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Topic: De dicto and de re

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	Show-Me the Argument » Types of Perceptual Awareness
		De dicto awareness is a kind of awareness that only conceptual beings can have and it involves conceiving of the object of awareness in a certain way.
		In the case of de dicto awareness of the cup on the table (aware that the cup is on the table) I think we need to say more in order to get the result that the subject thereby has a belief that the cup is on the table.
		For starters, if one has de re awareness of the ground of every experience (which seems plausible b/c it’s just the experience itself) then all that is required for Alston’s theory is that the ground be adequate; and hence we haven’t captured the right sort of awareness to respect the internal character of justification.
	web.missouri.edu /~umcasphilwww/show-me/?p=39 (1861 words)

	Reference to the Past and Future
		The de dicto presentist theories imply that there are true past tensed sentences (and some versions allow true future tensed sentences), but that the only ontological commitments of these truths are to certain "dicta", viz., propositions, sentence-types or sentence-tokens.
		The distinction between de dicto and de re occurrences of tense logic symbols is partly analogous to the distinction between de dicto and de re uses of o in modal logic.
		3a A Paradox for the De Dicto Presentist
	www.qsmithwmu.com /reference_to_the_past_and_future.htm (11837 words)

	Belief Ascriptions, Prototypes and Ambiguity
		De dicto ascriptions, on the other hand, commit the ascriber to the ascribee's endorsement of the characterizations of the objects in the belief clause, but not necessarily to their actual correctness.
		De dicto belief ascriptions thus reflect the ascribee's point of view, while de re ascriptions reflect what the ascriber takes this point of view to be a point of view on.
		Ascriptions intended to be in the second class could be characterized as 'pure' or 'paradigmatic' de re, while those intended for the third class could be characterized as 'pure' or 'paradigmatic' de dicto.
	www.yorku.ca /hjackman/papers/dedicto-dere.html (3664 words)

	Language Log: Rarely better than de re
		De dicto vs. de re is a classical distinction in the interaction of reference and modality.
		It was commonly stated that the composite (de dicto) sense is ‘It is possible that a man sits and stands at the same time’ and that on this reading the sentence is false.
		The divided (de re) sense is ‘A man who is now standing can sit’ and on this reading the sentence is true.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/002573.html (1391 words)

	THE HAECCEITY THEORY AND PERSPECTIVAL LIMITATION
		Such a theory would hold that when a de se attitude is held, the propositional content of that attitude consists of the person him/herself and an open proposition of the form x is P, where x is a variable which is "filled@ by the person in question and P is some property.
		This view is a dyadic theory of the intentional attitudes which claims that the de dicto form of each attitude is primary; it is not committed to essentialism or to the haecceity theory.
		A de re theorist, then, must find some object which must exist if that belief is held in order to find some de re proposition in terms of which to explain the de dicto belief in question.
	web.missouri.edu /~kvanvigj/papers/THE_HAECCEITY_THEORY.htm (4781 words)

	Philosophical Dictionary: Decision-Deontology
		Distinction between ways of understanding the logical necessity or truth of statements, either in terms "of what is said" (de dicto) or in terms "of the thing" (de re).
		Someone who does not know that the morning star is the planet Venus, for example, could believe the truth, de dicto, of the proposition, "The morning star is larger than Venus," even though no one would believe de re that Venus is larger than itself.
		De Morgan developed the standard statement of De Morgan's Theorems, a pair of logical relationships earlier noted by Ockham and Geulincx.
	www.philosophypages.com /dy/d2.htm (1134 words)

	Propositional Attitude Reports > The De Re/De Dicto Distinction (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		A sentence is syntactically de re just in case it contains a pronoun or free variable within the scope of an opacity verb that is anaphoric on or bound by a singular term or quantifier outside the scope of that verb.
		This is because the de re and de dicto reporting sentences will report the very same belief, as is witnessed by the naive Russellian view of the relationship between (11) and (13).
		An attribution is metaphysically de re with respect to an object o just in case it directly attributes a property to o.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/prop-attitude-reports/dere.html (2605 words)

