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Topic: Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen

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	HRNi - Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (Olimpe de Gouges)
		Any female citizen thus may say freely, I am the mother of a child which belongs to you, without being forced by a barbarous prejudice to hide the truth; [an exception may be made] to respond to the abuse of this liberty in cases determined by the law.
		The guarantee of the rights of woman and the female citizen implies a major benefit; this guarantee must be instituted for the advantage of all, and not for the particular benefit of those to whom it is entrusted.
		For the support of the public force and the expenses of administration, the contributions of woman and man are equal; she share all the duties [corvees] and all the painful tasks; therefore, she must have the same share in the distribution of positions, employments, offices, honors and jobs [industrie].
	dev.ulb.ac.be /~lhennebe/files/instruments/HRNi_EN_855.html (1706 words)

	Declaration of the Rights of Woman, 1791
		Consequently, the sex that is as superior in beauty as it is in courage during the sufferings of maternity recognizes and declares in the presence and under the auspices of the Supreme Being, the following Rights of WOman and of Female Citizens.
		The gaurantee of the rights of woman and the female citizen implies a major benefit; this guarantee must be instituted for the advantage of all, and not for the particular benefit of those to whom it is entrusted.
		For the support of the public force and the expenses of administration, the contributions of woman and man are equal; she shares all the duties and all the painful tasks; therefore, whe must have the same share in the distribution of positions, employment, offices, honors, and jobs.
	www.library.csi.cuny.edu /dept/americanstudies/lavender/decwom.html (1632 words)

	Women's Human Rights: An Introduction
		The purpose of many human rights organizations that developed along with them was to monitor the treatment of citizens by their governments and to ensure respect for citizens' human rights as they worked for democratic governance.
		Human rights encompass civil, political, social, economic and cultural facets of human existence; the indivisibility premise highlights that the ability of people to live their lives in dignity and to exercise their human rights fully depends upon the recognition that these aspects are all interdependent.
		The fact that human rights are indivisible is important for women, since their civil and political rights historically have been compromised by their economic status, by social and cultural limitations placed on their activities, and by the ever-present threat of violence that often constitutes an insurmountable obstacle to women's participation in public and political life.
	www.cwgl.rutgers.edu /globalcenter/whr.html (3203 words)

	french rev. docs
		The guaranteeing of the rights of man and citizen necessitates a public force; this force is therefore instituted for the advantage of all, and not for the private use of those to whom it is entrusted.
		Citizens have the right to determine for themselves or through their representatives the need for taxation of the public, to consent to it freely, to investigate its use, and to determine its rate, basis, collection, and duration.
		The right to assemble peaceably, the right to express one's opinions, either by means of the press or in any other manner, are such necessary consequences of the principle of the liberty of man, that the necessity to enunciate them supposes either the presence or the fresh recollection of despotism.
	www2.bc.edu /~weiler/frenchrevdocs.htm (4371 words)

	Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society Constitution
		The right of trial by a jury of one's peers was so jealously guarded that States refused to ratify the original constitution until it was guaranteed by the sixth amendment.
		In some States, a woman may testify against her husband, sue and be sued in the courts; in others, she has no redress in case of damage to person, property, or character.
		Woman has not been a heedless spectator of the events of this century, nor a dull listener to the grand arguments for the equal rights of humanity.
	www.lehigh.edu /~dek7/SSAWW/writWRDRDecofR.htm (1839 words)

	Woman Suffrage Texts
		Woman has been the great unpaid laborer of the world, and although within the last two decades a vast number of new employments have been opened to her, statistics prove that in the great majority of these, she is not paid according to the value of the work done, but according to sex.
		The opening of all industries to woman, and the wage question as connected with her, are most subtle and profound questions of political economy, closely interwoven with the rights of self-government.
		I would, therefore, urge that woman be placed in such a situation in society, by the recognition of her rights, and have such opportunities for growth and development, as shall raise her from this low, enervated, and paralyzed condition to a full appreciation.
	etext.lib.virginia.edu /railton/uncletom/womanmov.html (5168 words)

	Untitled Document
		All citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations, according to their abilities, and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents.
		12.The gaurantee of the rights of woman and the female citizen implies a major benefit; this guarantee must be instituted for the advantage of all, and not for the particular benefit of those to whom it is entrusted.
		All the citizens have a right to decide, either personally or by their representatives, as to the necessity of the public contribution; to grant this freely; to know to what uses it is put; and to fix the proportion, the mode of assessment and of collection and the duration of the taxes.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/religion/ferrante/table.htm (1826 words)

