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Topic: Decompression illness

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Decompression sickness

Oxygen first aid

	Decompression sickness - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Decompression sickness, (DCS), diver's disease, the bends, or caisson disease is the name given to a variety of symptoms suffered by a person exposed to a reduction in the pressure surrounding their body.
		Decompression tables and dive computers have been developed that help the diver choose depth and duration of decompression stops for a particular dive profile at depth.
		Decompression time can be significantly shortened by breathing nitrox (or pure oxygen if in very shallow water), during the decompression phase of the dive.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Decompression_sickness (3395 words)

	[No title]
		Decompression illness primarily involves the long bones, and especially the humerus at the shoulder and the tibia and fibula about the knee.
		Decompression illness caused by bubbles in tissues and veins will usually be slower in onset, although most will have some symptoms within two hours of leaving the water.
		In general, the earlier the onset of decompression illness after the dive, the more severe is the disease and the worse is the prognosis for spontaneous recovery.
	www.sportsci.org /encyc/drafts/Decompression_sickness.doc (3076 words)

	Decompression illness - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Decompression illness (DCI) is any of the diving disorders caused by the presence of bubbles of gas in the diver's body.
		The most common causes of gas embolisms ae breath holding during ascent, or trapped gas in the lungs and airways due to diseases such as asthma or the common cold.
		Decompression sickness - caused by gas that has been adsorbed in the body at high pressure coming out of solution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Decompression_illness (306 words)

	Diving Medicine
		Decompression sickness ("the bends") is caused by nitrogen bubbles in your blood stream.
		Decompression illness is more likely if you fly or go to high altitude after diving, or if you dive while dehydrated or physically tired.
		Decompression headache: Any new headache after diving accompanied by a neurological symptom (blind spot, localized weakness, numbness or tingling, etc) should be considered a symptom of decompression illness until proven otherwise.
	www.utahdiving.com /medicine.htm (4551 words)

	BSAC Medical Section - Intracardiac Shunts and Diving (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The risk of decompression illness by this mechanism is related to the tissue nitrogen-load (i.e.
		Decompression illness is very unusual in sport divers after dives to less than 20 metres and we have not observed neurological decompression illness that appears to be the result of paradoxical embolism in sport divers after dives to that depth.
		We have observed neurological decompression illness associated with a large shunt in a professional diver who did a working dive at 18 metres, which required in-water stops that were performed correctly(5).
	www.bsac.org /medical/c_intra.htm (490 words)

	Welcome to the SSS Recompression Chamber Diver Safety Network
		Decompression Illness is a term which includes arterial gas embolism and decompression sickness.
		Decompression Sickness (DCS) results from the formation of bubbles in the blood or body tissues, and is caused by inadequate elimination of dissolved gas after a dive or other exposure to high pressure.
		Decompression sickness may also occur with exposure to atmospheric pressure (altitude exposure), as in an altitude chamber or sudden loss of cabin pressure in an aircraft. In certain individuals, decompression sickness may occur from non-decompression dives, or decompression dives even when decompression procedures are followed meticulously.
	www.sssnetwork.com /dci.htm (1684 words)

	HPEE: Reference Citations
		A study of Scuba Decompression Illness (SDI) and fatalities was conducted for 1989-95 (92 cases).
		While the majority of papers on decompression sickness are retrospective reviews of patients treated hours or days post-exposure, the initial presentation while still at altitude is the form of decompression sickness that aircrew must be able to recognize in order to respond correctly.
		Studied the incidence of altitude decompression sickness in altitude scientists during repeated altitude exposure in a decompression chamber.
	www.hpee.org /ref11.html (746 words)

	General Advice
		Decompression illness is a potentially fatal condition and can result in severe long-term effects such as paralysis.
		It is extremely important that all divers are made aware of decompression illness and are able to recognise the signs and symptoms in both themselves and others.
		For urgent enquiries on decompression illness and diving medicine, or you require information on the clinical management of decompression illness, please contact the Royal Navy, on 44-07831-151523, or the Hyperbaric doctor on-call at the Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, on 44-1224-681818.
	www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk /studentwebs/session4/65/dciadvice.htm (511 words)

