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Topic: Decade Volcanoes

	Mount Nyiragongo - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Hawaiian volcanic eruptions are also characterised by lavas with low silica content, but the Hawaiian volcanoes are broad, shallow-sloped shield volcanoes in contrast to the steep-sided cone of Nyiragongo, and the silica content is high enough to slow most flows to walking pace.
		The 1977 eruption raised awareness of the unique dangers posed by Nyiragongo, and because of this it was designated a Decade Volcano, worthy of particular study, in 1991.
		Lava lakes reformed in the crater in eruptions in 1982-1983 and 1994.
	arikah.com /encyclopedia/Mount_Nyiragongo (903 words)

	Volcano Hazards - PDC
		Many volcanoes around the world have been targeted for hazards research, with several of the most notorious volcanoes being designated Decade Volcanoes for concentrated hazards research, such as the Decade Volcano is Popocatepetl, which is within striking range of 30,000,000 people around it, including Mexico City.
		Pyroclastic flows and surges are high-speed avalanches of hot ash, rock fragments, and gas that move down the sides of a volcano during explosive eruptions or when the steep edge of a dome breaks apart and collapses.
		Volcanoes are susceptible to landslides because they are composed of layers of weak, fragmented, volcanic rocks that tower above the surrounding terrain.
	www.pdc.org /iweb/volcano_hazards.jsp (1517 words)

	Decade Volcanoes -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Decade Volcanoes are 16 (A mountain formed by volcanic material) volcanoes identified by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) as being worthy of particular study in light of their history of large, destructive (Symptom consisting of a breaking out and becoming visible) eruptions and proximity to populated areas.
		The Decade Volcanoes project encourages studies and public-awareness activities at these volcanoes, with the aim of achieving a better understanding of the volcanoes and the dangers they present, and thus being able to reduce the severity of (additional info and facts about natural disaster) natural disasters.
		(An inactive volcano in Sicily; last erupted in 1961; the highest volcano in Europe (10,500 feet)) Mount Etna, (A republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD) Italy
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/d/de/decade_volcanoes.htm (684 words)

	CVO Menu - Decade Volcanoes
		The aim of the Decade Volcanoes project is to direct attention to a small number of selected, active volcanoes world-wide and to encourage the establishment of a range of research and public-awareness activities aimed at enhancing an understanding of the volcanoes and the hazards posed by them.
		The Decade Volcano initiative is part of a United Nations program aimed at better utilizing science and emergency management to reduce the severity of natural disasters.
		The Decade Volcanoes are the focus of coordinated earth -science studies and land-use planning to learn the best ways to reduce the risks to life and property from volcano-related hazards.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /Volcanoes/DecadeVolcanoes/framework.html (244 words)

	Decade Volcanoes and Others (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Decade Volcano program is actively generating considerable field and remote data collection and research, both at home and abroad.
		One of the interdisciplinary EOS investigations is a study of volcanoes, volcanic hazards, and the volcanic inputs into the atmosphere (Mouginis-Mark et al.
		An untimely explosion during a Decade Volcano hazard workshop field trip to the crater of Galeras volcano, Colombia, in January 1993, killed six volcanologists.
	www.agu.org /revgeophys/self00/node11.html (409 words)

	VOLCANOES
		Volcanoes of various types are found on other planets and their moons as well as on earth.
		Volcano is thought to derive from Vulcano, a volcanic island in the Aeolian Islands of Italy whose name in turn originates from Vulcan, the name of a god of fire in Roman mythology.
		In 1989 the Voyager 2 spacecraft observed ice volcanoes (cryovolcanism) on Triton, a moon of Neptune, and in 2005 the Cassini-Huygens probe photographed fountains of frozen particles erupting from Saturn's moon Enceladus.
	www.solarnavigator.net /volcanoes.htm (3101 words)

