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Topic: Decentralisation

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	Decentralisation
		Decentralisation of decisions about the provision of health care may result in approaches more consistent with local preferences, and in turn higher levels of utilisation and lower unit costs.
		Thus decentralisation may be advantageous in its better and more timely decision making by those who have a more direct interest in sensible decisions, given that they are both their authors and the bearers of the consequences (see section 1.5.1).
		Wunsch (1990) argued that centralisation and decentralisation (as conventionally practised) are both flawed, and that the vast majority of decentralisation efforts have failed to resolve the inefficiencies which have hitherto plagued development projects.
	hdr.undp.org /docs/publications/ocational_papers/oc13b.htm (10044 words)

	Decentralisation: A Survey of Literature from a human development perspective
		It is observed that decentralisation has demonstrated potential to lead to more appropriate and better utilised facilities, lower costs per unit of service and improved operations and maintenance.
		There is ample evidence of political resistance to decentralisation by those who perceive their vested interests to be threatened, and of the bureaucratic problems, especially relating to staffing.
		Decentralisation can be seen in the light of various objectives which, in turn, contribute to human development.
	hdr.undp.org /docs/publications/ocational_papers/oc13.htm (2166 words)

	The dialectics of decentralisation
		Decentralisation is one of the magic bullets offered in the current consensus (the 'Washington Consensus') on what is required to bring about sustai nable development that will deliver higher living standards to more people.
		There is in fact an 'ironic paradox of decentralisation': strengthening the capacity of local government may actually mean that the government at the centre has to play a stronger role in certain critical respects.
		Decentralisation in Karna taka has had positive effects, no doubt, but it has not made government more responsive to poor people, because it has served - by contrast with the successful cases - to enhance the clout of local power-holders.
	www.flonnet.com /fl1713/17130700.htm (1093 words)

	National The Telegraph - Weekly (Nepal) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The setback to decentralisation commenced in 1971 when Panchayat Development Officer (PDO) was appointed as the secretary of the District Panchayat and the CDO was made the supervisor of law and order as well as development activities.
		Although the district is considered a crucial hierarchy in the decentralisation process, there is paucity of analysis on the economic status of districts.
		Decentralisation effort in Nepal has failed due to the command system and economic fragility of the districts.
	www.nepalnews.com.np /contents/englishweekly/telegraph/2002/apr/apr17/national.htm (4624 words)

	POLITICS-NAMIBIA: “Decentralisation Is a Process and Not an Event” (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In 2000, the Decentralisation Enabling Act was passed in a bid to give regions a bigger say in the policies implemented there.
		"Decentralisation is to bring government closer to the local level," said Olga Tjiurutue during an interview in the small town of Okakarara in the eastern Otjozondjupa region.
		Another issue slowing the pace of decentralisation is the economic disparity that exists between regions, which have to generate funds to implement the policies they decide on.
	www.ipsnews.net /africa/interna.asp?idnews=26538 (772 words)

	Policy Management Brief 12: Decentralisation and Poverty Reduction: Elaborating the Linkages
		Since national processes of decentralisation take place in different policy environments, are grounded in divergent political traditions, and imply the reform of very different administrative systems, what is referred to generically as ‘decentralisation’ does not necessarily carry the same political connotations in the three countries studied.
		Decentralisation is the devolution of resources, tasks and decision-making power to democratically elected lower-level authorities that are largely or wholly independent of central government.
		While the decentralisation legislation of 1994 envisaged a far-reaching devolution of power to new local bodies, a law passed in 1997 reversed this trend by limiting the number of areas where they could be established and subordinating them to higher levels of government.
	www.ecdpm.org /Web_ECDPM/Web/Content/Content.nsf/vwSearchInternet/EF3D6C8AFD034800C1256C6C0049F9E6?OpenDocument&Highlight=0,LOQUAI (5801 words)

	Challenges to Decentralisation of Agricultural Extension
		The financial issue is central, and compounded by the fact that decentralisation is occurring in a context of decreased faith in (public) extension.
		Because decentralisation of extension is often part of a sweeping reorganisation of government central services, the transition problems are not specific to extension.
		Decentralisation may be an opportunity to revisit the research-extension nexus in the light of more global concepts such as the Agriculture Knowledge and Information System (AKIS), encompassing research, education and training, as well as traditional knowledge, and featuring multiple communication and delivery channels.
	www.ciesin.org /decentralization/English/Issues/Agrextension.html (2721 words)

