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Topic: Declared nuclear states

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nuclear fusion

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Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty

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	List of countries with nuclear weapons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Five are considered to be "nuclear weapons states", an internationally recognized status conferred by the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
		Israel is also strongly suspected to have an arsenal of nuclear weapons though it has never confirmed or denied this, and there have been reports that over 100 nuclear weapons might be in its inventory.
		In July 2005, it was officially recognized by the United States as a responsible nuclear state and agreed to full nuclear cooperation between the two nations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_countries_with_nuclear_weapons (5120 words)

	NATO REVIEW 9505-3
		However, the discovery in Iraq after the 1991 Gulf War of a clandestine nuclear weapons development programme involving the separation of a few grams of plutonium from irradiated fuel, together with an extensive programme of uranium enrichment involving large quantities of undeclared uranium, was a watershed in the history of IAEA safeguards.
		Discovery of the clandestine Iraqi nuclear weapons programme led to the recognition that the IAEA safeguards system must be strengthened to provide assurance, not only of the non-diversion of declared material but also, as far as possible, of the absence of any undeclared nuclear activities in states which have comprehensive safeguards agreements with the IAEA.
		More information on a state's nuclear programme, and the proposed design of new plants, together with increased access for IAEA inspectors to operating records and to all locations within declared facilities, will, we believe, contribute to greater confidence that nuclear materials and facilities are not being used for undeclared purposes.
	www.nato.int /docu/review/1995/9505-3.htm (3212 words)

	A Nuclear Weapons Convention
		We are determined to continue, together with other nuclear powers, to reduce the role of nuclear weapons in guaranteeing security, to move in the direction of a complete elimination of nuclear weapons throughout the world, as it is provided for by UN decisions.
		Nuclear weapons were the big equalizer -- the means by which the United States equalized the military advantage of its adversaries.
		Calls upon the nuclear-weapons States to further pursue negotiations on progressive and balanced reductions of nuclear weapons in light of Article VI [of the NPT] with a view to the ultimate cessation of the manufacture of nuclear weapons, the liquidation of their existing arsenals of nuclear weapons and the means of delivery.
	www.basicint.org /pubs/Papers/BP9.htm (3715 words)

	Former Warriors Call for Nuclear Cuts
		This permits the United States and Russia to keep their warheads in reserve storage, thus creating a "reversible nuclear potential." However, in the post-Cold War security environment, the most commonly postulated nuclear threats are not susceptible to deterrence or are simply not credible....
		The other three nuclear states and the three threshold states should be drawn into the reduction process as still deeper reductions are negotiated down to the level of hundreds.
		Movement toward abolition must be a responsibility shared primarily by the declared nuclear weapons states--China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States; by the de facto nuclear states, India, Israel and Pakistan; and by major non-nuclear powers such as Germany and Japan.
	www.worldservice.org /issues/aprmay97/cuts.html (870 words)

	Alternative Nuclear Futures
		The nuclear tests by India and Pakistan in 1998 were a brief reminder to wider publics that these weapons were still around.
		He acknowledges the risks of wider nuclear proliferation, but is optimistic about the beneficial effects of the trend towards greater numbers of democratic states.
		Complete nuclear disarmament must be the goal, but it can only be achieved by a step by step approach.
	www.tgarden.demon.co.uk /writings/articles/000602thes.html (1145 words)

	LearnWorld Text: The Comprehensive Test Ban
		Nuclear explosions may be used in a peaceful manner for the benefit of all mankind but of course they must come under stringent control and it is no point banning them totally nor shall they be utilised to threaten world peace.
		Of course, over the years the nuclear powers and 'realist' analysts argued that the NPT disarmament language was an expression of long-term hopes and wishes, but not a guide to policy in the world as it had to be understood.
		Declaring their intention to achieve at the earliest possible date the cessation of the nuclear arms race and to undertake effective measures in the direction of nuclear disarmament.
	www.learnworld.com /ZNW/LWRe.CTB.96.02.28.html (4779 words)

	IAEA Director Lashes Nuclear Weapon States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Bush administration plans to study whether a new nuclear penetrator for deeply buried targets should be developed and whether the moratorium on underground nuclear tests may need to be lifted in the future to assure the viability of new nuclear weapon designs.
		The lack of progress in nuclear disarmament "can be traced in general to the continuing reliance on the doctrine of nuclear deterrence and the lack of an overall disarmament strategy," ElBaradei said.
		Recent activities by the declared nuclear states, including the U.S. withdrawal from the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty earlier this year, threaten to broaden the divide and in the process make it more difficult to persuade states not to seek nuclear weapons or their delivery systems.
	www.unwire.org /UNWire/20021114/30364_story.asp (765 words)

