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Topic: Declarative explicit

	Declarative memory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Declarative memory is the aspect of human memory that stores facts and experiences.
		Declarative memories are best established by using active recall combined with mnemonic techniques and spaced repetition.
		Physically speaking, declarative memory requires the medial temporal lobe, especially the hippocampus and related areas of the cerebral cortex.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Declarative_memory (211 words)

	The Knowledge in Knowledge Management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Explicit knowledge, as the first word in the term implies, is knowledge that has been articulated and, more often than not, captured in the form of text, tables, diagrams, product specifications and so on.
		Declarative knowledge has much in common with explicit knowledge in that declarative knowledge consists of descriptions of facts and things or of methods and procedures.
		The arrows connecting explicit with declarative and tacit with procedural are meant to indicate the strong relationships that exist between these terms.
	www.virtualprez.pair.com /Lamar/technology/knowledgemgmt/kinkm.htm (2879 words)

	Introduction
		The hippocampus (declarative memory including spatial and contextual components), amygdala (emotional memory), prefrontal cortex, and rhinal cortex (object memory) are all important contributors to the memory process.
		Declarative memory is used by the prefrontal cortex as reference material to confirm or monitor impressions, changes in context, and interpretations of environmental cues.
		It should be clear that explicit memory (contextual memory) is a critical part of emotional processing in its function as a comparative reference and guide for interpretation of external cues and internal states of arousal associated with environmental cues.
	web.uccs.edu /sstewart/Introduction.htm (7828 words)

	Behavioral and Brain Functions \| Full text \| Declarative and procedural learning in children and adolescents with ...
		With regard to declarative memory, some authors attach importance to structures such as the cerebellum, besides the areas traditionally involved in these tasks [36].
		The present study was designed to assess procedural vs. declarative learning in children and adolescents with acquired pathology confined to the cerebellum (CE), and in children and adolescents with additional damage due to the chemotherapy and radiotherapy used (CE+).
		In some studies that assess declarative learning from the sequence used to assess procedural learning [58], this kind of memory is conserved in adult clinical samples.
	www.behavioralandbrainfunctions.com /content/2/1/9 (5482 words)

	mdrs02
		Implicit memory may be independent of explicit memory, at least in the limited sense that implicit memory is spared even when explicit memory is grossly impaired.
		Explicit memory involves the conscious recollection of an experience from the past, while implicit memory is a memory-based change in behavior that occurs independent of, and in the classic case in the absence of, conscious recollection.
		Explicit and implicit memory may well prove to be mediated by a number of separate systems, as dogma in contemporary cognitive neuroscience insists.
	socrates.berkeley.edu /~kihlstrm/mdrs02.htm (8545 words)

	The Knowledge in Knowledge Management (KM)
		From all this it does seem safe to conclude that there are two basic kinds of knowledge: (1) the kind that is reflected in a person’s internal state as well as in that same person’s capacity for action and (2) the kind that has been articulated and frequently recorded.
		For most practical purposes, declarative knowledge and explicit knowledge may be treated as synonyms.
		The arrow connecting declarative and procedural indicates that we often develop procedural knowledge or the ability to do something as a result of starting with declarative knowledge.
	home.att.net /~nickols/Knowledge_in_KM.htm (2969 words)

	[No title]
		This is sometimes referred to as a top-down approach, where explicit declarative knowledge is first present before a procedure is be learned.
		If we assume that declarative and procedural knowledge is positively correlated with learning new knowledge, we can predict the more depth one has in each domain will affect their ability to acquire new knowledge.
		Declarative knowledge is still used in the understanding of characteristics and features (what a specimen has) in the identification, but to some degree the assumption is that the conceptual knowledge is there, present in the student memory.
	www.unl.edu /tcweb/fowler/dougGolickComps/Golick_question3.doc (1835 words)

	M.R. Bauer Foundation Colloquium Series
		There is an explicit or declarative memory for facts and events, and a non-declarative or implicit memory for skills and habits.
		Part of the evidence that leads to this distinction is the fact that declarative memories are specifically affected in amnesia, whereas non-declarative memories are spared.
		Among the important concepts that have arisen during the course of this work is the demonstration that declarative memory changes gradually over a very long period of time, resulting in long term consolidation and the well-established phenomenon of retrograde amnesia.
	www.bio.brandeis.edu /news/bauer/series96/squire.html (342 words)

	Clinical Neuropsychology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The subject's report of an experience includes the explicit aspects of the experience and the subject is aware of storing and retrieving this information.
		A distinction similar to the Implicit/Explicit dichotomy is the one separating declarative memories from procedural ones.
		Declarative memories consist of semantic and episodic memories of which the subject is aware and reports at the time of retrieval.
	nanonline.org /nandistance/mtbi/ClinNeuro/amnesia.html (1540 words)

	Team projects on www for Psychbiology - 2001
		explicit memory) are verbally expressed (consciously) and non-declarative memories (a.k.a.
		Declarative memories break into subgroups of episodic (recall experience) and semantic memories (general world knowledge).
		Most memories that were not intact were declarative memories, procedural task were still intact which confirms the storage for these types of memories are not in the same locations.
	www.humboldt.edu /~morgan/skil_s01.htm (1934 words)