	Transitory Difficulties with Decentralisation
		The decentralisation of government authorities is usually welcomed as bringing the democratic processes closer to local people and allowing them more opportunity to express their priorities for development.
		Also in Uganda (S10-UG) decentralisation delayed start-up and implementation by requiring a major reorganisation of the project management structure before the project could begin: reform of the civil service also delayed plans for institutional strengthening and rehabilitation.
		However, when the process of decentralisation takes place during project implementation, this may involve the stretching of limited resources and the revision of established boundaries, both of which can cause disruption in the short and medium terms.
	www.ifad.org /evaluation/public_html/eksyst/doc/lle/pa/l118inse.htm (671 words)

	“How Decentralised Governance Can Enable Sustainable People-Centred Development” (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Decentralisation is an integral part of the logic of democratisation – the power of a people to determine their own form of government, representation, policies and services.
		Decentralisation is the logical application of the core characteristics of good governance at the sub-national and local levels.
		In designing decentralisation strategies it is necessary to think through the most effective approaches to making changes in relationships of power, authority and responsibility based on the motivation and self-interest of the various parties involved and the common objectives shared by all groups and individuals.
	magnet.undp.org /Docs/dec/DECEN923/Factors1.htm (1239 words)

	Seanad Debates Official Report - 03-03-00
		Decentralisation would be a boost to Newcastlewest, its hinterland and County Limerick.
		The current programme of decentralisation, which is expected to be completed in the early part of next year, will involve the relocation of over 4,000 civil servants from Dublin to a large number of provincial locations.
		The issue of decentralisation is one in which I have a particular interest, given the tremendous contribution made by my Department and the Office of Public Works in the provision of office accommodation.
	www.irlgov.ie /debates-00/s8march/sect5.htm (3535 words)

	GRC Exchange - Cross-cutting topic guides: Decentralisation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Decentralisation in practice is affected by the political aims of those who introduce reforms.
		Key aspects of the relationship between decentralisation and poverty in the Philippines are discussed, using examples from a number of decentralisation experiences in countries such as Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Indonesia and Vietnam.
		Decentralisation of resources and/or the power to raise revenue is necessary for local authorities to meet their decentralised responsibilities and to have genuine decision-making power.
	www.grc-exchange.org /g_themes/cc_decentralisation.html (2380 words)

	SD: Institutions : Technical Consultation on Decentralization. Decentralisation and Rural Development: The Role of the ...
		Decentralisation is unlikely to prove a panacea for weak central government but decentralised government could do more to create an enabling framework for private sector provision of services previously provided by the state.
		There is also the problem that while central government may consider fiscal decentralisation a useful device to reduce their own budget deficits, it may in practice generate macroeconomic instability if local government, particularly at the state level, engages in massive borrowing to finance their activities.
		Decentralisation, and the likely shortage of funds that may accompany it, is an opportunity to question whether the same array of services should still be publicly provided.
	www.fao.org /sd/ROdirect/ROfo0006.htm (5730 words)

	Does decentralisation harm the poor? Lessons from forestry in Indonesia, and West and Central Africa
		Decentralisation may in fact amount to a form of deconcentration or "co-administration", where decentralised elected bodies may be treated as implementing agencies for central agencies.
		However, the decision to decentralise in 1999 was taken during a moment of crisis when the then Habibi regime was in a weak position.
		It was hoped that decentralisation could help by: improving participation of local people in district-level decision-making; ensuring that district-level decisions are based on local knowledge; and ensuring decisions reflect the common interests of local communities.
	www.odi.org.uk /speeches/envgov2002/meeting3.html (3562 words)

	[No title]
		Decentralisation relates to the role of, and the relationship between central and sub-national institutions, whether they are public, private or civic. There are four main types of decentralisation.
		However, empirical evidence linking decentralisation and local governance to poverty reduction is incomplete or mixed, according to a recent UNCDF paper on empowering the poor. Nevertheless, the extent to which decentralisation and local governance genuinely increase the incomes of the poor and enable them to become productive members of society is a longer-term concern.
		It is essential to incorporate awareness-raising about human rights into the decentralisation process and in the development of local governance, and to develop the capacities of “duty-bearers” to meet their obligations and of “rights-holders” to claim their rights.
	www.undp.org /policy/docs/practicenotes/dgdpninter.doc (12748 words)

	Focus on Mali's decentralisation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		"Decentralisation is the transfer of authority from the central government to local populations.
		Diarra said that decentralisation flourished under Konare because he loosened the state's grip on the day-to-day running of the "res publica".
		Under Keita and Traore "the nature of the state was not compatible with decentralisation," he said, adding that decentralisation needs state authorities to recognise and accept the participation of other national actors in the country's development.
	www.irinnews.org /print.asp?ReportID=27802 (1150 words)

