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	De facto head of state - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A de facto head of state is an office-holder who fulfils some, many or all of the functions of a head of state.
		While a de facto head of state as a non-head of state cannot be automatically treated as a head of state internationally, they may be treated like a head of state on state visits as a mark of respect, not automatically diplomatic requirement.
		A de facto head of state only exists where a full head of state exists already to fulfil a role that cannot be filled by the monarch because they do not actually reside in the state and so cannot take on the day-to-day symbolic and representational role normally performed by a resident heads of state.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/De_facto_head_of_state (694 words)

	Head of state (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		A head of state is the chief public representative of nation-state federation or commonwealth whose role generally includes personifying the and legitimacy of the state and exercising functions and duties granted to the head state in the country's constitution.
		In parliamentary systems the head of state may be the nominal chief executive officer of the state in reality powers are usually exercised by a cabinet presided over by a prime minister who is answerable to parliament.
		The governor-general may fulfill many of the of a head of state but is legally the head of state rather an representative of the head of state that act in her place in her absence the state.
	www.freeglossary.com /Head_of_State (2601 words)

	Head of state - WebArticles.com
		In Charles de Gaulle's words, describing the role he envisaged for the French president when he wrote the modern French constitution, a head of state should embody "the spirit of the nation" to the nation itself and to the world: une certaine idÃ©e de la France (a certain idea about what France is).
		The Governor-General may fulfill many of the roles of a head of state, but is not legally the head of state, rather an appointed representative of the head of state that may act in her place in her absence from the state.
		At state banquets, for example, toasts are made to the head of state, (eg, "Her Majesty the Queen of Australia"), never a governor-general, except in so far as a personal toast may be proposed subsequently to "Governor-General and Mrs Smith" as hosts of, or guests at, the banquet.
	www.webarticles.com /print.php?id=453 (4000 words)

	Head of state : search word
		A head of state or chief of state is the chief public representative of a nation-state, federation or commonwealth, whose role generally includes personifying the continuity and legitimacy of the state and exercising the political powers, functions and duties granted to the head of state in the country's constitution.
		A head of state is generally the notional or literal commander-in-chief of a state's armed forces, holding the highest office in all military chains of command.
		A personality cult thus ensues, where the image of the head of state is the only visual representation of the country, surpassing other symbols such as the flag, constitution, founding fathers, etc. In diplomatic affairs, heads of state are often the first person to greet an important foreign visitor.
	www.searchword.org /he/head-of-state.html (3991 words)

	Governor General of Canada - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Governor General acts as the Queen's vice-regal representative in Canada and is often viewed as the de facto head of state.
		After 1663, the head of the French administration in New France was known as the Governor General; the first to hold this position was Augustin de Saffray de Mésy.
		This arrangement continued after the establishment of the Dominion of Canada in 1867; the Governor General and Lieutenant-Governors remained symbolic representatives of the Crown and of the British Government, while actual political power was vested in the Prime Minister of Canada and in the premiers, at the federal and provincial levels respectively.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada (3960 words)

	Australian Republican Movement - FAQ - Head of State - George Winterton
		Initially, Sir David argued that "we have two heads of state - a symbolic head of state in the Sovereign, and a constitutional head of state in the Governor-General".
		The office of head of state is defined by the duties performed by the occupant of the office, not by the label attached to the occupant.
		Secondly, the term "head of state" is commonly used in constitutional and diplomatic discourse to describe the public officer at the head, or apex, of the state who is usually the head of the executive branch of government, at least nominally.
	www.republic.org.au /ARM-2001/q&a/qa_winterton.htm (2244 words)

	Blogger: Email Post to a Friend (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Whilst the Queen was perfectly within her constitutional abilities, and was in fact bound by convention to appoint Sir Alec Douglas-Home as Prime Minister, the surrounding controversy of the appointment against the Conservative caucus preference of Lord Hailsham as party leader (and therefore Prime Minister).
		Added to this are the regular complaints that the de facto Head of State is already politicised, despite the glaringly obvious actuality that such politicisation is almost inevitable under a system where the Governor-General is appointed and dismissed de facto by the Prime Minister.
		This is because the functions of the Head of Government (the Prime Minister) and the Head of State (de facto the Governor-General) are divided.
	www.blogger.com /email-post.g?blogID=4117205&postID=112280944052590282 (962 words)

	Commonwealth Realm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		A Commonwealth realm is any one of the 16 states that recognize Queen Elizabeth II as their Queen and head of state.
		Critics of the monarchy also argue as the Queen is Supreme Governor of the Church of England having her as head of state counters principles of non-sectarianism by promoting religion as a de facto state religion in realms that do not have an state church.
		They cite the costs involving in updating the governor-general's residences full head of state presidential palace level costs of state visit political advisors increased functions etc functions that in many cases not exist for a governor-general given that are not a full head of state which would be required for a president.
	www.freeglossary.com /Commonwealth_Realm (1908 words)

