application of Marxism and the worth accorded to literature in Russian society as a means of moral and social criticism.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/f/fe/ferdinand_de_saussure.html (2832 words)

	Horace de Saussure and his Hot Boxes of the 1700's
		De Saussure therefore placed the wooden box into the middle of an open-topped container and stuffed wool packing between the sides of the container and the walls of the box.
		Thus de Saussure’s hypothesis was confirmed: the sun shines with almost equal force at higher and lower elevations—as proved by the equal temperatures in the hot box on the mountain and on the plains.
		De Saussure’s hot box served as a model for nineteenth-century scientists demonstrating the relationship of the sun to the earth and its atmosphere.
	www.solarcooking.org /saussure.htm (1418 words)

	Ferdinand de Saussure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Ferdinand de Saussure (November 26,1857 - February 22, 1913) was a Swiss linguist.
		De Saussure emphasized a synchronic view of linguistics in contrast to the diachronic (historical study) view of the 19th century.
		De Saussure made an important discovery in Indo-European philology which is now known as the laryngeal theory.
	www.teachtime.com /en/wikipedia/f/fe/ferdinand_de_saussure.html (261 words)

	Ferdinand de Saussure - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ferdinand de Saussure (November 26, 1857 - February 22, 1913) was a Swiss linguist.
		His work Cours de linguistique générale (Course in General Linguistics) was published posthumously in 1916 by Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye based on lecture notes.
		Their expansive interpretations of Saussure's theories, and their application of those theories to non-linguistic fields of study led to theoretical difficulties, eventually causing proclamations of the "death" of structuralism in those disciplines.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure (372 words)

	SAUSSURE.LEC
		Saussure says this is a pretty naive or elementary view of language, but a useful one, because it gets across the idea that the basic linguistic unit has two parts.
		Saussure discusses whether symbols, such as the use of scales for the idea of justice, are innate or arbitrary, and decides that these too are arbitrary, or based on community agreement.
		Saussure (and other structuralist and post-structuralist theorists) talk about the system of language as a whole as LANGUE (from the French word for language), and any individual unit within that system (such as a word) as a PAROLE.
	www.colorado.edu /English/courses/ENGL2012Klages/saussure.html (3746 words)

	HORACE BENEDICT DE SAUSSURE - LoveToKnow Article on HORACE BENEDICT DE SAUSSURE
		SAUSSURE, HORACE BENEDICT DE (i7~oi799), Swiss physicist and Alpine traveller, was born at Geneva on the x7th of February 1740~i Under the influence of his father and his maternal uncle, Charles Bonnet, he devoted himself to botany.
		Saussures geological observations made him a firm believer in the Neptunian theory: he regarded all rocks and minerals as deposited from aqueous solution or suspension, and in view of this he attached much importance to the study of meteorological conditions.
		He carried barometers and boiling-point thermometers to the summits of the highest mountains, and estimated the relative humidity of the atmosphere at different heights, its temperature, the strength of solar radiation, the cbmposition of air and its transparency.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /S/SA/SAUSSURE_HORACE_BENEDICT_DE.htm (980 words)

	FERDINAND DE SAUSSURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Ferdinand de Saussure (Ginebra, 26 de noviembre 1857 - Ginebra, 22 de febrero 1913).
		Después de trabajar como profesor en una escuela superior en la ciudad de París durante diez años en nombrado profesor de gramática comparada en la Universidad de Ginebra preocupado por los problemas del lenguaje.
		Fruto de todo ello es la publicación en 1915 del Curso de Linguística General, un hito en la historia de la lingüística recopilado postumantente por sus alumnos Charles Bally y Albert Sechehaye basado en las notas de su catedra.
	www.espnuevomilenio.org /encyclopedia/F/Ferdinand_de_Saussure (158 words)

	index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		De Saussure goes on to describe a process by which thought is converted to language, and hence into communicable form, in a manner not unlike that by which continuous data is transformed into discrete data for the purposes of digitizing it for storage or transmission.
		De Saussure writes, “The community is necessary if values that owe their existence solely to usage and general acceptance are to be set up; by himself the individual is incapable of fixing a single value” (649).
		De Saussure’s observation gives support to the digital analogy stated in the first paragraph, for in the transmission of continuous data converted to discrete bits, the recreation of the original analog data is completely dependent on the agreement of the coding between the sender and recipient.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~dso6/thoughtlanguagemeaning.html (719 words)

	CSI: Thi1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Saussure makes it clear that whereas specific faculties such as those of articulating speech sounds or tracing graphic signs may be related to specific brain functions, the language system as a whole may not be so localized in any one part of the brain.
		Saussure's 'photographic' metaphor recognizes, if only implicitly, that the written word is a cultural technology which transforms and recontextualizes the spoken word on analogy with the way that a photograph transform and recontextualizes the human face of which the former is an image.
		Saussure's point is that it is only by virtue of the fact that such a stable spoken language system exists that acoustic images may in turn be 'translated' into visual images in and through the resources of the written language system.
	www.epas.utoronto.ca /epc/srb/cyber/thi1.html (11782 words)