	2. Mitigation of Volcanic Disasters
		The aim of the Decade Volcanoes project is to direct atention to a small number of selected, active volcanoes world-wide and to encourage the establishment of a range of research and public-awareness activities aimed at enhancing an understanding of the volcanoes and the hazards posed by them.
		Decade volcanoes were a major subject of discussion at an IAVCEI conference held in Rome in September 1995.
		The conference was entitled Volcanoes in town and dealt with the problem of coping with volcanic hazards in highly populated areas of the world.
	geont1.lanl.gov /HEIKEN/one/mitigation.htm (772 words)

	Volcanoes Part II
		The eruption of the volcano, close to Cameroon's Atlantic coast, triggered lava flows late Sunday and an exodus of residents from nearby villages.
		Scientists at the Montserrat Volcano Observatory warned the volcano's dome, a mound of debris in its crater, was unstable and told residents of the Caribbean island to stay away from the rumbling mountain.
		Kilauea is the youngest of the subaerial volcanoes on the Island of Hawaii and lies at the southeast end of the Hawaiian chain.
	www.picturesfree.org /cdcaptions/volcano2.htm (12250 words)

	Volcanoes and Earthquakes
		Volcano Information Center by Richard V. Fisher seeks to inform "about general features of volcanoes, volcanic eruptions and volcanic hazards in a simplified way." Includes information on volcanic hazards, volcaniclastic names, volcanic eruptions, hydrovolcanic processes, volcano forms, pyroclastic flows and fallout, lahars, debris-flow avalanches, and volcaniclastic sedimentation and facies.
		Volcanoes and Climate Change is a student essay by Mandy Sales, Garrett Purdy, and Wendy Mueller which discusses climatic effects of volcanoes such as Tambora and Mount Pinatubo.
		Volcanoes and Global Climate Change from NASA discusses the cooling effects which result from the injection of particles and gases by volcanic eruptions, including sulfur dioxide, into the atmosphere.
	www.pibburns.com /volcanos.htm (2746 words)

	Science Earth Sciences Geology Volcanoes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Volcanoes in New Zealand - New Zealand is volcano country with recent eruptions at White Island and Ruapehu.
		Volcanoes of Canada - Resource for Canadian volcanology with general overviews of volcanism and associated hazards, deposits, and monitoring efforts.
		Volcanoes of the Central Andes - Compilation of information on the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, between latitudes 14ºand 28ºS of the Andean cordillera.
	www.iper1.com /iper1-odp/scat/id/Science/Earth_Sciences/Geology/Volcanoes (602 words)

	Tectonics and Volcanoes of Japan
		Names of volcanoes that have erupted since 1900 and other selected volcanoes are given.
		Volcanoes of the northern part of the Izu-Bonin volcanic arc.
		Volcanoes of the southern part of the Izu-Bonin volcanic arc.
	www.volcanoworld.org /vwdocs/volc_images/north_asia/japan_tec.html (486 words)

	Near the end of the 1980’s volcanologists convened and chose a select number of volcanoes to be studied intensely ...
		Near the end of the 1980’s volcanologists convened and chose a select number of volcanoes to be studied intensely over the cou
		Near the end of the 1980’s volcanologists convened and chose a select number of volcanoes to be studied intensely over the course of a decade, mostly in the 1990’s.
		Decade Volcanoes are a select group that have been identified as posing particular threats to populated areas.
	www.unc.edu /~leesj/CLASS/Volcano_Civ/Decade_Volcano_Project.htm (403 words)

	The Christian Science Monitor \| csmonitor.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Sheridan explains that "the real problem" in volcano forecasting "is to establish a base-line knowledge of what a volcano is like before it shows signs of danger." Then monitors can pick up on small surface deformations, gas emissions, faint underground rumbles, and other subtle signs of a volcano's awakening years before there's obvious action.
		They noted that "many of the world's most dangerous volcanoes are still poorly understood," adding that "this lack of knowledge represents the most pressing problem in reducing volcanic risk in a global context." There's more to that risk than a rain of hot rocks or flaming rivers of lava.
		Volcanoes to Watch Of the hundreds of volcanoes around the world, 15 active mountains have been designated "Decade Volcanoes" by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior.
	www.csmonitor.com /cgi-bin/durableRedirect.pl?/durable/1997/09/02/feat/scitech.1.html (945 words)