	SDA Vol 3, No 3: Main article
		The treaty codifies a bargain struck between two types of states -- the nuclear weapon "haves" and "have-nots." In return for forgoing nuclear weapons development and possession, non-nuclear countries were offered access to civilian nuclear technology.
		It is also important because, if these states live up to their obligations under Article VI, de-facto nuclear states that have not signed the NPT would be much more likely to disarm and join the treaty.
		It is opposed by many non-nuclear weapon states and the "non-aligned movement," which consists mainly of countries in the Third World that did not want (or proclaimed they did not want) to align their foreign policies with either the U.S. or the Soviet Union.
	www.ieer.org /sdafiles/vol_3/3-3/mainart.html (2331 words)

	The China Card: Will China agree to a fissile material production cutoff?
		Since the 1970s, countries that have forsworn nuclear weapons have viewed a cutoff convention as an important way for the nuclear weapon states to show good faith toward nuclear disarmament -- one of their obligations under the NPT.
		Although these states have remained unwilling to sign the NPT, they may be persuaded to sign a cutoff convention, which would ensure that their nuclear arsenals and material stocks would be frozen at relatively low levels.
		A major incentive for the declared nuclear weapon states to join the convention is to obtain the participation of the undeclared states.
	go.ucsusa.org /publications/nucleus.cfm?publicationID=237 (1323 words)

	CNS - Learning to Live with the Bomb in South Asia: Accommodation Not Confrontation
		India which had already declared a no-first use of nuclear weapons policy asked for reciprocation, advance notice of ballistic missile flight tests, non-targeting of population and economic centers, military-to-military exchanges, and upgrading of communication links between the prime ministers and foreign secretaries.
		As long as the nuclear weapon states and their allies rely for their security on nuclear weapons, it is perceived as illogical by the de facto nuclear weapon states to deny them the same rationale.
		In addition to maintaining existing global mechanisms to control proliferation, it is becoming increasingly obvious that the nuclear weapon states must themselves move away from reliance on nuclear weapons for their security, if they expect other countries to do the same and to respect global non-proliferation norms.
	www.cns.miis.edu /pubs/reports/accom.htm (1571 words)

	World Policy Institute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		More than 180 non-nuclear states agreed to forgo the pursuit of nuclear weapons in exchange for the declared nuclear states agreeing to share the peaceful applications of nuclear power and eliminate their nuclear arsenals.
		The nuclear states also assured non-nuclear nations that they would not use nuclear weapons against countries that have given up the option to develop weapons of their own.
		As much as the nuclear developments of North Korea, Iran and potentially other nations deserve media attention, so too do the thousands of existing nuclear weapons in the arsenals of the declared nuclear states.
	www.worldpolicy.org /projects/arms/news/ExtraFair.html (1268 words)

	* NZine * Indian Tests Not Cricket * India, nuclear, nuclear testing, testing nuclear weapons, nuclear weapons, ...
		Now we are treated to a truly fantastic display of hypocrisy from the declared nuclear weapon states with their condemnation of India coming directly after they have blocked all progress towards fulfilling their treaty obligations at the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) meeting in Geneva last week.
		By playing at nuclear elitism the Indian government and its supporters are throwing credibility to the wind and arrogantly letting the vast poor of their nation be exposed to the devastating effects of economic sanctions.
		In a country which cannot afford to send most of its children to school or maintain public amenities at a healthy level in most of its villages, the pursuit of the technology to annihilate its neighbours as some national achievement is a horrifying testament to the depth of separation between the needy and the powerful.
	www.nzine.co.nz /features/india.html (709 words)

	Arms Control Association: Subject Resources: CTB Treaty Opened for Signature
		Of the eight states capable of conducting a nuclear test, the United States, Britain, France and Israel were all co-sponsors; China, India, Pakistan and Russia were not.
		Five states abstained (Cuba, Lebanon, Mauritius, Syria and Tanzania) and 19 states were either absent or barred from voting because their payments to the UN were overdue.
		Although 94 states have already signed the treaty, it cannot enter into force until it has been ratified by the five declared nuclear-weapon states, the three threshold states and 36 other states that are participating members of the CD and recognized by the International Atomic Energy Agency as possessing nuclear power and/or research reactors.
	www.armscontrol.org /subject/ctbt/ctbsep96.asp?print (734 words)

	Negotiating the CTBT: India's Security Concerns and Nuclear Disarmament
		It is necessary to recap these initiatives taken by India and their context to emphasize the continuity and consistency in its nuclear and disarmament policies, which had always seen a test-ban treaty as a single element in a time-bound program, with the ultimate goal of the total elimination of nuclear weapons.
		The power of the Nuclear Weapon States was demonstrated by the acceptance of vague wording: Elimination of nuclear weapons was an "ultimate" goal with the objective of elimination lost in the mists of the future.
		It cannot be argued that the security of a few countries depends on their having nuclear weapons, and that of the rest depends on their not...we note that Nuclear Weapon States have agreed to a CTBT only after acquiring the know-how to develop and refine their arsenals without the need for tests.
	www.indianembassy.org /policy/CTBT/ctbt_ghose.htm (6027 words)