	De dicto/de re, or Ortcutt recapitulated (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The de dicto/de re distinction (which is synonymous with the opaque/ transparent distinction) has to do with situations like the following (due to Quine): Suppose George sees a man sneaking around his neighborhood at night and comes to believe that he is a spy.
		In the de re, or transparent, or relational sense, George does believe that Ortcutt is a spy, since George believes that the man he saw is a spy and the man he saw is Ortcutt.
		But in the de dicto, or opaque, or notional sense, George does not believe that Ortcutt is a spy, since he is willing to affirm the negation of this.
	www.lojban.org /eo/lists/jboske/msg00931.html (358 words)

	[No title]
		Modality 'de re' is vindicated: a property belongs to the real essence of a thing if every counterpart of the thing, in every possible world, has the property.
		A distinction is drawn between "de dicto" modality which is a matter of which propositions can, cannot and must be "true", given the laws of logic, and "de re" modality which is a matter of which situations (events or states of affairs) can, cannot and must "exist", given the laws of nature.
		It is argued that Kripke's "de re" modality, defined in terms of what is true in some possible world, no possible world and all possible worlds, is an unsatisfactory amalgam of the two.
	fas-philosophy.rutgers.edu /~sider/teaching/modality_bib.htm (13258 words)

	De
		Category:Philosophy of languageCategory:Modal logic '''De dicto and de re''' are two phrases used to mark important distinctions in intensional statements, associated with the intensional operators in many such statements.
		The second interpretation, "Of the fattest man in Utah, Jana desires that she marry him", is the de re interpretation.
		Representing de dicto and de re in modal logic In modal logic de dicto and de re are represented by putting the quantificationquantifier after the modality for de dicto and before the modality for de re.
	www.gateserver.net /Topicdetails.aspx?Topicid=36310&name=&catid=111&topicname=De_dicto_and_de_re (753 words)

	Jorge Hankamer WebFest
		Importantly, the split reading entails the de re reading, but the reverse entailment does not hold: suppose the company's stock has just plummeted, forcing it to make a layoff.
		The best (3) can do is the unlikely de dicto assertion that the company is obligated to keep everyone on, or the weaker de re claim that no single employee is necessarily the target of the impending lay-off.
		Although (9) does permit a de re interpretation, the assertion of this weaker proposition is consistent with an impending unselective layoff.
	ling.ucsc.edu /Jorge/potts.html (987 words)

	fragments of consciousness: Soames Chapter 10: De re attitude ascriptions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Furthermore, my analysis of de re attitude ascriptions itself strongly suggests that principle (E) is false, and that (2c) and (4c) are false in the relevant cases.
		But to satisfy de re ascriptions such as (5b), it is necessary to have a belief that picks out the referent under an acquaintance-involving primary intension.
		Insofar as ascriptions involving indexicals and demonstratives typically entail corresponding de re ascriptions, and insofar as de re ascriptions require acquaintance-involving primary intensions, the natural conclusion is that the ascriptions involving indexicals and demonstratives typically have "appropriateness" conditions that require acquaintance-involving primary intensions.
	fragments.consc.net /djc/2005/03/soames_chapter__1.html (2422 words)

	de re and de dicto
		I said a couple of things hastily in my earlier message on modal logic regarding the de re/de dicto distinction that it might be useful to tighten up, especially in light of a couple of recent posts.
		I said earlier that a de re context is one "in which a free variable occurs in the scope of a modal operator." That is not well put.
		Conceptually, in terms of possible worlds, the difference is that, in a sentence that is purely de dicto, one is talking only about the properties that the objects in a given possible world have in that world.
	grouper.ieee.org /groups/suo/email/msg00140.html (486 words)