	[No title]
		Declarative representations have the merit of being composable i.e.
		Instead of a mixture of, for example, procedural and declarative representations, describing different parts of the world, there is a procedural representation describing the whole world and a declarative representation describing the whole world in parallel.
		Declarative representations were shown to have preference over procedural representations, even though some information is more naturally represented in a procedural way.
	www.nici.kun.nl /mmm/papers/h-93-b.html (7202 words)

	CWL Publishing Enterprises
		For practical purposes, declarative knowledge and explicit knowledge are synonyms.
		Figure 3 pieces together the diagrams from Figures 1 and 2 and serves to illustrate the "fit" between and among explicit, implicit, tacit, declarative and procedural knowledge.
		First off, it is important to recognize that the transfer of declarative and procedural knowledge occurs in very different ways.
	www.cwlpub.com /nickolsarticle.htm (2879 words)

	Chapter 19 - Learning and Memory
		In overview, experiments on learning can be interpreted to say that explicit memory is first acquired through one or more of the three polymodal association areas of the cerebral cortex, namely prefrontal, limbic and parieto-occipital-temporal.
		This kind of memory involves a number of processes: habituation involves decrease in synaptic strength from decreased transmitter release; sensitization involves increase in synaptic strength due to presynaptic facilitation; and classical conditioning involves increase in synaptic strength due to presynaptic facilitation that is dependent on activity in both pre- and postsynaptic cells.
		Declarative (explicit) memory also involves a number of brain regions: there is no general store for explicit memories; because the subject of memories is multimodal, storage of different aspects occurs in different locations; the hippocampal formation is important in processing information for storage as memory; and memories are actually stored in association cortex.
	www.unmc.edu /Physiology/Mann/mann19.html (4250 words)

	Types of Long Term Memory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Explicit memories are memories that we can consciously remember.
		Declarative memories are memories about general factual information, such as that George Washington was the first president of the United States.
		Implicit memories and explicit memories seem to be processed and stored in different parts of the brain.
	www.gpc.edu /~bbrown/psyc1501/memory/ltm3.htm (453 words)

	The International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Both explicit and implicit memories are therefore very important in emotions, and emotions, once aroused, strongly influence memory.
		However, as humans, we have some sense that explicit memory is what happens when information that were encoded by the hippocampus are retrieved and placed in working memory.
		Explicit memory computation (maybe hippocampal based) is another contributor to emotion in case of human subjects.
	www.psychotherapy.ro /content/view/37/59 (776 words)

	PSYCHE: Memory's Fragile Power by C. Phillip Beaman
		If such changes in overt behaviour occur without explicit retrieval of the prior experience in simple systems, then there is every possibility that they constitute general characteristics of many forms of learning systems, and the existence of implicit memory ceases to be of such intrinsic interest.
		This then suggests that in the absence of explicit retrieval of a particular learning episode it is possible to be influenced by perceptual, motor, and semantic aspects of the episode (although these three elements may act independently of each other).
		Schacter suggests that the function of explicit, episodic memory is to build up a self-narrative, the structure of which is apparent in examinations of personal, autobiographical memory.
	psyche.cs.monash.edu.au /v5/psyche-5-22-beaman.html (1975 words)

	declarative-procedural (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Architectures with declarative representations have knowledge in a format that may be manipulated decomposed and analyzed by its reasoners.
		Often times, whether knowledge is viewed as declarative or procedural is not an intrinsc property of the knowledge base, but is a function of what is allowed to read from it.
		The distinction between declarative and procedural representations is somewhat artifical in that they may easily be interconverted, depending on the try of processing that is done on them.
	ai.eecs.umich.edu /cogarch2/prop/declarative-procedural.html (219 words)

	Implicit &Explicit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Explicit, or declarative, memory refers to a conscious awareness of facts or events that have happened to the individual.
		In another experiment by Zeitlin and McNally, both implicit and explicit memory functioning was examined (Zeitlin and McNally, 1991).
		A cued recall test was used to assess explicit memory and a word completion task was used to assess implicit memory.
	web.uccs.edu /awillia3/intr&.htm (445 words)

	[No title]
		“’Explicit learning’ is the construction of explicit, verbalizable, metalinguistic knowledge in the form of symbols (concepts) and rules, specifying relationships between concepts.
		Implicit and explicit learning “Implicit knowledge is the construction of knowledge in the form of neural networks of the distributed kind.” (p.
		Explicit L2 learning with concomitant implicit L2 learning Hulstijn proposes that explicit knowledge does not become implicit knowledge (contra Anderson).
	www.lancs.ac.uk /fss/linguistics/groups/slarg/sum/hulstijn02.doc (773 words)