	StudyWorks! Online : Forecasting Volcanic Eruptions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Galeras Volcano is the light green area near the center of the image.
		The volcano had been dormant for 40 years but had come to life in March 1989 with earthquakes, emissions of ash and sulfurous gases, and the growth of a lava dome in the crater.
		Pinatubo received more than the average amount of study for a volcano in a developing nation because of the proximity of Clark Air Force base, a U.S. military installation that was home to 14,500 servicemen and their families.
	www.studyworksonline.com /cda/content/article/0,,NAV2-77_SAR1058,00.shtml (1353 words)

	TAAL VOLCANO
		Taal is one of 16 volcanoes selected worldwide by IAVCEI (International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior) a part of the USGS (United States Geological Society) as a Decade Volcano, perhaps this has something to do with its nickname: "killer volcano.
		The Decade Volcanoes are part of a United Nations program with the goal to better employ emergency plans to reduce the impact of natural disasters, like having your golf course be covered by ash, or something like that...
		Taal was selected as a Decade Volcano because of it’s frequent and sudden activity, complicated and little understood volcanology, the dense population of Manila located only ~60km away and easy accessibility.
	people.colgate.edu /ssweeney/decadevolcano.htm (171 words)

	Global Volcanism Program \| Volcanoes of the World \| Volcanoes of Japan, Taiwan, and the Marianas \| Links
		Maintained by the University of Tokyo's Volcano Research Center, this observatory was established in 1933.
		Maintained by the University of Tokyo's Volcano Research Center, this observatory was established in 1963 to monitor both Kirishima and the adjacent Kakuto Caldera.
		Maintained by the University of Tokyo's Volcano Research Center, this observatory was established in 1984.
	www.volcano.si.edu /world/region.cfm?rpage=links&rnum=08 (366 words)

	Destination: Volcanoes
		Volcanoes appeal to a part of the human imagination almost as deep and mysterious as the boiling cauldrons they draw upon beneath the earth's surface.
		Despite volcanoes' undisputed powers of destruction, people can't seem to stay away -- drawn by curiosity, a craving for adventure or merely by majestic dormancy that makes the slopes seemingly a safe place to settle.
		Of the six volcanoes you'll see, three have been designated "Decade Volcanoes" -- Mauna Loa in Hawaii, Mount Rainier in Washington, and Sakurajima in Japan.
	cnn.com /TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/9705/volcanoes (208 words)

	Module 4 Lesson Guide
		Students will be introduced to the 15 Decade Volcanoes that have been identified by the international volcanological community to pose a particular threat to humans.
		Using the Decade Volcanoes as examples, students will be introduced to radar images of volcanoes that occur around the world.
		These volcanoes have been named the Decade Volcanoes because they are particularly dangerous to the people that live on and around them.
	southport.jpl.nasa.gov /cdrom/sirced03/cdrom/DOCUMENT/HTML/LESSONS/MODULE04.HTM (2258 words)

	Tectonics and Volcanoes of Japan
		Names of volcanoes that have erupted since 1900 and other selected volcanoes are given.
		Volcanoes of the northern part of the Izu-Bonin volcanic arc.
		Volcanoes of the southern part of the Izu-Bonin volcanic arc.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/volc_images/north_asia/japan_tec.html (486 words)

	Santa Maria: A Remote Sensing Perspective (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The lengths of repose periods between eruptions vary from minutes to thousands of years, so many eruptions happen at volcanoes with no historic record of eruptions (13), and it is too expensive to put instruments on all potentially active volcanoes.
		The basic description of the topography of a volcano is one of the most important parts of volcanic hazard evaluations, because most volcanic hazards are controlled by gravity and topography where volcanoes are topographic highs which threaten their lower lying surroundings through gravitational potential energy.
		In nature it is impossible to find a single volcano which has all kinds of activity, and we think that at least two frequently active volcanoes (one effusive and one explosive) are needed to allow for the kinds of ground truth that are needed for comprehensive algorithm development and verification.
	www.geo.mtu.edu /volcanoes/santamaria/sanmar-remote (6338 words)

