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Topic: De Tocqueville

	Democracy in America - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		De la démocratie en Amérique (published in two volumes, the first in 1835 and the second in 1840) is a classic French text by Alexis de Tocqueville on the United States in the 1830s and its strengths and weaknesses.
		Tocqueville also speculates on the future of democracy in the United States, discussing both possible threats to democracy and possible dangers of democracy, including his belief that democracy has a tendency to degenerate into what he calls "soft despotism" as well as describing the tyranny of the majority, a problem in all democracies.
		Tocqueville correctly anticipates the potential of the debate over the abolition of slavery to tear apart the United States (as it indeed did in the American Civil War); however, he predicts that any part of the Union can get away with declaring independence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Democracy_in_America (774 words)

	Alexis de Tocqueville - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A critic of individualism, Alexis de Tocqueville thought that association, the coming together of people for common purpose, would bind Americans to an idea of nation larger than selfish desires, thus making a civil society which wasn't exclusively dependent on the state.
		Tocqueville concluded that removal of the Negro population from America was the best solution to problems of race relations for both Americans of African and European descent.
		Tocqueville, who despised the July monarchy (1830-1848), believed that war and colonization would "restore national pride, threatened, he believed, by "the gradual softening of social mores" in the middle classes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville (2298 words)

	Alexis de Tocqueville (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Alexis de Tocqueville’s mother, Louise, daughter of Louis le Peletier de Rosanbo, is the granddaughter of Lamoignon de Malesherbes, the noble who cautioned Louis XVI against absolutism and who was executed after his spirited defense of Louis XVI to the revolutionary tribunal.
		According to Alexis de Tocqueville, his great grandfather "defended the people before the King and the King before the people"; he added, "His is a double example which I have never forgotten, and shall never forget" (from Mdme.
		Lamoignon de Malesherbes denounced the royal despotism of the 1760s; he was a leader in the nobles’ reaction o Richelieu and Louis XIV; but his defense of Louis XVI in 1793 led to his execution and to the execution of most of his family.
	carbon.cudenver.edu /~rpekarek/bio.html (995 words)

	In Search of Tocqueville's Democracy in America
		Tocqueville is buried in the village of Tocqueville near Normandy.
		Tocqueville came from an aristocratic background and he had a private tutor, the abbe Lesueur, until high school and then attended high school and college in Metz.
		Tocqueville actively engages in debates in the Chamber of Deputies on issues such as the slave trade, Algerian colonization and reforms and the question of succession after Louis-Phillipe's death, in which he favors an elective regency.
	www.tocqueville.org /chap1.htm (1831 words)

	GradeSaver: ClassicNote: Biography of Alexis de Tocqueville (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Tocqueville's father was a royalist prefect from Normandy who supported the Bourbon monarchy, his great-grandfather was a liberal aristocrat killed in the French Revolution, and his mother was a devout Roman Catholic who strongly advocated a return on the Old Regime.
		In the meantime, Tocqueville's father's career had been steadily advancing until, in 1826, he became prefect of Versailles (the most influential prefecture in France) and in 1827 was made a peer by Charles X. At the same time, Tocqueville received a position as apprentice magistrate at the Versailles court of law.
		During this period Tocqueville began to have increasingly liberal sympathies as a result of his belief that the decline of the aristocracy was inevitable.
	www.gradesaver.com /classicnotes/authors/about_alexis_tocqueville.html (872 words)

	Michael Kammen on Alexis de Tocqueville
		Kammen observed, de Tocqueville's study of American democracy was influenced by the horror of political and social instability that he witnessed in early 19th century France.
		De Tocqueville tended to ignore American politics, which he found dull in comparison with that of the French, focusing instead on American society and civic institutions.
		Kammen said, de Tocqueville is "too often misleading because of naive or ill-advised generalizations." Because of this, he cautioned against the too frequent quoting from Democracy out of context to defend positions de Tocqueville never took or to explain issues he would not have recognized.
	www.loc.gov /loc/lcib/9712/kammen.html (1100 words)

	ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE
		Alexis de Tocqueville was born in Paris on July 29, 1805.
		Tocqueville observed when the penitentiary system was applied in the extreme, the effects of absolute solitary confinement could be devastating.
		Critics respond to Tocqueville’s claims that “far from being an era of egalitarianism, Jacksonian America was an age of inequality” (Pope, 1986: 100).
	www.criminology.fsu.edu /crimtheory/tocqueville.htm (3895 words)

	Embassy of France in the US - Alexis de Tocqueville
		Born on July 29, 1805, in Paris to Hervé-Bonaventure Clérel de Tocqueville, a descendant of a noble Norman family, and Louise-Madeleine Le Peletier de Rosanbo, granddaughter of Malesherbes and sister-in-law of Chateaubriand, Alexis de Tocqueville spent his childhood in Verneuil studying under the private tutelage of the Abbé Lesueur.
		Tocqueville was elected deputy from Valognes in 1839.
		The husband of Tocqueville's great-great-grandniece, Marie-Henriette Tocqueville, and two of their sons (one of whom is named Alexis) still live in France while another son lives in London.
	www.info-france-usa.org /atoz/tocqueville.asp (944 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Tocqueville, Alexis de (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		TOCQUEVILLE, ALEXIS DE [Tocqueville, Alexis de], 1805-59, French politician and writer.
		Tocqueville and the cultural basis of American democracy.(Symposium: Tocqueville and Democracy in America)(French philosopher Alexis de Tocqueville)
		Alexis de Tocqueville on the covenantal tradition of American federal democracy.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/t/tocquevi.asp (425 words)

	Alexis de Tocqueville
		Tocqueville's letters show that he foresaw what strides the Church was destined to made in America and likewise the dogmatic nothingness which would result from Unitarianism and the absurdities of Illuminism.
		Two publications resulted from this journey; the collective work of two friends published under the title "Du système pénitentiaire aux Etats-Unis et de son Application en France"; the second, Tocqueville's personal work, is the celebrated book "La démocratie en Amérique", of which the first volume appeared in 1835 and the second in 1840.
		Tocqueville's memoirs of the Republic of 1848 were published in 1893, his correspondence with Gorbineau in 1908
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/t/tocqueville,alexis_de.html (471 words)

	Amazon.com: Democracy in America: Books: Alexis De Tocqueville (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Tocqueville thought the search for equality would ultimately draw people away from freedom, but to the contrary, the demand of equality is the ultimate guarantee of freedom in democracy.
		Tocqueville writes, "The New Englander is attached to this township because it is strong and independent...in the restricted sphere within his scope, he learns to rule society" (p70) As one learns to rule, he will also be empowered and emboldened to start prosperous private enterprises.
		Tocqueville certainly deserves much credit for contributing to the spread of democracy with this masterpiece Democracy in America, but the small blemish is that, a little down in his perhaps prejudiced aristocratic mind, the great man thought Democracy to be less versatile than it has proven to be.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0060915226?v=glance (3669 words)

	Alexis de Tocqueville Speaks - Chapter 5
		In Tocqueville's time, handwritten letters from one member to another and public newspapers with wide circulation were the principal forms of association communications.
		Tocqueville was intrigued and amazed at the numbers and diversity of publications in the United States, their freedom, and the apparent relationship between newspapers and associations.
		If Tocqueville were here today to observe the state of associations and "the press," he would find clear distinctions between what we call 'the mass media" and the special interest press of associations.
	www.carusogroup.com /ts/ts5.html (873 words)