	NEUROSCIENCE: ON COGNITIVE MEMORY
		Although the ultimate storage sites for explicit memories appear to be in the cortex [but see (5) for another strong position], the medial temporal lobe plays a critical enabling role necessary for storage to take place.
		Domain-specific cortical regions in the temporal lobes are reactivated during remembering and contribute to the contents of a memory.
		Declarative memory and procedural memory are independent: there are patients with impaired declarative memory whose procedural memory is completely normal.
	scienceweek.com /2004/sb041126-3.htm (1632 words)

	Rainer K. Liedtke - Relative Intelligence - The dual memory function of the brain
		By a declarative (explicit) memory we mean a conscious representation of facts and events.
		With regard to the content of the statements, the declarative factual memory is activated, and the procedural memory is activated for the motor coordination of the vocal apparatus (facial expression, speech, accentuating supportive breathing).
		For a complex type of sport, the declarative memory is used for determining the strategy.
	www.newlife-online.de /ri3_4_us.php (2253 words)

	Mappings for Reuse in Knowledge-Based Systems
		The design is based on the concept of declarative mapping relations, which are explicit specifications for the syntactic and semantic connections between entities in the knowledge and method components.
		Second, the declarative mapping specifications convey the intent of the mappings, and are not encumbered with the mechanisms of the mapping process, which are embedded in the mapping interpreter engine.
		In other words, the sum of the explicit and implicit knowledge outlined in the domain ontology should be equivalent to, or a superset of, the input requirements of the method, but the form of that knowledge might need to be restructured and relabeled before the method can operate on it.
	ksi.cpsc.ucalgary.ca /KAW/KAW98/park (8181 words)

	SparkNotes: Memory: Types of Memory
		Declarative memory is recall of factual information such as dates, words, faces, events, and concepts.
		Declarative memory is usually considered to be explicit because it involves conscious, intentional remembering.
		Declarative memory is of two types: semantic and episodic.
	www.sparknotes.com /psychology/psych101/memory/section2.rhtml (279 words)

	[No title]
		The processing theory accounts for the dissimilarity of implicit and explicit test results by reasoning that it is an indicator of different processes of operation within the brain.
		Second is that explicit and implicit tests of memory call for unique retrieval operations and benefit from different types of processing during learning.
		In general, explicit tests are conceptual and thus more sensitive to conceptual variation and implicit tests are perceptual and in the same way more sensitive to perceptual variations (Roediger, 1990).
	www.wheaton.edu /psychology/undergrad/faculty/jtv/369/ProposalExample.doc (3295 words)

	declarative
		Chronic global amnesia is a deficit in explicit memory (e.g., recall and recognition of facts and events) that manifests itself in everyday life.
		The purity and severity of the explicit memory impairment varies from patient to patient.
		Non-spatial declarative processing depends specifically on the hippocampus in animals as it does in humans.
	hebb.mit.edu /courses/9.03/declarative.html (603 words)

	The Science of Emotion: Bachevalier (Library of Congress) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Declarative, or explicit, memory involves structures in the medial temporal lobe, medial diencephalon, and ventral portion of the prefrontal cortex.
		We tested infant monkeys, at different ages, with tasks that measured different forms of memory and compared their performance to that of animals that had received specific lesions of the brain, such as the ventral prefrontal cortex and hippocampal formation.
		After we learned that declarative memory processes emerge late in development, we asked what would happen to an animal or human being if this powerful memory system were dysfunctional at birth.
	www.loc.gov /loc/brain/emotion/Bacheval.html (843 words)

	@ Head : Interface Mapping (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Apart from the elegance and robustness that declarative interface mapping provides, it also provides greater functionality such as allowing multiple methods to be mapped to the one method, and it provides a clear indication of the interface and the mapping.
		Or explicit mapping where you often have to look at the explicit interface implementation and then read what method it delegates out to (not absolutely necessary, but is the usual pattern).
		The benefits of declarative mapping are that code becomes easier to maintain, is more explicit in nature hence easier to read, and is more flexible and robust.
	msmvps.com /bill/archive/2005/02/27/37105.aspx (919 words)

	Psychobiology of Trauma: Florida Council of Sexual Abuse Services
		Explicit or declarative memory is stored verbally and logically; exemplified in our ability to reason and verbally repeat our experiences.
		The hippocampus is a small, seahorse shaped section deeply embedded in the brain; it is responsible for managing and integrating declarative (explicit) memory functions.
		This reduction not only affects survivors ability to recall the trauma in an integrated and clear manner; their regular memory functions (short-term memory and reasoning abilities) may be impaired as well.
	www.healing-arts.org /tir/n-r-diehl.htm (1047 words)

	Memory Function and hippocampal formation volume
		More importantly, studies report that the hippocampus is essential for a specific kind of memory, notably declarative or explicit memory.
		Explicit memory refers to conscious or voluntary recollection of previous information, whereas implicit memory refers to the fact that experience changes the facility for recollection of previous information without affording conscious access to it.
		Declarative/non-declarative memory: In order to measure declarative memory, a list of 12 word-pairs is presented to the subject (Lussier and Lupien, in preparation).
	www.macses.ucsf.edu /Research/Allostatic/notebook/memory.html (2116 words)

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