	Saussure, Ferdinand de
		The Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) is widely considered to be the founder of modern linguistics in its attempts to describe the structure of language rather than the history of particular languages and language forms.
		This assumption gave rise to what Roman Jakobson in 1929 came to designate as "structuralism," in which "any set of phenomena examined by contemporary science is treated not as a mechanical agglomeration but as a structural whole [in which] the mechanical conception of processes yields to the question of their function" ("Romantic" 711).
		The method of study was in many ways the opposite of the functional rationalism of his linguistic analyses: it attempted, as Saussure mentions in one of the 99 notebooks in which he pursued this study, to examine systematically the problem of "chance," which "becomes the inevitable foundation of everything" (cited in Starobinski 101).
	www.press.jhu.edu /books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/ferdinand_de_saussure.html (2924 words)

	Saussure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Mountaineering in a contemporary sporting sense was born when a young Genevese scientist, Horace-Bénédict de Saussure, on a first visit to Chamonix in 1760, viewed Mont Blanc (at 15,771 feet [4,807 m] the tallest peak in Europe) and determined he would climb to the top of it or be responsible for its being climbed.
		It was de Saussure who discovered the distance between the balls was not linearly related to the amount of charge.
		The Saussure hygrometer in the Gabinete de Física was constructed in Coimbra.
	chem.ch.huji.ac.il /~eugeniik/history/saussure.html (1229 words)

	Ferdinand de Saussure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		De Saussure emphasized a synchronic view of in contrast to the diachronic (historical study) of the 19th century.
		Saussure is important as a linguist (although many of his theories have since been put out to pasture)...
		Ferdinand de Saussure, an outstanding linguist of the late 19th century, lectured on general linguistics at the University of Geneva intermittently from 1907 to 1911.
	www.freeglossary.com /Ferdinand_de_Saussure (427 words)

	Ferdinand de Saussure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Roland Barthes, in his book Mythologies, demonstrated how de Saussure's system of sign analysis could be extended to a second level, that of myth.
		Saussure and the Sign An understandable summary of Saussure's concept of the sign.
		Liceo Linguistico "Ferdinand De Saussure" Sito ufficiale che fornisce informazioni sui corsi e documenta la storia del liceo anche attraverso foto.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Ferdinand_de_Saussure.html (499 words)

	Ferdinand de Saussure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		De Saussure was a noted linguist whose theories on the structure of language had a profound effect on modern linguistics and
		His father, Henri de Saussure, was a well known biologist and his grandfather, Horace-Benedict, was a geologist who advanced the science of tectonics, as well as being the first person to climb to the summit of Mont-Blanc (1787).
		De Saussure is known as the "Father of Modern Linguistics" Because of his work with Indo-European languages.
	home.earthlink.net /~potterama/Michele/projects/hyper/desaussure.html (204 words)

	BENEDICT DE SAUSSURE (... - Artículo en línea de la información acerca de BENEDICT DE SAUSSURE (...
		Karl; derivado de O.H.G. Charal, latinized como Carolus, significando originalmente a “hombre”: cf.
		Feu, plantes de de la fecondite des de Príncipe et terre del la de de la fertilite de (1782), era más especulativo en su naturaleza.
		La inclinación de los estratos, la naturaleza de las rocas, los fósiles y los minerales recibieron su atención más cercana.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /es/SAR_SCY/SAUSSURE_BENEDICT_DE_1740_1799_.html (1832 words)

	Semiotics for Beginners: Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Note that Saussure's term, 'semiology' is sometimes used to refer to the Saussurean tradition, whilst 'semiotics' sometimes refers to the Peircean tradition, but that nowadays the term 'semiotics' is more likely to be used as an umbrella term to embrace the whole field (Nöth 1990, 14).
		Whilst for the linguist Saussure, 'semiology' was 'a science which studies the role of signs as part of social life', for the philosopher Charles Peirce 'semiotic' was the 'formal doctrine of signs' which was closely related to Logic (Peirce 1931-58, 2.227).
		Saussure argued that 'nothing is more appropriate than the study of languages to bring out the nature of the semiological problem' (Saussure 1983, 16; Saussure 1974, 16).
	www.aber.ac.uk /media/Documents/S4B/sem01.html (4891 words)

	Imago Mundi - Horace Benedict de Saussure / Théodore de Saussure.
		de Saussure, agronome distingué (1709-90), à qui on doit d'excellents ouvrages d'agriculture, et neveu de Ch.
		Horace de Saussure inventa ou rectifia plusieurs instruments précieux, l'électromètre, l'hygromètre, le thermomètre, l'anémomètre, l'eudiomètre.
		On lui doit d'intéressantes observations sur l'air atmosphérique, sur les variations de l'acide carbonique, sur les effets que les feuilles et les fleurs exerçent sur la composition de l'air.
	www.cosmovisions.com /Saussure.htm (186 words)