	Tocqueville today by Roger Kimball
		Tocqueville notes with astonishment that among the “bizarre or tyrannical laws” promulgated early on in the colonies was one that “prohibits the use of tobacco.” Plus ça change.
		What makes Tocqueville indispensable is his unparalleled appreciation of the fact that the health of democracy—the regime whose “primary fact” is the “equality of conditions”—requires not the triumph of equality but the careful perpetuation of this struggle: victory lies precisely in forsaking conquest.
		Tocqueville took the term, the editors show, from Pascal, who together with Rousseau and Montesquieu was one of the three men with whom he “live[d] a little every day.” In a famous aphorism from the Pensées, Pascal described the human condition as inconstance, ennui, inquiétude.
	www.newcriterion.com /archive/19/nov00/tocque.htm (3842 words)

	Alexis de Tocqueville
		Tocqueville was born Alexis-Charles-Henri Clérel de Tocqueville in 1805, at Verneuil-sur-Seine (Île-de-France).
		Tocqueville was a major observer and philosopher of democracy, which he saw as an equation that balanced liberty and equality.
		Tocqueville died in Cannes, France, in 1859, and is buried in the village of Tocqueville near Normandy.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h3704.html (400 words)

	Tocqueville and the American Experiment
		Tocqueville wanted to observe firsthand the successful political experiment that was evolving in the United States and take his findings home to France, which was itself trying to shape its own young democracy.
		Tocqueville spent several weeks in that area, including significant time as the guest in the Canandaigua, New York home of a man named John Canfield Spencer, who served in the U.S. House of Representatives, held two Cabinet offices in the presidential administration of John Tyler, and was a nominee for the U.S. Supreme Court.
		Tocqueville was also concerned about the long-range implications of what he called "equality of conditions," a term roughly equivalent to what today is referred to as equality of opportunity.
	www.teach12.com /ttc/Assets/courseDescriptions/4863.asp (1891 words)

	With Alexis de Tocqueville in Green Bay
		Tocqueville and Beaumont joined the tour and made their way to Mackinac, to Sault Sainte Marie and, finally, to Green Bay, which was to be the extreme point of their venture into the wilderness.
		Tocqueville also quizzed him on the success of Indian missions, and Father Mullon enthusiastically claimed the spread of Christianity among the Indians and the fervor of their adherence to the church.
		Tocqueville was worried that "the light of faith grows dim" and feared for the viability of free institutions without it.
	www.uwgb.edu /wisfrench/library/articles/toc/toc.htm (2991 words)

	Alexis de Tocqueville
		Tocqueville believed that the problem of democracies involved their inherent tendency to lose concern for the freedom and virtue that had been hallmarks of an aristocratic age.
		Tocqueville found that, despite his personal belief in equality, he discovered few if any white Americans who were willing to live side by side with Indians or African-Americans.
		Tocqueville was chosen by the California Council for the Humanities as the keynote speaker for a series of statewide meetings to invoke the "National Conversation" about our identity and diversity as a people.
	www.csupomona.edu /~rljohnson/Professional/toc.html (1631 words)

	Alexis de Tocqueville Encyclopedia Articles @ FbgArt.com (Fbg Art) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		His work is based on his travels in the United States, Democracy in America, is frequently used in courses in 19th century United States history.
		But since they were too proud to assimilate,they would inevitably become extinct because of displacement.
		Tocqueville shared many views on assimilation and segregation of his and the coming epochs, but he opposed Gobineau's scientific racism theories which the latter had exposed in his essay on The Inequality of Human Races (1853-55)
	www.fbgart.com /encyclopedia/Alexis_de_Tocqueville (1970 words)

	Amazon.com: Democracy in America: Books: Alexis de Tocqueville,Richard C. Heffner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		From de Tocqueville, it could have been predicted that pop culture, such as rock music etc, would develop in America because the lack of an aristocracy causes a less cultured taste in the arts.
		de Tocqueville started out with a characterization of the United States, believing that the country's early 19th century prosperity was a function of its distance from rivals in Europe.
		De Tocqueville's observations of America in the early 19th century remain surprisingly relevant to America in the 21st century.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0451528123?v=glance (2054 words)

