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Topic: Deacons for Defense and Justice

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	Cotillion: The Deacons for Defense and Justice
		I first heard of Deacons for Defense (the title of this post reflects their full name) via a movie by that name, which starred Forest Whittaker.
		The Deacons were in the great tradition of American freedom -- liberty is not given by tyrants and thugs, it is wrested from their hands by force.
		The Deacons for Defense and Justice did not plead to be given their rights.
	cotillion.mu.nu /archives/158518.php (1062 words)

	Deacons for Defense
		Deacons for Defense and Justice, a fl organization established to protect civil rights workers against the Ku Klux Klan.
		The Deacons for Defense and Justice, a group of African American men who were mostly veterans of World War II and the Korean War, organized in Jonesboro, Louisiana, on July 10, 1964.
		Disciplined and secretive, the Deacons generally limited their activities to patrolling fl neighborhoods and protecting mass meetings, CORE headquarters, and civil rights workers who were entering and leaving town.
	www.africanaonline.com /orga_deacons_for_defense.htm (350 words)

	Op-Ed: Deacons For Defense
		Before the rise of the Deacons for Defense and Justice (their full name), the prevailing ideology of the movement was a product of the white liberals in the north who had no concept of the terrorism the Klan could unleash.
		And in spite of the name, Deacons, the fl self-defense group did not engage in any theological debates over whether the use of lethal force in self defense is biblical.
		In the 1960's, he was an eye witness to the effectiveness of the Deacons for Defense, as this note to Don Kates states.
	www.gunowners.org /op0438.htm (1196 words)

	Deacons for Defense
		The Deacons were as mysterious as they were legendary for their courage.
		Marcus Clay's answer to the violence visited upon friend and family is to form the Deacons for Defense.
		But despite a plot where all the moves of the players are predictable, the Deacons for Defense succeeds in gathering sympathy from its audience.
	www.nathanielturner.com /deaconsfordefense.htm (624 words)

	Who Were the Deacons for Defense and Justice - www.ezboard.com
		Jonesboro saw one more exercise of defensive force before the Klan was finally convinced that they could not intimidate the fl community.
		The Deacons have been known for a long time and many who were around during those days clearly knew that DD played a crucial role.
		i remember they making a movie on this...yo, alot of people from my understanding didn't LIKE the perception that the deacon for defense appeared to portray in their eyes...some of them thought of them as being no better than the KKK which is extremely far from the truth...
	p076.ezboard.com /fpoliticalpalacefrm70.showMessage?topicID=157.topic (2050 words)

	Newhouse A1
		Instead, it led the federal government to launch what Hill, in his 2004 book "The Deacons for Defense and Justice: Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement," describes as a "lethal attack on white resistance in Bogalusa," crippling the Klan and forcing local police for the first time to defend the rights of fls.
		This and other victories by the Deacons are largely lost in what Hill calls the prevailing "myth" that segregation was vanquished by nonviolence alone, that the path to progress lay in the shedding of innocent fl blood so as to provoke Northern outrage and federal intervention.
		The Deacons were founded in 1964 in Jonesboro, La. By the summer of 1965, they were spreading elsewhere and grabbing attention -- Time, Newsweek, Ebony and Jet after Jet after Jet.
	www.newhousenews.com /archive/tilove022406.html (1012 words)

	Workers World: Deacons For Defense & Justice
		Charles Sims was founder and president of the Deacons for Defense and Justice, formed around 1964 in Jonesboro, La. The armed Black self-defense squads organized after cordons of cops escorted a Klan march through an African American neighborhood.
		Ernest Thomas, vice president and national organizer for the Deacons for Defense, explained: "We usually operate down South by riding around with pistols and good rifles in radio cars.
		Deacons for Defense was not the first armed self-defense squad of African Americans.
	www.workers.org /archives/1997/deacons.html (1195 words)

	Different River » MLK and Self-Defense
		The Virginia Citizens Defense League is a pro-gun-rights group in Virginia (obviously).
		The Deacons for Defense and Justice were a fl self-defense group with a fascinating history.
		The Deacons were in the great tradition of American freedom – liberty is not given by tyrants and thugs, it is wrested from their hands by force.
	differentriver.com /archives/2006/01/11/mlk-and-self-defense (1401 words)

	The UNC Press, The Deacons for Defense by Lance Hill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		With their largest and most famous chapter at the center of a bloody campaign in the Ku Klux Klan stronghold of Bogalusa, Louisiana, the Deacons became a popular symbol of the growing frustration with Martin Luther King Jr.'s nonviolent strategy and a rallying point for a militant working-class movement in the South.
		Lance Hill offers the first detailed history of the Deacons for Defense and Justice, who grew to several hundred members and twenty-one chapters in the Deep South and led some of the most successful local campaigns in the civil rights movement.
		He constructs a compelling historical narrative of a working-class armed self-defense movement that defied the entrenched nonviolent leadership and played a crucial role in compelling the federal government to neutralize the Ku Klux Klan and uphold civil rights and liberties.
	www.uncpress.unc.edu /books/t-5056.html (389 words)