	Features News The Rising Nepal (Daily)
		DECENTRALISATION implementation and Monitoring Committee in its third meeting concluded recently passed a comprehensive "Decentralisation Implementation Plan" (DIP), a remarkable milestone in the direction of the implementation of Local Self Governance Act, 2055.
		Highlighting its status as an "apex body", a joint review on decentralisation in Nepal made by HMGN/Donors’ underlined that DIMC is to supervise, co-ordinate and monitor the decentralisation process as a whole.
		Parliamentarians are the key figures and should know all about the development in the decentralisation process because political commitments have to be finally approved by the members of the parliament.
	www.nepalnews.com.np /contents/englishdaily/trn/2002/feb/feb13/features.htm (2549 words)

	Decentralisation and Governance Keysheet
		Decentralisation – the transfer of authority and responsibility from central to intermediate and local governments – now concerns 78 developed and developing countries.
		Economists justify decentralisation on the grounds of ‘allocative efficiency’, enhancing the responsiveness of policy-making and the effectiveness of poverty reduction.
		Decentralisation requires a strong central entity to regulate, to provide an overall framework to manage the re-allocation of responsibilities and resources in a predictable and transparent way, and to assist local governments build capacity in the early stages.
	www.keysheets.org /red_11_decentra_gov.html (794 words)

	The Hindu : Globalisation and decentralisation
		Conceptually, both marketisation and decentralisation involve a shift away from the centrality of the state, and together symbolise the post-socialist era's collective revulsion for the state.
		But the central point here is that the issue of decentralisation goes to the heart of the broader problem of democracy in the present era.
		The theory of decentralisation does not tell us what could be the connecting bridges between the increasingly technocratic character of public policy-making, on the one hand, and the ostensible commitment to using people's knowledge and participation at local levels.
	www.hinduonnet.com /2002/01/05/stories/2002010501311000.htm (1227 words)

	Decentralisation of capital projects
		The decentralisation of capital projects is analysed, followed by an analysis of three regions.
		The question of progress in the decentralisation of capital projects, looking in particular at the development expenditure budget is then considered.
		Whilst the process appears to be far from a complete devolution of functions, it is showing some progress with the establishment of structures to effect decentralisation and an awareness of the problems and challenges on the part of both regional and central authorities.
	www.eldis.org /static/DOC11202.htm (361 words)

	Inside Indonesia 63 - Democracy - how far, so far? A century of decentralisation
		This applied in particular to the problem of sectoral decentralisation - that is, the allocation of specific functions in the various fields of government activity to particular levels of government.
		French decentralisation was on a lesser scale than is being attempted in Indonesia, yet it still took decades, and that by a state with a much greater capacity than that of the often ill-coordinated personal fiefdoms of the Indonesian state.
		One of its aims was to shift the focus of regional autonomy from the provinces to the regencies (kabupaten) and municipalities.
	www.serve.com /~inside/edit63/buising4rev.htm (1332 words)

	The Hindu : Kerala / Thrissur News : `Poll results can make or mar decentralisation'
		The landslide victory of the Left can be seen as an approval for decentralisation initiatives as it was they (the Left) who were "seen as more committed to decentralisation than the UDF." But this can also create a situation where the partners of the rival UDF have no stake in the affairs of local governance.
		Experts warn that the present UDF regime will be doing a serious damage to the prospects of decentralisation if it adopts a `master-child attitude' to the local bodies in the wake of the drubbing it had received in these elections.
		But the decentralisation process also faces the problem of `deficit attraction' of the rising middle class which has the distorted perception that local bodies are only agents of poverty alleviation programmes, Dr. Ekbal says.
	www.hindu.com /2005/10/11/stories/2005101112030500.htm (648 words)

	MINALOC \| Decentralisation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Decentralisation is the process of transferring powers, authority, functions, responsibilities and the requisite resources from central government to local governments or administrative divisions.
		The national Decentralisation Policy is based on the Government's commitment to empower its people to determine their own future.It is also founded on the fundamental laws of the country as well as the political and administrative reforms the Government has already implemented.
		As part of a decentralisation process, it is important to define the responibilities and functions of every level of government.
	www.minaloc.gov.rw /decentralization (325 words)

	Habitat Debate, March 2004 Vol. 10 No. 1 - A new era cooperation with local authorities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Decentralisation is a process which reflects the inter-dependence of various spheres of governance.
		Experts and observers of the decentralisation process tend to agree that the problem lies, not in the process itself, but in the political will to ensure that it is successfully implemented.
		The discussions at the inaugural meeting of AGRED reviewed the status of decentralisation legislation in selected countries, and the basic principles of decentralisation policies, including subsidiarity, administrative and financial capacities of local authorities, governance and democracy at the local level.
	www.unhabitat.org /hd/hdv10n1/8.asp (573 words)

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