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Topic: Decay chains

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	Radioactive decay - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Decay is said to occur in the parent nucleus and produces a daughter nucleus.
		A sequence of several decay events, producing in the end a stable nuclide, is a decay chain.
		On the premise that radioactive decay is truly random (rather than merely chaotic), it has been used in hardware random-number generators and is an invaluable tool in estimating the absolute ages of geological materials and young organic matter.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Radioactive_decay (1975 words)

	Decay chain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Most radioactive substances do not decay directly to a stable state, but rather undergo a series of decays until eventually a stable isotope is reached.
		The four most common modes of radioactive decay are: alpha decay, beta minus decay, beta plus decay (considered as both positron emission and electron capture) and isomeric transition.
		Three main decay chains (or families) are observed in nature, commonly called the thorium series, the radium series (not uranium series), and the actinium series, representing three of these four classes, and ending in three different, stable isotopes of lead.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Decay_chain (518 words)

	Decay chains, natural
		The nuclides generated during the decay of the very long-lived natural radionuclides U-238 (half-life 4.5 bn years), U-235 (half-life 0.7 bn years) and Th-232 (half-life 14 bn years) are in turn radioactive, and therefore decay again.
		Uranium-235 is at the beginning of the uranium-actinium decay chain leading via 15 radionuclides to lead-207.
		With ten intermediate states, the thorium decay chain starting with thorium-232 and ending at lead-208 is the shortest.
	www.euronuclear.org /info/encyclopedia/d/decaybasinnatural.htm (135 words)

	Decay product - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a nuclide resulting from the radioactive decay of a parent isotope or precursor nuclide.
		The result of this is that most radionuclides do not have simply a decay product, but rather a decay chain, leading eventually to a stable nuclide.
		In many cases members of the decay chain are far more radioactive than the original nuclide.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Decay_product (300 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Decay product
		Radioactive decay is the set of various processes by which unstable atomic nuclei (nuclides) emit subatomic particles (radiation).
		Because of this, most radioactive substances do not decay directly to a stable state, but rather undergo a series of decays until eventually a stable isotope is reached.
		Three main decay chains are observed in nature, commonly called the uranium series, the thorium series, and the actinium series, representing three of these four classes, and ending in three different, stable isotopes of lead.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Decay-product (754 words)

	Atoms - the inside story. Decay chains.
		The decay chain was short and straightforward because phospherous is a light element and phospherous-35 is quite near the line of stability.
		Notice that the effect of two beta decays in a row is to push the atomic number up by two and not change the atomic mass number.
		Notice that the effect of the alpha decay is to take the chain towards the line of stability, whose gradient is steeper than the gradient of an alpha emission.
	www.schoolscience.co.uk /content/5/physics/particles/partich2pg5.html (514 words)

	Decay chain
		Radium itself is extremely dangerous for its radioactivity alone, but its chief danger is the radon it generates as the next stage in the decay chain.
		Of these only alpha decay changes the atomic mass number[?] of the nucleus, and always to decrease it by four.
		Because of this, any decay will always result in a nucleus whose atomic mass number has the same residue mod 4, dividing all nuclides into four classes.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/de/Decay_chain.html (228 words)

	ScienceDaily: Radioactive decay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Of the commonly occurring forms of radioactive decay, the only one that changes the number of aggregate protons and neutrons (nucleons) contained in the nuclide is alpha emission, which reduces it by four.
		On the premise that radioactive decay is truly random (rather than merely chaotic), it has been used in hardware random-number generators.
		Decay is said to occur in the parent nucleus and produces a daughter...
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/radioactive_decay (2850 words)

	EPA - Decay Chains (EPA's Radiation Protection Program: Understanding Radiation) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Radionuclide decay chains are important in planning for the management and disposal of radioactive materials and waste and for site cleanup.
		The importance of understanding decay chains is illustrated by the ingrowth of radon-222 during decay of uranium-238.
		Radon decay emits alpha particles, the radiation that presents the greatest hazard to lung tissue.
	www.epa.gov /radiation/understand/chain.htm (781 words)

	Nuclides 2000: About Radiactive Decay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		With this decay mode, the mass of the resulting nuclide is 4 units less and the atomic number is 2 units less than from the parent nuclide.
		In this decay mode, the mass doesn't change as the masses of electrons and neutrinos are negligable.
		Beta-plus (ß+) decay: In beta-plus decay, a nuclide emits a positron and a neutrino (formed by the conversion of a proton to a neutron).
	www.nuclides.net /Applets/about_radioactive_decay.htm (769 words)