	Saussure's Lectures on General Linguistics
		Source: Saussure's Third Course of Lectures on General Linghuistics (1910-1911) publ.
		Reproduced here are the first few and last few pages of what are notes taken by a student of Saussure's lectures.
		These general principles provide the basis for a productive approach to the details of a static state or the law of static states.
	www.marxists.org /reference/subject/philosophy/works/fr/saussure.htm (6671 words)

	Ferdinand De Saussure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Saussure rejects a theory of language as "a naming-process only--a list of words, each corresponding to the thing that it names." He does so because such a theory "assumes that ready-made ideas exist before words; it does not tell us whether a name is vocal or psychological in nature.
		Saussure defines the sound-image, not as the physical sound but as the psychological imprint of the sound upon our senses.
		Saussure also distinguishes between what he calls langue--the system of a language, the language as a system of forms--and parole--actual speech, the speech acts that are made possible by the language.
	www.brysons.net /academic/saussure.html (466 words)

	de Saussure
		He was the son of the scientist Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (1740-1799) who was geologist but also a famous alpinist and philosopher.
		J'ai trouvé que l'huile de thérébenthine avait pu absorber, dans l'espace de quatre mois, vingt fois son volume de gaz oxygène, en produisant un volume de gaz acide quatre fois moindre que le gaz oxygène absorbé.
		L'huile de lin a pu absorber plus que douze fois son volume de gaz carbonique, dans l'espace de quatre mois, sans laisser une quantité sensible de gaz acide carbonique dans son atmosphère.
	www.cyberlipid.org /perox/saussure.htm (577 words)

	Saussure's Sign
		Ferdinand de Saussure, a Swiss linguist, during lectures he gave between 1907 and 1911 at the University of Geneva.
		In Saussure's theory of linguistics, the signifier is the sound and the signified is the thought.
		Saussure provides an explicit basis for the expansion of his science of signs beyond linguistics: "It is possible," he says, "to conceive of a science which studies the role of signs as part of social life.
	www.criticism.com /md/the_sign.html (1154 words)

	Le rapport « langue - pensée » chez Ferdinand de Saussure
		Saussure distingue encore la langue de la parole en considérant que la première "n'est pas une fonction du sujet parlant, elle est le produit que l'individu enregistre passivement ".
		Saussure nous a donc montré que " l'ensemble des différences phoniques et conceptuelles qui constitue la langue résulte de deux sortes de comparaisons ; les rapprochements sont tantôt associatifs, tantôt syntagmatiques " (p.176).
		Munis de cet exemple, il nous semble évident que la pensée étudiée à l'époque de Saussure est d'un tout autre ordre que celle de la théorie d'Edelman que nous avons résumée dans l'introduction.
	tecfa.unige.ch /~tognotti/staf2x/saussure.html (6877 words)

	Saussure and the Swiss Structuralists
		Saussure refers to the "psychological impression of a sound" as the "signal" and to the "concept" as the "signification".
		Saussure suggests that to "think of a sign as nothing more [than the combination of a certain sound and a certain concept] would be to isolate it from the system to which it belongs.
		Nonetheless, Saussure's suggestion that "a language is a system of pure values, determined by nothing else apart from the temporary state of its constituent elements" (p80) provides for an interesting backdrop against which to view the facts of Natural Language.
	www.martnet.com /~lexicon/origins.html (2092 words)

	Horace Bénédict de Saussure
		Horace Bénédict de Saussure, a Swiss geologist and meteorologist, took his research further beyond the theological realm.
		In this engraving by Ambroise Tardieu, circa, based upon a painting, Saussure is holding a pick ax and what appears to be a compass in his left hand.
		Saussure did not arrive at a general system for the earth, yet he provided valuable data for those who followed him, such as Charles Lyell, who said "his theoretical observations are mere modifications of the old cosmological doctrines."
	www.mtholyoke.edu /courses/rschwart/hist257s02/students/Anna/Saussure.htm (199 words)

	FERDINAND DE SAUSSURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Er wird als Begründer der modernen Linguistik und des Strukturalismus betrachtet.
		Dieses Werk ist allerdings nicht von de Saussure selbst verfasst worden, sondern vielmehr eine Vorlesungsmitschrift zweier Studenten (Charles Bally, Albert Sechehaye).
		Von ihm stammt die Unterteilung (Dichotomie) des Zeichens in eine Beziehung von Signifikat ('Bezeichnetem', Zeicheninhalt) und Signifikant ('Bezeichnendem', äußere Zeichenform) sowie die Betrachtung von Zeichen als relationale Einheiten: Die Bedeutung entstehe allein durch Differenz zu anderen Zeichen und hafte nicht den Dingen und Sachverhalten der Realität an.
	www.toonorama.com /encyclopedia/F/Ferdinand_de_Saussure (203 words)

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