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Topic: Decolonization of Africa

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	I. Africa, 1941-2000. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Planned decolonization hinged on the assumption that European colonial powers would determine the pace of change in Africa; it took no account of the actions of Africans.
		Especially in rural areas of Central and southern Africa where male migration is prevalent, women, children, and the elderly have borne the brunt of increased labor and declining standards of living.
		AIDS was identified in Africa only in the early 1980s, where it was commonly referred to as “slim” because of the general wasting away of the infected person.
	www.bartleby.com /67/4320.html (3463 words)

	[No title]
		The Modern Mercenary And The Decolonization Of Africa
		The decolonization of the continent of Africa has brought with it a resurgence of the use of mercenaries.
		My main reason for selecting mercenaries and their association with the African decolonization process as a basis upon which to build a teaching unit, is the prominence of articles on the subject in adventure magazines such as ‘Soldier of Fortune’, ‘Eagle’ and ‘New Breed’.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/1982/4/82.04.07.x.html (2045 words)

	Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Africa is a land of many languages, African tongues and the languages of their colonizers.
		The grief of Africa today is the lack of stable, reasonably honest government and the continuing feuds between ethnic groups which still cost lives and limbs as between the Tutsi and Hutu.
		Complicating the picture in Africa is resurgent Islam with its intent to conquer and to impose Islamic law on all under its rule as in Nigeria and Sudan where Christians and "animists" have been enslaved, starved, their children brutalized.
	www.missouri.edu /~religjr/Africa.html (2914 words)

	History of Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Portuguese, whose power in Africa was already waning, were not in a position to interfere with the Dutch plans, and Britain was content to seize the island of Saint Helena as her half-way house to the East.
		Africa's earliest evidence of written history was in Ancient Egypt, and the Egyptian calendar is still used as the standard for dating bronze age and iron age cultures throughout the region.
		Throughout North Africa Christianity nearly disappeared, except in Egypt where the Coptic Church remained strong partly because of the influence of Ethiopia, which was not approached by the Mulsims because of Ethiopia's history of harboring early Muslim converts from retaliation by pagan Arab tribes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Africa (7452 words)

	RaelAfrica.org - Africa Wake-UP - Afrique reveille-toi - Rael.org - Nlongi.be: Printer Friendly (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		And the decolonization came on, in a world which pretends to be based on the right and not on the brutal force of armies.
		A true decolonization consists in fact in putting Africa back to the state in which it was before it was polluted politically by colonization.
		Let us make it together, so that Africa and the third world of the third millennium will be different from those of this end of the 20th century, and so that when the Elohim come they feel proud of their children of all races and of all continents.
	www.raelafrica.org /e107v2/print.php?news.7 (1970 words)

	tecolahagos.com - ethiopian related issues and commentary
		In order to bind Africa into the new emerging international division of labour and trade, the African social transformation become a unique case which can be dealt by means of import-substitution-industrialization which is a part and parcel of the so-called modernization theory.
		Though Africa had brilliant leaders, these leaders were chased and killed by Western intelligent services and their henchmen from within.
		All the attempted murders and coup d` état were nothing but to prevent Africa from technological developments and science and to hold it down as permanent house of producing and reproducing poverty on a higher scale.
	www.tecolahagos.com /comment_on_sach.htm (6039 words)

	Decolonization of Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Decolonization of Africa was the withdrawal of colonial powers from Africa after World War II.
		During the Scramble for Africa in the late nineteenth century, European powers carved up Africa and its resources into political partitions at the Berlin Conference of 1884-85.
		Africa was therefore forced to compensate for this shortage and greatly benefited from this change.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Decolonization_of_Africa (814 words)

	In These Times 25/16 -- Out of Africa
		Even behemoths such as Nigeria, Africa's most populous nation, or South Africa, the richest nation of fl Africa, boast no museums where visitors are presented with anything like the breadth, diversity and sheer quality of the art produced across the continent.
		Among the plunder from Africa, during the "great scramble" for control over the continent in the late 19th century, art counted among the highest prizes of imperialism.
		This is doubly tragic, because when Africa is dependent on the West for management of the very art that Africans can proudly call their own, it is Westerners who define what makes this art beautiful and valuable.
	www.inthesetimes.com /issue/25/16/zachary2516b.html (1556 words)

	Tanzania Standard Newspapers\|Home
		But then, for him, the successful decolonization of Africa would only be the first step towards unleashing the power of seething pan-Africanism towards a united and strong Africa.
		Africa's poor hand in the globalisation game is not entirely dealt to us by the outside world; we bear at least partial responsibility for creating the opportunities for us being exploited because we are weak.
		The share of Africa's contribution to world trade has shrunk from around six per cent in 1980 to about two per cent now, and Africa has remained largely dependent on primary commodities, and has continued to be subjected to the vagaries of weather, to fluctuating prices and to declining terms of trade.
	www.dailynews-tsn.com /news.php?id=1313 (2218 words)