	Deacons For Defense And Justice FBI Files
		Charles Sims was the founder of the Deacons for Defense and Justice.
		Based in local churches, the Deacons for Defense and Justice set up armed patrol car systems in cities such as Bogalusa and Jonesboro, Louisiana.
		The DDJ expanded to 62 chapters throughout the South and a chapter in Chicago.
	www.paperlessarchives.com /ddj.html (229 words)

	Louisiana Weekly - Your Community. Your Newspaper.
		Thomas was a national leader and organizer for the Deacons for Defense which formed in 1964 in Jonesboro to protect civil rights workers from Ku Klux Klan and police violence.
		The Deacons played a crucial role in the civil rights movement and their uncompromising stand against Klan violence in Bogalusa eventually forced the federal government to neutralize the Klan and uphold civil rights and liberties for fl protestors.
		Memorial organizers invite fellow members of the Deacons for Defense to attend the memorial as well as veterans of the civil rights organizations that worked closely with the Deacons in Jonesboro, including the Congress for Racial Equality (CORE) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).
	www.louisianaweekly.com /weekly/news/articlegate.pl?20060515j (380 words)

	Deacons for Defense DVD at Video Universe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Of all the pleasant suprises was that a number of former Deacons came to the meeting.
		The Deacons response as is clear from the story is not all Blacks agreed with the Deacons at the time.
		One former Deacon who was familiiar with JDO patrols against the neo-nazis from attacking a certain Jewish community actually said " that is what we used to do for our commnuity." JDO agrees.
	cduniverse.com /search/xx/movie/pid/6287790/a/Deacons+for+Defense.htm (646 words)

	Niggers Ain’t Gonna Run This Town:
		Other Deacons responded in total defiance to the Mayor’s proclamation, as well; the night after Moore’s murder, several Deacons stood guard over their neighborhood in their first public display of arms.
		Thomas emphasized that the Deacons recognized the use of nonviolence in demonstrations and tests of federal desegregation laws and argued that CORE’s traditional rules were appropriate for the demonstrations.
		He said that the Deacons would be prepared to use their guns if necessary at the demonstrations, but stressed that their philosophy was purely self-defense in nature.
	www.loyno.edu /~history/journal/1997-8/Hague.html (5825 words)

	PT-22.09 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		DEACONS FOR DEFENSE AND JUSTICE: UNSUNG HEROES OF THE COMMUNITY By Jon F. Rice Black people on Chicago's West Side were unrepresented in the Chicago City Council prior to 1963.
		In response to Lewis' murder, these activists formed the Deacons for Defense and Justice, an armed group to protect independent West Side activists.
		The Deacons for Defense and Justice also became active in civil rights causes in the South and continued monitoring police in Chicago.
	www.lrna.org /archive/pt/volume.22/PT-22.09.html (5612 words)

	Self-defense and the civil rights struggle
		The Deacons for Defense and Justice organized the armed defense of Black communities and civil rights activists against racist attacks.
		The role they played in the civil rights movement is largely ignored by history books, which is why Showtime’s film Deacons for Defense, is a welcome change of pace.
		The film portrays, and celebrates, the Deacons’ activities in Bogalusa, Louisiana, a company town dominated by the local paper mill and Klan violence.
	www.socialistworker.org /2003-1/444/444_09_Deacons.shtml (294 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Years before the Black Panthers, a fl militia group known as the Deacons for Defense and Justice rose to protect the civil rights of African Americans by any means necessary.
		This made-for-cable movie tells the little-known story of the Deacons' creation, with the always impressive Forest Whitaker starring as the group's founder, Marcus (a composite character of real-life members).
		A mill worker in a racist Louisiana town, Marcus forms the Deacons as a defense against the mounting brutality of the Ku Klux Klan at the dawn of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
	www.dealelf.com /DVD/2255202.htm (235 words)

	Deacons for Defense: true story of armed resistance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		But what really scares the local politicians and the federal Department of Justice is that Blacks are arming also.
		Finally, the Justice Department becomes concerned that the Deacons phenomenon will spread, and pressures state and local authorities to order their police to stop helping the Klan.
		The real-life Deacons did, in fact, go on to organize dozens of chapters throughout the South.
	www.socialism.com /fsarticles/vol24no1/review.html (687 words)

	Workers World Feb. 26, 2004: Deacons for Defense
		In describing the actual struggle of his organization, Ernest Thomas, the vice president and national organizer for the Deacons for Defense, has stressed: "We teach that you have to meet force with force.
		Many of the Black men who took up arms with the Deacons were military veterans who had fought overseas in the name of "democracy," but then returned home to continued denial of basic civil rights and economic opportunity.
		By 1965, there were 62 chapters of the Deacons throughout the South, and they helped to inspire the Black Panther Party for Self Defense.
	www.workers.org /ww/2004/deacons0226.php (526 words)