	Human Rights are Women's Rights: Women's Rights are Human Rights
		Women's rights belong to women as members of the human family, and, as such, are not dependent either on a woman's marital status or on the number or sex of the children she has borne.
		The right to consent to the form of government under which one resides and to consent to the laws which govern one's actions are widely recognized as human rights, the rights of men and women alike.
		As citizens, women have an obligation to the state to sit on juries to assist in determining the guilt or innocence of an accused man or woman.
	www.pinn.net /~sunshine/essays/w_rights.html (1738 words)

	Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen ("Déclaration des Droits de la Femme et de la Citoyenne") was a letter addressed to the French queen, Marie Antoinette, asking for women's rights.
		It was written in 1791 by Olympe de Gouges, also known as Marie Gouze, who simply revised the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen to include women as free and equal.
		No society has a constitution without the guarantee of rights and the separation of pwoers; the constitution is null if the majority of individuals comprising the nation have not cooperated in drafting it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_and_the_Female_Citizen (808 words)

	New Age Third Anniversary Special \| Gender
		Woman is the ‘gateway to hell’, deceptive and personification of sexual traps of otherwise ‘innocent’, God-fearing man. Control of female sexuality is organised by attaching negative values to any discussion of sexuality, controlling mobility and friendships with members of the opposite sex, and discouraging access to relevant literature.
		Female conduct, speech, perceptions, and behaviour are regulated, or tried to be regulated, throughout her life-cycle in such restrictive manners that it often threatens her growth as a full-fledged human being.
		Even as human rights groups have championed the cause of helping victims of sexual assault file cases against their aggressors and the financial clout of carry cases through the courts of law, the incidence of rape seems to be phenomenally on the rise in the country.
	www.newagebd.com /store/anni06/gender.html (16697 words)

	[No title]
		In 1791, Olympe de Gouges challenged the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen" by writing the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen", where she states that if “woman has the right to mount the scaffold, she must equally have the right to mount the rostrum”.
		But still, society, such as it was, denied women many rights, even more so if they were married and had to submit to their husbands.
		Women, specially the members of the bourgeois or middle class, fought for their right to vote, in order to be able to influence the rest of their civil rights through the legislation process.
	www.indybay.org /newsitems/2002/06/08/1320101.php?printable=true (1381 words)

	gouges
		In 1791 she wrote the following declaration, directly challenging the inferiority presumed of women by the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
		The purpose of any political association is the conservation of the natural and impresciptible rights of woman and man; these rights are liberty property, security, and especially resistance to oppression.
		For the support of the public force and the expenses of administration, the contributions of woman and man are equal; she shares all the duties and all the painful tasks; therefore, she must have the same share in the distribution of positions, employment, offices, honors, and jobs.
	www.public.asu.edu /~jacquies/gouges.htm (1580 words)

	HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH AND RECONCILIATION
		An exceptional woman of that time, Olympe de Gouges, one of the revolutionaries who very soon claimed equality for women too, and who even wrote, in 1791, the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, denounced the sexist attitudes of her contemporaries.
		This is questionable, because the genuine sense of Human Rights is the defense of the individual from the oppression of the State.
		This is particularly visible with legislation on divorce, homosexuality, contraception and abortion, where individual rights are bluntly denied, in the name of Human Rights, and a relentless effort is made to impose on a whole society the particular philosophical or ethical conception of a small segment of it.
	www.natcath.com /NCR_Online/documents/Harth.htm (2925 words)

	Marxism versus feminism - The class struggle and the emancipation of women
		They demanded votes for women and the right of women to hold the highest civilian and military posts in the Republic - that is, the right of women to full political equality with men, and the right to fight and die for the cause of the Revolution.
		In 1791 she published the Declaration of the Rights of Women, an answer to the Assembly's Declaration of the Rights of Man.
		Certain political rights have been won in the advanced capitalist countries (a minority of the world), but genuine emancipation has not been achieved and can never be achieved on the basis of capitalism.
	www.marxist.com /marxism-feminism-class-struggle-emancipation-women.htm (5711 words)

	4CExamExample
		The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was a document that was meant to do away with traditional class distinction.
		Unfortunately, the guidelines inside of the Declaration were not followed by the tyrants who took control of France.
		The declaration of the rights of woman and the female citizen as shown in the Speilvogel text is almost taken for granted by people today, because of the widespread female suffrage.
	www.omnibusol.com /4cexex.html (4721 words)

	THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
		For the second half of the seminar, we will compare and contrast the various Declarations of the Rights of Man produced in the revolutionary period.
		'Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen', from the Constitution of 1793, 24 June 1793
		Olympe De Gouges, 'Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen', 1791
	www.dur.ac.uk /d.m.craig/Revolution/sem2.htm (597 words)

	THE CONFESSIONS OF J
		But this woman is ought not only to be able to talk about a fashion and to have good manners – wise marquise consulted with philosophers, writers, moralists.
		The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law.
		and justice consist of restoring all that belongs to others; thus, the only limits on the exercise of the natural rights of woman are perpetual male tyranny; these limits are to be reformed by the laws of nature and reason.
	www.utm.edu /staff/lflorido/XVIIIweb.htm (4981 words)