	A Global Re-Assessment
		It is indeed befitting that South Africa is now being led by a president who belongs to the generation of South Africans who helped dismantle apartheid while in exile.
		It is the century that that saw breakthroughs in the field of medicine with discoveries such as penincilin, and milestones such as the eradication of small pox.
		In the field of politics, the 20th century witnessed the birth of the league of nations, later the United Nations, the grand colonization and decolonization of Africa, and the grand rise and fall of communism, amongst other things.
	www.saxakali.com /africa/Kamau11.htm (1165 words)

	Decolonization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Decolonization was a movement following the Second World War in which the various European colonies the world were granted independence.
		The end goal tends to be regarded as good but there is much over the best way to grant full Some say the post-World War II decolonization was too rushed especially in Africa and created unstable regimes in the independent countries.
		Africa since 1940 : The Past of the Present (New Approaches to African History)
	www.freeglossary.com /Decolonisation (286 words)

	How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Walter Rodney 1973
		When the slave trade from East Africa was at its height in the 18th century and in the early 19th century, the destination of most captives was the European-owned plantation economies of Mauritius, Réunion and Seychelles-as well as the Americas, via the Jape of Good Hope.
		Africa in the late 19th century could still be described as part communal and part feudal, although Western Europe had moved completely from feudalism to capitalism.
		Africa, they say, required European colonisation if it were to advance beyond the stage it had reached the late 19th century.
	www.marxists.org /subject/africa/rodney-walter/how-europe/ch04.htm (21959 words)

	UNESCO - General History of Africa: International Scientific Committee
		Specialist in the history of West Africa in the nineteenth century; former Vice-Rector of the University of Lagos; Emeritus Professor, Department of History, University of Ibadan (Nigeria).
		Specialist in the history of southern Africa in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; former Professor of History at California State University, Northbridge; former Professor at the University of Harare; former member of The Employers’ Confederation of Zimbabwe, Harare.
		Specialist in Arabic sources of the history of Africa, particularly West Africa, and a specialist in Islam; researcher at the Oriental Institute of Prague and scientific consultant to the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences.
	www.unesco.org /culture/africa/html_eng/comite.htm (1665 words)

	UN and Africa
		This year, Africa has the presidency and the Foreign Minister of gabon, Jean Ping, is the incoming President.
		Africa is the only continent whose development is focused on and I think this is very important."
		You've been listening to UN and Africa, always looking into what the United Nations is doing for Africa, in Africa and about Africa.
	www.un.org /av/radio/unandafrica/transcript13.htm (1288 words)

	History of Africa
		Famine in Africa today is most often explained by environmental degradation caused by unsound farming and herding practices, disease and overpopulation.
		Underdevelopment in Africa today is often explained by its inability to catch up with the modern world, specifically in terms of technology and work force.
		To appreciate the strengths of Africa and to be able to apply this knowledge to the tough problems facing Africa today.
	www.goshen.edu /~jans/classes/african.html (2311 words)

	20th WCP: Ubuntu: An African Assessment of the Religious Other
		The decolonization of Africa, of which the dismantling of apartheid in South Africa is the most recent example, has led to a greater recognition of the wide variety of religions practising on its soil.
		The decolonization of Africa, of which the dismantling of apartheid in South Africa is a recent example, led to a greater recognition of the wide variety of religions practising on its soil.
		By highlighting the overlap between Ubuntu and a decolonized assessment of the religious other, I meant to show exactly why Ubuntu might be used to explain, motivate or underscore this decolonization, or why Ubuntu could add a distinctly African flavour and momentum to it.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Afri/AfriLouw.htm (3822 words)

	The Monetary Geography of Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In The Monetary Geography of Africa, Paul Masson and Catherine Pattillo analyze the current situation and prospects for further integration.
		Since the beginning of decolonization some fifty years ago, African nations have suffered setbacks preventing them from enjoying the benefits of economic development.
		The authors maintain that the goal of creating a single African currency is not feasible or desirable, but that existing monetary unions, such as the CFA franc zone in western and central Africa, offer a base on which to build.
	www.brook.edu /press/books/monetarygeographyofafrica.htm (679 words)

	RACISM CONFERENCE 6
		Their presence in South Africa had led to unacceptable levels of xenophobia and intolerance, directed particularly at people of African descent.
		The tragic situation of Africa and the African diaspora is inseparable from three centuries of slavery and the slave trade, and from 70 years of colonialism and its aftermath.
		Africa has witnessed what intolerance, with its attendant problems, can do to a people fighting to unchain itself from poverty.
	www.westafricareview.com /vol3.1/racism-6.htm (4971 words)