	Larrt Pratt -- Deacons for Defense
		The government was attempting to exercise illegitimate power (enforcing an unbiblical law which by this time also violated federal law) and it was repulsed by the use of community force - by the militia, if you will.
		The Deacons were in the great tradition of American freedom - liberty is not given by tyrants and thugs, it is wrested from their hands by force.
		His latest book, On the Firing Line: Essays in the Defense of Liberty was published in 2001.
	www.newswithviews.com /Pratt/larry37.htm (1328 words)

	Black Power (Black Experience chapter 12 cont)
		In 1966 a number of them armed themselves, and founded the Deacons for Defense and Justice.
		In the 1968 election, the Panthers joined with militant white groups which were seeking both racial justice and an end to the war in Vietnam and formed the Peace and Freedom Party.
		Although he was not old enough to meet the constitutional requirements, Eldridge Cleaver was nominated as the party's presidential candidate.
	www.rit.edu /~nrcgsh/bx/bx12b.html (3341 words)

	WVU Libraries
		In 1965 the FBI began investigating the Deacons for Defense and Justice until early 1972 when the organization became inactive.
		This organization was characterized as a fl militant vigilante group which was formed in Louisiana in late 1964 for defensive purposes in retaliation for Ku Klux Klan activities.
		This group of youth gangs operated in the Harlem area of New York City during the years 1965 - 1967.
	www.libraries.wvu.edu /africana/fbi/organizations.htm (273 words)

	The New York Review of Books: 'SKELETON IN THE CLOSET'
		I mean, rather, the daily, constant efforts of fl Americans, especially in the South, to defend themselves, their families and communities, not only through strategies of outward conformance or of invisibility, but through armed self-defense, since Reconstruction.
		When their numbers grew short, I was deputized as a deacon, carrying a handgun as student volunteers from my college went door to door.
		There is an excellent account of the activities of the Deacons for Defense and Justice in Adam Fairclough's book Race and Democracy: The Civil Rights Struggle in Louisiana 1915–1972 (Louisiana State University Press, 1995).
	www.nybooks.com /articles/14329 (651 words)

	Technical Services
		The Deacons for Defense and Justice : armed self-defense and the civil rights movement / by Lance E. Hill.
		Patrimony : estate planning Louisiana style : the complete book for laymen on Louisiana law and procedures for estates, estate planning, wills, death taxes and lifetime planning in the 21st century / written by a practicing Louisiana attorney and CPA, Marvin E. Owen.
		The defense of Vicksburg : a Louisiana chronicle / Allan C. Richard, Jr.
	www.state.lib.la.us /la_dyn_templ.cfm?doc_id=221 (577 words)

	Federal Observer Articles - Federal Observer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		It is shocking to find out how few people, White or Black know about the role guns played in the civil rights movement of the 1960s.
		How many people know that a group called Deacons for Defense and Justice guarded the voter registration workers that C.O.R.E. had working in the Deep South to register Black voters?
		The Deacons for Defense and Justice scouted ahead of the marchers looking for snipers, and ambushes.
	www.federalobserver.com /archive.php?aid=4732 (501 words)

	Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement — Peter Jan Honigsberg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		With a special dedication to two of the most inspirational people I have ever met — Gayle Jenkins and Robert Hicks.
		Both were leaders of the Deacons for Defense and Justice in Bogalusa, Louisiana.
		No matter what risks I took while in the South, I felt safe knowing that they were on my side.
	www.crmvet.org /vet/honigsbe.htm (347 words)

	Deacons for Defense prices at Smarter.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Home > Movies > African Americans > Deacons for Defense
		This made-for-cable movie tells the little-known story of the Deacons' creation, with the always impressive Forest Whitaker starring as the group's founder, Marcus (a composite character of...
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	www.smarter.com /deacons_for_defense---pd--ch-4--pi-205907.html (165 words)

	Zap2it - TV news - Showtime Enlists 'Deacons of Defense'
		Zap2it - TV news - Showtime Enlists 'Deacons of Defense'
		10:00 PM PT Forest Whitaker and Ossie Davis will star in the Showtime movie "Deacons of Defense," about an African-American militia group in the 1960s South.
		The movie is based on a group called the Deacons of Defense and Justice, which was formed in Louisiana in 1964 to protect fls from the Ku Klux Klan, using force when necessary, according to The Hollywood Reporter.
	tv.zap2it.com /tveditorial/tve_main/1,1002,271\|78029\|1\|10,00.html (169 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		SHOWTIME'S "DEFENSE" MECHANISM: Whitaker and Davis to star in film about little-known Black militia.
		will present "Deacons of Defense," starring Forest Whitaker
		Deacons of Defense and Justice was a vigilante group
	www.eurweb.com /printable.cfm?id=8042 (70 words)

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