	Indiainfo.com -> News -> World -> Three nations join call for global nuke test ban
		In a statement signed by their foreign ministers, 18 countries said the early entry into force of the CTBT was "central to nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation objectives".
		Their statement echoed speakers who told the Assembly that the risk of terrorists getting their hands on nuclear weapons was one of the greatest threats to world peace and security today.
		The statement called on all states to continue a moratorium on nuclear testing, but said a voluntary ban on tests was no substitute for entry into force of the CTBT.
	news.indiainfo.com /2002/09/15/15un.html (480 words)

	North Korea Incites More US Nuclear Hypocrisy, by David Krieger, January 17, 2003
		Since the US and the other declared nuclear weapons states have failed in their obligations to achieve nuclear disarmament, particularly in the aftermath of the Cold War, they should expect, sooner or later, that one result will be a breakdown of the NPT regime.
		Non-nuclear weapons states agreed not to acquire or develop nuclear weapons and, in return, the nuclear weapons states agreed to engage in good faith negotiations for nuclear disarmament.
		India made clear for many years that it was willing to forego its nuclear option if the five declared nuclear weapons states would take seriously their obligations for nuclear disarmament.
	www.wagingpeace.org /articles/2003/01/17_krieger_korea-hypocrisy.htm (702 words)

	TNI Nuclear Abolition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		All the declared nuclear weapon states signed the Additional Protocol II which prohibits their use or threat of use of nuclear weapons against the contracting parties of the Treaty.
		The Treaty asks all the declared nuclear-weapon states to accede to the Protocol which prohibits their use or threat of use of nuclear weapons against the contracting parties to the Treaty or within the zone (Art.
		The land territories and the territorial seas of the continent of Africa, islands States members of OAU and all islands considered by the OAU in its resolution to be part of Africa.
	www.tni.org /nukes-docs/exinwfz.htm (695 words)

	NTI: Global Security Newswire
		Of the five declared nuclear-weapons states, China is the only one likely to participate in a treaty establishing a nuclear weapon-free zone in Central Asia, according to report released yesterday by Scott Parrish, a senior research associate at the Monterey Institute of International Studies (see GSN, Oct. 1).
		The treaty contains a protocol that declared nuclear states are invited to sign, stating that they agree to respect the zone and to refrain from using or threatening to use nuclear weapons against zone members.
		The United States has not openly supported creating the zone, preferring to wait until the final treaty was completed, the report said.
	www.nti.org /d_newswire/issues/2002/10/2/8s.html (646 words)

	CTBT
		By 1996, the remaining declared nuclear weapon states -- China, Russia, France and the United Kingdom -- were also abiding by a moratorium on testing.
		Ratification of the CTBT by the United States and the vast majority of the international community will strengthen the international norm against nuclear testing, and thus help to deter nuclear tests by nonsignatories and support the efforts of the international community to gain universal adherence to the Treaty.
		The nuclear weapon states commitment at the 1995 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) Review Conference to conclude a CTBT in 1996 was instrumental in achieving the indefinite and unconditional extension of the NPT.
	www.fas.org /nuke/control/ctbt/news/tbn10.htm (710 words)

	Tough policy against WMD spread sought -DAWN - International; 02 March, 2005
		WASHINGTON, March 1: US experts called for a tougher international policy to deter the spread of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction that would put new demands on the five nuclear powers as well as undeclared nuclear states like Israel, India and Pakistan.
		As commonly interpreted, the NPT set terms under which the five original nuclear powers - the United States, Russia, France, Britain and China - were allowed to have nuclear weapons if they promised to work toward disarming while the remaining states agreed to forsake nuclear ambitions in return for guarantees of nuclear energy.
		"The majority of countries feel that the five original nuclear states do not intend to fulfil their end of the NPT bargain - the pledge to eliminate nuclear weapons," the report said.
	www.dawn.com /2005/03/02/int5.htm (563 words)

	US IS 'DEEPLY DISAPPOINTED' BY INDIA'S NUCLEAR WEAPONS TESTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		"We have urged countries to exercise restraint in the testing of nuclear weapons, either countries that are declared nuclear powers, or countries that are not.
		We, ourselves along with the other five declared nuclear states, have stopped nuclear testing...
		The United States has laws that apply to so-called non-declared nuclear states, he said.
	www.fas.org /news/india/1998/05/98051105_tpo.html (362 words)

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