	OUP \| Empire in Africa
		As late as the 1970s, Angola was still ruled by white autocrats, whose dictatorship was eventually overthrown by fl nationalists who had never experienced either the rule of law or participatory democracy.
		Empire in Africa takes the long view of history and asks whether the colonizing ventures of the Portuguese can bear comparison with those of the Mediterranean Ottomans or those experienced by Angola's neighbors in the Belgian Congo, French Equatorial Africa, or the Dutch colonies at the Cape of Good Hope and in the Transvaal.
		Empire in Africa explains how this African nation went from colony to independence, how in the 1990s the Cold War legacy turned to civil war, and how peace finally dawned in 2002.
	www.ohioswallow.com /bookinfo.php?book_id=0896802485 (252 words)

	ASCAC - African and African-American Studies Curriculum
		The contemporary history of Africa and African people, including African-Americans, has been written as an appendage to what has come to be known as "modern history." Modern history is essentially the record of the encounter between Europeans and European civilizations and cultures with the civilizations and cultures of other people.
		During this period, the Roman name "Africa" (the proper adjective form of the Latin Afer, or "the south west wind") replaced the Greek term "Ethiopia" (Greek for "burnt face") as the name for the entire continent south of the European mainland.
		David Birmingham notes that "the decolonization of Africa was one of the turning points in the history of the post-war worldThe liberation of Africa from European rule followed on the heels of the independence gained by India and other colonies in Asia.
	www.ascac.org /papers/africanandafrican.html (12188 words)

	Biko Speaks on Africa
		This must be related to the emancipation of the entire continent of Africa since the Second World War.
		After all, the continent was in a period of rapid decolonization, which implied a challenge to fl inferiority all over Africa.
		We know that all interracial groups in South Africa are relationships in which whites are superior, fls inferior.
	www.nathanielturner.com /bikospeaksonafrica.htm (1338 words)

	GRCA--Events Detail
		Indeed, it would be difficult to think of an-other individual whose role exceeded or even equalled that of Bunche’s in terms of meeting the challenges of postwar decolonization as well as the issues of international security and peace.
		In addition to recognizing and evaluating the critical importance of Ralph Bunche as a key architect and theoretician of the decolonizing process, the aim of the conference will be to re-examine the process of Africa’s decolonization taken as a whole.
		It is anticipated that the papers presented at the conference will be pub-lished as an edited volume under the auspices of the African Studies Center.
	www.globalization-africa.org /events_detail.php?Event_ID=61 (331 words)

	African Studies Quarterly Book Review: Muyiwa Falaiye and Samuel Jegede: Africa’s Quest for a Philosophy of ...
		Messay Kebede’s Africa’s Quest for a Philosophy of Decolonization focuses on the liberation of the African mind from the shackles of Eurocentricism as a panacea to the problem of underdevelopment.
		By this he maintains that “the best way to get out of the African dilemma is neither to assert nor deny the African difference; it is not to look for an uncontaminated vision of the past essence either.
		The book is a worthy contribution to the debate about the future of Africa, not only in philosophical terms, but also about the development problematic of the continent.
	www.africa.ufl.edu /asq/v8/v8i4a8.htm (970 words)

	main (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Jomo Kenyatta: The Kenya Africa Union is Not the Mau Mau, 1952.
		While not directly regarding decolonization in Africa, it does talk about the Soviet's support of Egypt, a newly independent state.
		This is part of the conclusion of this article that argues that colonialism has played a significant (though not the only) role in Africa's lack of western-style political, economic, and social development.
	www.xmission.com /~petrserg/1110web16.htm (1021 words)

	Africa Environment Outlook - Chapter 1
		The decolonization of Africa was described in the 1960s by the former British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan as the ‘winds of change’.
		Decolonization of the region began in 1957, with the independence of Ghana.
		The Cold War is arguably one of the major events that had the greatest impact on Africa, in terms of its socio-economic alliances and development.
	www.grida.no /aeo/012.htm (742 words)

	September 5, 1993 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Birmingham, The Decolonization of Africa (Ohio University Press, 1995).
		Shell-Duncan and Hernlund, Female Circumcision in Africa: Dimensions of the Practice and Debates, in Id, (eds) Female Circcumcision in Africa: Culture Conroversy and Change (Rienner, 2000).
		South Africa as a manufacturing and marketing system as it relates to the rest of Africa.
	www.library.law.ua.edu /course/current/syllabi/poa_ns.htm (1010 words)

	UCLA Conference to Honor Centenary of Ralph Bunche, June 3-5, 2004, UCLA International Institute
		Indeed, it would be difficult to think of another individual whose role exceeded or even equalled that of Bunche's in terms of meeting the challenges of postwar decolonization as well as the is-sues of international security and peace.
		In addition to recognizing and evaluating the critical importance of Ralph Bunche as a key architect and theoretician of the decoloniz-ing process, the aim of the conference will be to re-examine the process of Africa's de-colonization taken as a whole.
		It is anticipated that the papers presented at the conference will be published as an edited vol-ume under the auspices of the African Studies Center.
	www.isop.ucla.edu /article.asp?parentid=8105 (383 words)

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