	∴borishennig.de 1993-1999
		de re modality seems to be the one of Gerard J. Hughes (The Nature of God, London 1994, p.
		The distinction that is drawn by this means is independent from two other possible distinctions: the one between using 'can/must' and 'possible/necessary' to articulate modality, and the other one between modalities de dicto and de re.
		Although G. von Wright takes exactly this to be the distinction between de dicto and de re modalities (Essay on Modal Logic, Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics, North Holland, Amsterdam 1951, p.
	www.borishennig.de /texte/andere/fw.php (8101 words)

	Tomis Kapitan's Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		There are many philosophers who speak of two kinds of necessity and possibility, de re and de dicto.
		The distinction is generally drawn between the modality belong to a proposition (dictum) and that belonging to a thing (res).
		The de re modalities (3) and (4) can easily be construed as de dicto modalites by giving the modal operators largest scope.
	www.niu.edu /phil/~kapitan/dedictodere.shtml (641 words)

	PHI 317 Overhead 04.10.18 Monday
		de dicto interpretation says Suzie conceives of the person as the philosophy major who came to her party; plus it says Suzie thinks s/he is smart
		de re interpretation says, of the philosophy major who came to her party, that Suzie thinks s/he is smart
		de re interpretation does not say how Suzie conceives of him/her (e.g., does not entail Suzie knows s/he is a philosophy major who came to her party)
	www.public.asu.edu /~kobes/317ov04.10.18mon.html (329 words)

	fragments of consciousness: Poll: Two belief ascriptions
		De dicto belief, knowledge, and a priori knowledge here only concern the naming of the youngest chinese spy as "Lee" if there is a youngest chinese spy, they do not concern the concrete individual who is in fact the youngest chinese spy, who Huey, Dewey,and Louie have not interacted with in any way.
		What matters in the case of de re belief and de re knowledge is that they know they have interacted with the individual who happens to be the youngest chinese spy.
		B2 and C2 seem false because intuitively to count as de re knowledge there would have to be some rapport with Lee himself to explain the acquisition of any beliefs they have about him.
	fragments.consc.net /djc/2005/02/poll_two_belief.html (2227 words)

	Re: Interpretation of RDF reification from Joshua Tauberer on 2006-03-23 (semantic-web@w3.org from March 2006)
		Re: Interpretation of RDF reification from Joshua Tauberer on 2006-03-23 (semantic-web@w3.org from March 2006)
		Smith is nice." (de re) In the first case, refers to a man using the name Charlie even though that's not his real name.
		So while in English both the de dicto and de re readings are available, in RDF you only have de re interpretations of URIs.
	lists.w3.org /Archives/Public/semantic-web/2006Mar/0196.html (1327 words)

	The Huff Report » Soames Chapter 4: Kripke’s error (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		If we take students who have learned just enough philosophy to get a sense of the difference between de dicto and de re knowledge ascriptions, but haven’t yet taken on board all the theoretical apparatus of direct reference, etc, my expectation is that a majority will judge that (5) is true while (6) is false.
		Regarding this scenario, one must say either (i) that the name hasn’t been successfully introduced after all, (ii) that the speaker doesn’t understand the name he has introduced, or (iii) that understanding and justifiably accepting a true sentence containing the name is not sufficient for knowing the proposition p which it expresses to be true.
		To resist it, Kaplan has to either accept that we can have the relevant de re knowledge a priori, or deny that the apriority of ‘dthat[the F] is the F (if anything is)’ is determined by the apriority of the relevant content (e.g., maybe it’s determined by the apriority of the relevant character).
	www.huff-report.com /news/84/soames-chapter-4-kripkes-error (2565 words)

	Medieval Theories of the Syllogism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Although the distinction between de dicto and de re modal sentences was common in logical treatises on the properties of the terms, syncategorematic terms, and the solution of sophisms, twelfth- and thirteenth-century logicians were mainly interested in the logical properties of singular de re modal sentences.
		A satisfactory theory of de re modal sentences did not appear until the fourteenth century, when the various relations between such sentences was presented by John Buridan in his octagon of opposition.
		This type of modal sentence was characterized as de re because what is modified is how things (res) are related to each other, rather than the truth of what is said by the sentence (dictum) (see Lagerlund 2000: 35-39, and the entry on medieval theories of modality for further details).
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/medieval-syllogism (11669 words)