	Ausgabe 01-2001
		In bound beta decay the electron, generated in the decay of the mother nucleus, is bound in an inner atomic shell (predominantly the 1s-shell) of the daughter atom.
		Using Schottky mass spectroscopy, the decay of the mother nucleus and the feeding of the bound beta daughter Pb81+ could be measured simultaneously.
		The left chain, which starts with longer-lived alpha-decay, is attributed to the decay of a high spin K isomer in 270-110; the right chain is consistent with the decay of the short-lived ground state.
	www.gsi.de /portrait/GSI-Nachrichten/ausgabe-0101.html (935 words)

	What Is Radioactive Material and How Does It Decay? RER-20
		When the nucleus of a radioactive isotope decays, emitting ionizing radiation, the nucleus is altered.
		Several decays may be required before a stable isotope is produced.
		Decay chains of radioactive isotopes have been studied extensively.
	www.ag.ohio-state.edu /~rer/rerhtml/rer_20.html (819 words)

	Radioactive decay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The observed forms of decay are alpha decay, beta decay, electron capture, neutron emission, positron emission, proton emission, and spontaneous fission.
		By contrastalpha and beta decay are seen in the decay chains of radioactive materials.
		All radioactive decay is also associated with emission of gammaradiation in varying degrees.
	www.therfcc.org /radioactive-decay-15078.html (274 words)

	CMS—Discovery of Super-Heavy Elements 115 and 113 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Super-heavy elements are predicted to decay by losing a sequence of a particles (helium nuclei), leading eventually to the spontaneous fission of a smaller nucleus.
		Subsequent α decays produced elements 111, meitnerium (element 109), bohrium (element 107), and finally dubnium (element 105), which is the source of the spontaneous fission that terminates each chain.
		The reaction sequences in the decay chains of the new element, 115, indicate the presence of a second new element, 113, and its isotopes.
	www-cms.llnl.gov /s-t/e113_115_ar.html (946 words)

	Decay chain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Because of this radioactive substances do not decay directly to stable state but rather undergo a series decays until eventually a stable isotope is reached.
		Radium itself is extremely for its radioactivity alone but its chief is the radon it generates as the next stage the decay chain.
		Three main decay chains are observed in commonly called the uranium series the thorium series and the actinium series representing three of these four and ending in three different stable isotopes lead.
	www.freeglossary.com /Decay_chain (282 words)

	CERN Courier - Second postcard from the isl - IOP Publishing - article
		Its probable alpha decay leads to a daughter nucleus, the isotope 288/114 previously synthesized in the calcium-48/plutonium-244 reaction via the four-neutron evaporation channel.
		Thus, after the decay of the 292/116 nucleus, the whole decay chain of the daughter 288/114 nucleus should be observed (figure 1a).
		The alpha-particle energies and the half-lives of the nuclei in the three decay chains, the first alpha decays and those detected after the accelerator was switched off are all consistent between each other within the limits of the detector energy resolution (60 keV) and the statistical fluctuations in the decay time of the events.
	www.cerncourier.com /main/article/41/8/17 (1550 words)

	Radioactivity
		decay, a positron (a particle with the same mass as an electron but with positive charge), and a neutrino are released.
		The decay of an individual atom is totally random, but for a large sample size, we can get a good prediction of the half life.
		radioactive decay series is the chain of decays that occur starting with a radioactive isotope.
	library.thinkquest.org /17940/texts/radioactivity/radioactivity.html (1018 words)

	Radiation Notes: Alpha and Beta Decay
		Alpha decay is a change from the ground state of an original nucleus to an excited or ground state of a daughter nucleus with the expulsion of an alpha particle.
		Beta decay presents a significantly different situation: there are three final objects, the daughter nucleus, the electron or positron, and the neutrino or antineutrino (see the next session for a further discussion of neutrinos).
		Because beta decay, which changes a neutron into a proton, leaves the atomic mass number A (which is equal to N+Z) unchanged, and alpha decay reduces A by 4, there are four distinct heavy-atom chains, known as the 4n, 4n+1, 4n+2, and 4n+3 chains.
	oak.cats.ohiou.edu /~piccard/radnotes/alphabeta.html (4535 words)

	Livermore scientists team with Russia to discover elements 113 and 115
		In these decay chains, element 113 is produced via the alpha decay of element 115.
		The team observed three similar decay chains consisting of five consecutive alpha decays that, combined, took less than 30 seconds and terminated in a spontaneous fission of an element 105 (dubnium) isotope with a very long half-life (16 hours), making the discovery of particular interest to chemists.
		An interesting fourth decay chain also was observed that consisted of decays that were unlike the previous three chains.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-02/dlnl-lst020204.php (679 words)

	Results of Element 118 Experiment Retracted (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Prompted by the absence of similar decay chains in subsequent experiments, we (along with independent experts) re-analyzed the primary data files from our 1999 experiments.
		Based on these re-analyses, we conclude that the three reported chains are not in the 1999 data.
		The detected sequence of decay events for elements 118 and 116, if observed, would be consistent with theories that have suggested an "island of stability" for nuclei.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/118-retraction.html (357 words)