	The Rights of Women by Olympe de Gouges
		Colonists make a claim to reign as despots over the men whose fathers and brothers they are; and, disowning the rights of nature, they trace the source of [their rule] to the scantiest tint of their blood.
		A divine hand seems to spread liberty abroad throughout the realms of man; only the law has the right to curb this liberty if it degenerates into license, but it must be equal for all; liberty must hold the National Assembly to its decree dictated by prudence and justice.
		May it act the same way for the state of France and render her as attentive to new abuses as she was to the ancient ones which each day become more dreadful.
	www.pinn.net /~sunshine/book-sum/gouges.html (2569 words)

	H-France Reviews
		Considering Williams’ repeated emphasis on human rights, she makes surprisingly few observations regarding the position of women during the Revolution and how such concepts applied to them in revolutionary France.
		As part of their appendices, Fraistat and Lanser include Olympe de Gouges’ “Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Female Citizen” for students to compare to the “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen” that paved the way for representative government in France and the concept of universal human rights throughout the world.
		While Julia, her exemplary woman of feeling, was caring for injured birds or reading to the poor, a whole new way of dealing with injustice was being proposed by the Revolution in France.” See Kennedy, Helen Maria Williams and the Age of Revolution (Lewisburg, Pa.: Bucknell University Press, 2002), p.
	www.h-france.net /vol5reviews/talamante.html (2099 words)

	Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen... - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_and_the_Female_Citizen... (175 words)

	World Prout Assembly: Law Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Although many small groups, motivated by self-interest, work together in particular situations, not even a small fraction of their work is done with a broader social motive.
		If going ahead in mutual adjustment only out of narrow self-interest or momentary self-seeking is called society, then in such a society, no provision can be made for the disabled, the diseased or the helpless, because in most cases nobody can benefit from them in any way...
		Sketch of a European Charter for the Protection of Secular Rights.
	www.worldproutassembly.org /archives/law (1103 words)

	History 1023 - Saunders
		Discuss the three estates of France in the 18th century and briefly tell the role each played in the French Revolution.
		Women were given the vote in France and became citizens on an equal par with men after the successful protests of women such as Olympe de Gouge.
		resolve the question of voting rights for the peasantry.
	www.clt.astate.edu /lsaunders/1023Ch25.htm (455 words)

	SparkNotes: The Enlightenment (1650–1800): Key People & Terms
		Franklin exerted profound influence on the formation of the new government of the United States, with a hand in both the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.
		A French feminist and reformer in the waning years of the Enlightenment who articulated the rights of women with her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791).
		The salons typically held weekly meetings where upper-class citizens gathered to discuss the political and social theories of the day.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/enlightenment/terms.html (2345 words)

	Dr. Burg History 106 Web Page
		#44 "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen" and Traditions and Encounters, p.
		In what ways are the arguments of the French "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen" similar to those of the American "Declaration of Independence"?
		How are the goals and ideas expressed by the "Jamaica Letter" and the "Declaration of the Independence of the Blacks of St. Domingo" similar to or different from the American "Declaration of Independence" and the French "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizen"?
	www.ship.edu /~sbburg/history106.html (2375 words)

	Chronology of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Era
		Fall of the Bastille (7 prisoners) to citizen militia.
		surrender of feudal rights in face of widespread rural rioting, known as the Great Fear.
		France declares war on Austria; women enlist and serve in army.
	www.uhh.hawaii.edu /~dresner/resources/chron1789.html (574 words)

	[No title]
		- Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 1789 - Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, 1791 - Letter from Prison of St. Lazare, Paris WEEK 4: Religion (Protestantism) and Anti-Slavery Required reading: K.
		Maxine Molyneux, ‘Women’s Rights and the International Context in the Post-Communist States’, in: M. Threfall (ed.), Mapping the Women’s Movement.
		Temma Kaplan, ‘Women’s Rights as Human rights: Grassroots Women Redefine Citizenship in a Global Context, in: Grimshaw et al (ed.), Women’s Rights and Human Rights.
	www.ceu.hu /gend/Haan/WMW.doc (2318 words)

	Virginia Woolf and Feminism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Would men but generously snap our chains, and be content with rational friendship instead of slavish obedience, they would find us more observant daughters, more affectionate sisters, more reasonable mothers—in a word, better citizens.
		We should then love them with true affection, because we should learn to respect ourselves; and the peace of mind of a worthy man would not be interrupted by the dull vanity of his wife, nor the babes sent to nestle in a strange bosom, having never found a home in their mother’s."
		1848: A Declaration of Sentiments based on Declaration of Independence by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
	www4.ncsu.edu /~dsbeckma/222VirginiaWoolf.htm (300 words)

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