	Volcanoes Theme Page
		From the Smithsonian Institution, the GVP "seeks better understanding of all volcanoes through documenting their eruptions--small as well as large--during the past 10,000 years." Check out their monthly Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network (and archives) for on going eruption reports from local observers.
		Access names (and in some cases eruption reports) on volcanoes thought to have been active in the last 10,000 years, either geographically or alphabetically.
		Topics include: continental plate boundaries; interaction between plate boundaries; causes of earthquakes and volcanoes; and the comparison of the formation of Olympus Mons on Mars and the Hawaiian volcanic chain.
	www.cln.org /themes/volcanoes.html (1124 words)

	Volcanic Italy: News of the spectacular eruption of the Pacaya volcano in Guatemala on January 15 reminds us all that ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Nonetheless, the whole system is active, and Vesuvius has been classified by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior as one of sixteen "Decade Volcanoes" in the world, which require special watchfulness and study because of their past history, current seismicity, and location near heavily populated areas.
		Etna and Stromboli, two of the three volcanoes further south, in and around Sicily, are in active eruptive status and are considered very dangerous.
		Volcano, the third of the Sicilian/Aeolian volcanoes and the one from which all volcanoes get their name, is currently dormant.
	www.mmdtkw.org /VVolcanicItaly.html (445 words)

	Merapi (D. Rebscher) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Volcanoes are appreciated by their delivery of row material (building materials, fertile soils, sulfur) and their touristic attraction.
		Beeing one of the most active volcanoes in the world, this strato-volcano with its active summit lava dome became one of the 15 so-called Decade Volcanoes.
		Center for Volcano Research and Technology Development (Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kegunungapian, BPPTK) the former Merapi Volcano Observatory, MVO (Kantor Seksi Penyelidikan Gunung Merapi) in Yogyakarta, part of the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia (VSI) in Bandung and the Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta.
	www.geo.uni-bonn.de /user/rebscher/merapi.html (1156 words)

	Untitled Document
		Sixteen Decade Volcanoes have been a focus of concerted research and outreach work during the IDNDR.
		Volcanology and Geothermal Research, "Galeras Volcano, Colombia: interdisciplinary study of a Decade Volcano" was dedicated to the memory of six volcanologists who were killed in January 1993.
		No UN or other funding was obtained for the Decade Volcanoes project as a whole, so scientists at individual volcanoes were left to arrange funding for work as best as they could, from national and bilateral sources.
	www.sveurop.org /gb/articles/articles/decade.htm (906 words)

	Ulawun Decade Volcano, Papua New Guinea
		The NW valley is distinctly visible in the central upper part of the volcano.
		Ulawun, situated on the island of New Britain is one of the most active volcanoes of Papua New Guinea and displays a wide variety of eruptive styles.
		Due to the 1994-present Rabaul eruption and its effects, little work has been carried out in the framework of the Decade Volcano Project, and no information is available on the WWW about this volcano.
	boris.vulcanoetna.com /ULAWUN.html (680 words)

	December 26, 1997, Hour 2: Volcanoes
		But volcanoes are a threat -- since 1980, volcanic activity worldwide has killed over 29,000 people and forced over a million to evacuate their homes.
		Mout Ranier is considered by the United States Geological Survey to be the most dangerous volcano in the U.S., because of its history of eruptions and mudflows, and because of the large population living nearby.
		Scientists are trying to reduce the hazards of volcanoes through education of the people living in the danger zones, and by studying several of the volcanoes that they believe to pose the greatest risk to human life.
	www.sciencefriday.com /pages/1997/Dec/hour2_122697.html (468 words)

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