	Decay chain
		Because of this, most radioactive substances do notdecay directly to a stable state, but rather undergo a series of decays until eventually a stable isotope is reached.
		Because of this, any decay will always result in a nucleuswhose atomic mass number has the same residue mod 4, dividing all nuclides into fourclasses.
		Three main decay chains are observed in nature, commonly called the uranium series, the thorium series, and the actinium series, representing three of thesefour classes, and ending in three different, stable isotopes of lead.
	www.therfcc.org /decay-chain-19845.html (239 words)

	PALEORADIONICS CLASS DISCUSSION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		A principal way is through radioactive decay chains, such as the uranium-to-lead chain.
		Student: But prof, each chain must be a closed system, so nothing can contaminate any of the parents or daughter products while they are decaying.
		Instructor: So those are some of the radioactive decay chains we use to accurately date ancient materials.
	www.pathlights.com /ce_encyclopedia/06dat7.htm (816 words)

	Island of stability
		Two of the three decay chains of six correlated high-energy alpha-decays (more than 12 MeV in the first decay) are complete and constitute indirect proof for the synthesis of element 118.
		In the third chain, the first alpha-particle is not detected, probably because it occured within the 120 microseconds dead time (after recoil implantation) of the data acquisition system.
		G.W. Fig.4: Extension of the periodic table via element 118 and its decay (the decay chains of element 114 claimed by Dubna have not been verified and are probably wrong).
	www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de /~q61/el118.html (1311 words)

	Recommendations On Dose Coefficients For Assessing Doses From Accidental Radionuclide Releases To The Environment - ...
		In assessing doses from environmental exposures to radionuclides, it is important to realise that, in general, dose coefficients for radionuclides do not include any contribution to dose due to ingrowth of decay-chain members in the environment, although coefficients for internal exposures do reflect the contribution to dose from ingrowth in the body.
		In Table 2, external dose coefficients listed for the parent radionuclides of these four decay chains were obtained by multiplying the dose coefficient for the progeny by the decay-branching fraction and adding to the coefficient for the parent.
		For ground contamination, where radioactive decay and ingrowth are more important due to the potentially longer exposure period, it is usually not justified to assume that radionuclide concentrations remain constant.
	www.hc-sc.gc.ca /ewh-semt/pubs/radiation/dose/appendix-b-annexe_e.html (1214 words)

	EPA - Other Modes of Radioactive Decay (EPA's Radiation Protection Program: Understanding Radiation) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		During the fission process, as well as certain decay processes, neutrons are emitted from the nucleus of an atom.
		Positron decay will occur when there are too many protons in the nucleus, but there isn't enough energy to emit an alpha particle.
		This increases the number of neutrons by one, decreases the number of protons by one, and leaves the atomic mass unchanged.
	www.epa.gov /radiation/understand/positron.htm (571 words)

	radioactive decay calculator
		All of the daughter nuclides are automatically tracked and the program combines them from different chains and from different source nuclides.
		A list of concentrations corresponding to the decay time you set is then reported.
		The program will track the decay chain all of the way to stable byproducts for each of the almost 500 radionuclides included in the data base.
	www.chemsw.com /12117.htm (155 words)

	1 Nucleosynthesis and nuclear decay
		The decay constant states the probability that a given atom of the radionuclide will decay within a stated time.
		When using radioactive decay to measure the ages of rocks we must apply the classic principle of uniformitarianism (Hutton, 1788), by assuming that the decay constant of the parent radionuclide has not changed during the history of the Earth.
		Because radioactive decay is a property of the nucleus, which is shielded from outside influence by orbital electrons, it is very unlikely that physical conditions influence " or $ decay, but electron capture decay could be affected.
	www.onafarawayday.com /Radiogenic/Ch1/Ch1-4.htm (1297 words)

	Uranium Isotopes
		U-series disequilibrium refers to any fractionation between different members within a decay chain resulting in a non-steady state condition (steady state is known as secular equilibrium).
		This recoil causes a fraction of the daughter nuclide produced during a decay to be ejected from the host mineral into the surrounding medium.
		a-recoil therefore gives daughter nuclides of a-decay a tendency to leave their host mineral by a process which is independent of their chemistry.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/intro/u-isotopes.htm (691 words)

	Radioactive decay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		By contrast alpha and decay are seen in the decay chains of radioactive materials.
		All radioactive decay is also associated with of gamma radiation in varying degrees.
		This decay has been deemed by some random and has been used by some random number generation.
	www.freeglossary.com /Radioactive_decay (568 words)

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