	Australian Republican Movement - Speeches & Articles - Allison Henry 2 March 2005, An Australian Head of State: ...
		"Head of State" is not a term or position that appears in the Australian Constitution, nor in any of Australia's state constitutions; the term Head of State is primarily a term used by international lawyers and diplomats to denote the highest officer in any nation-state.
		Section 2 states that the Governor-General is appointed by the Queen to be her "representative in the Commonwealth".
		In stating their case our opponents like to point to a range of government literature, stating that the Governor-General is Head of State; republicans in turn gather up an alternative pile of government literature stating that the Queen is Head of State.
	www.republic.org.au /ARM-2001/speeches&articles/spa_henry2March2005.htm (4297 words)

	Quadrant Magazine
		The office of head of state is defined by the duties performed by the occupant of the office, not by the label attached to the occupant … As the defining head-of-state power, sine qua non, is the power to appoint and remove the prime minister … the governor-general is indeed Australia's head of state.
		Second, the term "head of state" is commonly used in constitutional and diplomatic discourse to describe the public officer at the head, or apex, of the state who is usually the head of the executive branch of government, at least nominally.
		We … fill the position of head of state from a hereditary Royal family … We in Australia have a hereditary monarch as head of state … The Australian nation has to have a head of state.
	www.quadrant.org.au /php/archive_details_list.php?article_id=927 (2217 words)

	ozpolitics.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The term "head of State" does not appear in the legislation that gave the Queen her Australian titles: the Royal Style and Titles Acts of 1953 and 1973.
		Whereas the argument for the Queen's claim to be the head of State is largely based on legal and titular sovereignty, functionalism is the primary argument for claiming that the Governor-General is the head of State.
		He asks, "If the Governor-General is the head of State, what then is the Queen?" Mackerras answers this question with the observation that in any official document that mentions the Queen, she is always described as "the Sovereign".
	www.ozpolitics.info /inst/hos.htm (4459 words)

	[No title]
		Faced with two rival governments, a de facto head of state in exile on Reunion Island, about fifteen presidential runners for a ballot set back till at least March (though many would like it further off), the archipelago's future looks distinctly uncertain and its economy has already gone down the drain.
		Head of state Albert Zafy some time ago asked one of his personal counsellors, Naivo Marius Rakotozofindrabe, the man who introduced Israeli businessmen with a plan to supply police assistance to Madagascar (ION N° 677), to work out a project to remodel the president's cabinet.
		The visit of the French head of state to Reunion Island on the occasion of the French overseas department's centenary in that statute appear to be firming up around the dates of March 18 and 19.
	www.africaintelligence.com /ps/AN/Arch/ION/ION_701.asp (1053 words)

	List_of_Presidents_of_Portugal - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Teófilo Braga served as the first and sole president of the Provisional Government, and therefore is not considered the first President, although he would serve again as head of state and be the 2nd president after Manuel de Arriaga's resignation.
		^ Teófilo Braga served as President of the Provisional Government, the de facto head of government and head of state, from the republican revolution of 1910 to the election of Manuel de Arriaga, the 1st President of Portugal.
		He was de facto head of state between July 9 and November 16, 1926.
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /information.asp?k=List_of_Presidents_of_Portugal (708 words)

	Do Heads of State in Office Enjoy Immunity from Jurisdiction for International Crimes? The Ghaddafi Case Before the ...
		a collective Head of State, while the acceptance of credentials of foreign diplomats is delegated by the General People's Congress to its chairperson.
		8 For example, in the Soviet Union, the function of Head of State was attributed to the Praesidium of the Supreme Soviet (Article 49 of the USSR Constitution); cf.
		12 The factual situation of exercising a very strong influence in the political life of a state is not ipso facto sufficient for a person to be considered a de facto Head of State.
	www.ejil.org /journal/Vol12/No3/art2-02.html (653 words)

	ASIL Insight: Indictment in Senegal of Former Chad Head of State
		A head of state is normally entitled to immunity from prosecution anywhere, even after he or she is no longer the head of state.
		Addendum to: The Indictment in Senegal of the Former Chad Head of State
		The Convention requires any state party to establish its jurisdiction over an alleged torturer present in its territory, unless it extradites him to the state where the offenses were committed, the state of his nationality, or the state of the victim's nationality.
	www.asil.org /insights/insigh41.htm (685 words)

	Now it is time to fix the system - theage.com.au
		Appointing the de facto head of state should not be a task solely for the prime minister.
		As the Leader of the Opposition, Simon Crean, said yesterday, the de facto head of state cannot be someone who has covered up for child abuse.
		A version of the model for appointment of a head of state rejected in that referendum, which provided for a president chosen by a two-thirds majority of Parliament, has already been successfully tried in Australia.
	www.theage.com.au /articles/2003/05/26/1053801334516.html?from=storyrhs (538 words)

	Graham's Other writings
		The machinations over the recent "resignation" of china's de facto head of state ye jianying are a delightful reminder that chinese politics are just as convoluted and complex as they ever were.
		The plot so far: old marshal ye, 86 this year, is an old maoist who has been fighting the present strongman deng xiaoping for the past few years over a number of crucial issues.
		Age is against him, but marshal ye is still determined to make things as difficult as possible for deng and his men and never misses an opportunity to indicate his opposition to them -- in an un-overt way which is still crystal clear to those in the know.
	www.earnshaw.com /other_writings/content.cfm?ID=34 (171 words)