	Tomis Kapitan's Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		(This distinction is sometime referred to as a distinction between “de dicto” and “de re” belief reports respectively.) The relational contexts are extensional and referentially transparent, he says, while the notional contexts are referentially opaque and non-extensional, hence, linguistic contexts that we are better off without.
		First, there appear to be some true de dicto statements that cannot be transformed into their de re counterparts salva veritate.
		By way of summary, merely noting the scope distinctions that underlie one form of the de re/de dicto contrast is not, by itself, enough to solve the problems posed by the apparent failure of substitutivity in sentences ascribing propositional attitudes.
	www.niu.edu /phil/~kapitan/Quine.shtml (1642 words)

	3. Belief
		A belief de re may be fundamentally wrong, and this means that the object the belief is about is merely doxastic, i.e.\ purely intentional.
		On their assumption of an extra-mental condition for beliefs to be de re it also makes sense to say that a person holds incoherent beliefs of an object without being able to detect the incoherence.
		He can regard it as the purely de dicto belief that there is a supreme being, creator of the universe and so on, or he can declare the belief to be meaningless.
	www.hf.uio.no /ifikk/filosofi/njpl/vol1no1/creatures/node3.html (2268 words)

	SNePS and Intensionality
		Abstract: Belief reports can be interpreted de re or de dicto; we investigate the disambiguation of belief reports as they appear in discourse and narrative.
		In earlier work, representations for de re and de dicto belief reports were presented, and the distinction between de re and de dicto belief reports was made solely on the basis of their representations.
		We argue that the concepts de re and de dicto do not apply to an agent's conceptual representation of her beliefs, but that they apply to the utterance of a belief report on a specific occasion.
	www.cse.buffalo.edu /~rapaport/snepsintensionalitypapers.html (939 words)

	Desert Landscapes » Appearances de dicto and de re (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		This intriguing feature of appearance properties means that a surprising thesis holds of appearance propositions: namely, that de dicto appearance propositions entail de re appearance propositions.
		I am assuming that for appearence contexts substitutivity holds in the de re case but not in the de dicto case.
		Of course, we could take a weakened entailment theis: de re appearances, if they exist, are entailed by de dicto appearances; if we do that, one natural course would be to take my arguments to show that there are no de re appearance properties.
	www.arizonaphilosophy.com /?p=113 (1818 words)

	metaethical business propositions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Let us take m for each matter in concern with subject-matter flexibility [or de dicto morality] or context adaptability [or de re morality], c for causality level affected by a moral act, and then construct a three-dimensional system to illustrate the totality of good, the result of moral acts.
		The quality or quantity of momentum is denoted as e for energy, that surfaces the event horizon [here called “causality brane”] obtained by integrating both functions of de dicto and de re morality [See Figure b].
		In principle, moral autonomy is expanded by the increase in energy produced through the process of interactions between de dicto morality and de re morality.
	www.metaethics.org /mbp/mbp0816-3.html (418 words)

	Chapter Two Language and Time Quentin Smith
		The de re proposition expressed by a noon occurrence of “The meeting starts now” includes the meeting itself (supposing that the incomplete definite description “The meeting” is used referentially, rather than attributively), the property of starting and the set of events or moment that is identical with noon.
		This de re translation of “It is 4:30” seems to solve the problem confronting the de dicto translation of A-date-sentence-tokens.
		Thus, the de re date-theory and the modally indexed de dicto date-theory are logically incompatible with the reductionist theory of time, which will be disturbing to those date-theorists who hold both theories.
	www.qsmithwmu.com /chapter_two_language_and_time_quentin_smith.htm (12744 words)

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