	De Tocqueville Versus Lewis and Pipes :: Israel News
		True, when de Tocqueville was writing in the second third of the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire was in decline; but I do not see how this could affect his evaluation of Islam.
		If de Tocqueville were alive today, he would surely see that Islam is now more decadent than it was in the 19th century.
		Of course, unlike de Tocqueville, Lewis and Pipes are Jews, and this alone might deter them from disparaging Islam.
	www.shamar.org /emet/analysis/de-tocqueville_vs_lewis-pipes.htm (640 words)

	Alexis de Tocqueville on Transportation in America
		Alexis de Tocqueville is best known for Democracy in America, which he wrote after spending 10 months of 1831 and 1832 in the United States on a mission from France to study American prisons (then considered progressive).
		Tocqueville and I found ourselves with several other travelers, going night and day, and rivaling each other freezing when, to warm us up, fortune sent us three small accidents which almost caused us to get stuck on the road.
		Tocqueville and Beaumont had now seen about everything there was to see, experienced almost all the dangers, learned everything there was to learn about that extraordinary institution: the American river steamboat.
	www.fhwa.dot.gov /infrastructure/alexis.htm (4200 words)

	Alexis de Tocqueville - Liberal Thinkers - Liberalism
		After his studies and a career as a judge Tocqueville decided to travel to the United States of America.
		“But it depends upon themselves whether equality is to lead to servitude or freedom, knowledge or barbarism, prosperity or wretchedness.' Therefore Tocqueville stressed the importance of a great variety of democratic institutions and a decentralisation of power.
		Tocqueville helped to write the constitution of the Second Republic and became Foreign Minister of France in 1849.
	www.liberal-international.org /editorial.asp?ia_id=681 (219 words)

	One Nation Under God: Alexis de Tocqueville
		Alexis de Tocqueville was the famous 19th century French statesman, historian and social philosopher.
		Upon my arrival in the United States the religious aspect of the country was the first thing that struck my attention; and the longer I stayed there, the more I perceived the great political consequences resulting from this new state of things.
		While I was in America, a witness, who happened to be called at the assizes of the county of Chester (state of New York), declared that he did not believe in the existence of God or in the immortality of the soul.
	www.leaderu.com /orgs/cdf/onug/detocq.html (612 words)

	The Connection.org : Alexis de Tocqueville's American Democracy
		Alexis de Tocqueville took his American roadtrip in the 1830's and not only saw the New World whole; he read the American character and foresaw its future.
		De Tocqueville traveled by foot and horseback, stagecoach and riverboat circling the young country from New York City to the Mississippi and the deep south.
		Alexis de Tocqueville's fortune-telling account of American character and destiny is this on The Connection.
	www.theconnection.org /shows/2000/12/20001204_a_main.asp (238 words)

	The Alexis De Tocqueville Award
		Born to aristocratic parents in 1805 shortly after the French Revolution, Alexis-Charles-Henri de Tocqueville was to become the greatest classical liberal thinker of the 19th century.
		In short, to Tocqueville, the health of a civil society rested upon on its being based on a natural order of individual freedom to choose and act in all economic and social matters.
		To honor the tradition of Tocqueville’s pioneering work, the Independent Institute awards The Alexis de Tocqueville Award to outstanding individuals in recognition of their dedication and contributions which advance our knowledge and practice of the principles of individual liberty as the foundation of free, prosperous and humane societies.
	www.independent.org /aboutus/alexis.asp (443 words)

	Alexis de Tocqueville Institution: Mission
		AdTI celebrates the literary and political contributions of French author and statesman Alexis de Tocqueville.
		The institution's studies apply Tocqueville's balanced ideals of civil liberty, political equality, civic vitality, and economic freedom to current public policy questions.
		Sharing Tocqueville's belief that democracy and human society are a work in progress, and faith in the "spirit of improvement" innate to mankind, we seek to make this original research available to the widest possible audience.
	www.adti.net /background/mission.html (98 words)

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