	[No title]
		The Prime Minister is the leader of the party elected into power, and he is Canada's de facto head of state (update: in the popular sense of the term; he is technically the 'head of government'...
		The head of state is the Queen of Canada.
		The difference is that one refers to a de facto state of affairs, while the other refers to a rule.
	centrerion.blogspot.com /2006/04/canadian-political-system.html (1985 words)

	No Right Turn
		The point was made that we are essentially a de facto republic already, and that the sheer distance and disinterest of the monarch left us free to run our own lives.
		It is not particularly incredible there are examples of al sorts of heads of state around hte world I dont know of any common powers or pieces of funding that they all have so i find it surprising htat you seem to be arguing that certain aspects of this system are fundimental.
		You asserted that the G-G was Head of State.
	norightturn.blogspot.com /2005/03/republic-debate.html (6117 words)

	Why We Must Punish Yassir Arafat
		And on April 2, 1990, Humberto Alvarez-Machain, a medical doctor and a citizen of Mexico, was forcibly abducted from his ofice by persons answerable to the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), and flown by private plane to Texas to face charges of kidnapping and murdering a DEA agent and the agent's pilot.
		Thus, each state is called upon "to aid and enforce the law of nations, as part of the common law, by inflicting an adequate punishment upon offenses against that universal law...."
		It is conceivable, of course, that another major state could accept the jurisprudential obligations and responsibilities here assigned to the United States, but it is unlikely that any other state would possess the needed fusion of power and moral authority.
	www.tzemach.org /fyi/docs/beres/mar01-02.htm (2282 words)

	[No title]
		Canada's 26th Governor General, the Right Honourable Adrienne Clarkson, carries out Her Majesty's duties in Canada on a daily basis and is Canada's de facto Head of State." Right, so that's why the Queen is on our coinage.
		I'd rather spend the money on a real head of state or better yet save that money for other uses.
		But should the Queen continue to be our head of state and by that logic should we continue to have a Governor General, an outdated and democratically regressive figurehead?
	r4nt.com /v38/a_max381.php (1002 words)

	[No title]
		Col. Mu'ammar al-Qadhafi emerged as leader of the RCC and eventually as de facto chief of state, a position he currently holds.
		Qadhafi remained the de facto chief of state and secretary general of the GPC until 1980, when he gave up his office.
		Principal Government Officials De facto Head of State--Mu'ammar al-Qadhafi Secretary, Foreign Liaison Office--'Umar Mustafa al-Muntassir ECONOMY The General People's Congress continued to pursue the goals of the ruling Revolutionary Command Council soon after the 1984 coup attempt.
	www.umsl.edu /services/govdocs/backgroundnotes/libya.txt (3575 words)

	Pravda.RU:Obituary of a criminal
		The de facto head of state had conducted the military invasion to Falkland Islands in 1982
		The former Juntas dictator Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri died at the age of 76 due to a pancreatic cancer.
		Then, he became de facto President of Argentina until 17 July 1982, when he had to resign three days after Argentina surrender to the United Kingdom.
	newsfromrussia.com /main/2003/01/14/41968_.html (555 words)

	The Militant - 2/12/96 -- In Brief
		The labor movement, backed by students, is demanding legalization of political parties and the adoption of a constitution making the king a symbolic figure instead of de facto head of state in this southern African country of 1 million people.
		The government stated that at least 240 people were killed in the affair, but most other estimates are substantially higher.
		In addition, he stated, U.S. president Bill Clinton has used the immigration issue as part of his electoral strategy to win elections in the Southern states.
	www.themilitant.com /1996/606/606_10.html (1049 words)

	Don (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In August 1965, INCO acquired a 40-year mining license from the Guatemalan government, which was then headed by military dictator Carlos Arana (known also as the“Jackal”), in an area of nearly 400 km2 in the township of El Estor.
		The Commission concluded that these crimes were violations committed with the state's complicity as reprisals for opposition to Arana Osorio's policies, especially the granting of the EXMIBAL mining concession.
		Publicly adhere to the Guatemalan and international laws including, not exclusively, Covenant 169 of the International Labor Organization, that protect the rights of the indigenous peoples who live on lands that have been licensed to INCO for mining, and therefore respect the rights of those communities which are threatened by renewed mining.
	www.nisgua.org /articles/Tour_2004_Arnoldo_Action.htm (775 words)

	FX Claim Slobo
		We claim that Slobodan Milosevic remains the de facto head of state of Serbia until January 1, 2004, according to a consensus of major European news organizations, excluding those in Serbia itself.
		For the purpose of this claim, "Serbia" is defined as the nation-state in de facto control of Belgrade.
		In the event there is no consensus among the major European news media concerning who represents the legitimate authority in Belgrade I may delay judgement of this claim.
	www.ideosphere.com /fx-bin/Claim?claim=Slobo (177 words)

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