	Doc's Page
		They suggest that the etiology of the decompression disorders is impossible to define, the two illnesses are difficult to separate from one another, and both require the same therapy.
		An analogous example would be "Abrupt, Painful Chest Illness" to describe a manifestation of coronary artery disease, for which the treatment could be immediate catheterization and angioplasty of the culprit coronary artery, immediate infusion of a thrombolytic agent, a sublingual nitroglycerin tablet, or possibly, emergency repair of a dissecting aortic aneurysm.
		Overall incidence of decompression sickness was obtained from the sport diving population, from the U.S. Navy diving population, and from a commercial population.
	www.scubamed.com /fordocs.htm (4731 words)

	Causes Of Decompression Illness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Generally, decompression sickness (DCS) occurs on ascent from a dive, when nitrogen bubbles form in the blood stream and tissues of the body.
		If the rate of decompression exceeds the rate at which the saturated tissues can eliminate the nitrogen by diffusion, then the excess will come out rapidly as gas bubbles in the blood.
		So generally, the risk of developing DCS is related to increasing depth of the dive, the amount of time spent under pressure and the rate of ascent from the dive.
	www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk /studentwebs/session4/65/dcicauses.htm (496 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 20, Ch. 285, Injury During Diving Or Work In Compressed Air
		A disorder resulting from obstruction of cerebral blood vessels by gas emboli originating in the lungs, usually due to overinflation of the lungs by expanding pulmonary gas during reduction of surrounding pressure (eg, during ascent from depth in diving) and generally characterized by early loss of consciousness and/or other CNS manifestations (see Table 285-1).
		A disorder resulting from reduction of surrounding pressure (eg, during ascent from a dive, exit from a caisson or hyperbaric chamber, or ascent to altitude), attributed to formation of bubbles from dissolved gas in blood or tissues, and usually characterized by pain and/or neurologic manifestations (see Table 285-1).
		Decompression sickness seldom develops when dives are kept within appropriate no-stop limits or when decompression tables are followed.
	www.merck.com /mrkshared/mmanual/section20/chapter285/285b.jsp (1232 words)

	Scottish Diving Medicine - Decompression Illness
		Decompression Illness (DCI) is an umbrella term for both decompression sickness (DCS) and Cerebral Arterial Gas Embolism (CAGE).
		For the purposes of discussing decompression, it is an 'inert' gas.
		It should be noted that the presence of inert gas bubbles does not in itself lead to problems - what is important is the eventual size of these bubbles, their location, and the ability (or inability) of the body to rid itself of them before they cause damage.
	www.sdm.scot.nhs.uk /decompression_illness (3146 words)

	Comparison between USN6 and Cx30 recompression schedules for DCI
		The test is considered a valuable examination in divers suspected of having decompression illness, and performed in a standardised manner it might be a useful indicator of illness and recovery (Fitzgerald, SPUMS J 1996, 26 (3), 142-146; Gorman and Fitzgerald, Undersea Hyperbaric Med 1996, 23 (1), 55).
		Indication for treatment of decompression illness based on a complete history and a thorough examination performed by a physician trained in diving and hyperbaric medicine as recognised by the trial investigators.
		The actual diagnosis of decompression illness is related to a scuba diving episode using air or nitrox as a breathing gas.
	www.oxynet.org /02COSTinfo/protocol_dci.htm (1823 words)

	DAN Divers Alert Network : Decompression Illness: What Is It and What Is The Treatment?
		Decompression illness, or DCI, is a term used to describe illness that results from a reduction in the ambient pressure surrounding a body.
		Decompression illness affects scuba divers, aviators, astronauts and compressed-air workers.
		Because of this, evaluation of a diver for possible decompression illness must be made on a case-by-case basis by evaluating the diver's signs and symptoms and not just based on the dive profile.
	www.diversalertnetwork.org /medical/articles/article.asp?articleid=65 (3547 words)

	What are the Symptoms of Decompression Illness?
		Symptoms of decompression illness may occur instantly, on returning to the surface, or even up to 30 hours later.
		Decompression illness can be subdivided into Type 1 and Type 2, reflecting on how severe the condition is, but the two are not often distinguished.
		Decompression illness is a serious condition, and even minor symptoms must be recognised and medical advice sought at the earliest opportunity.
	www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk /studentwebs/session4/65/dcisymptoms.htm (516 words)

	ABC News: Deep-Diving Whales Suffer From Bends (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It has long been believed that sperm whales and other deep-diving mammals are immune from decompression illness, or the bends, which human divers encounter when they surface too rapidly and force nitrogen bubbles into their blood and tissues.
		Decompression illness is caused when an air breather, such as human or a whale, is put under great pressure, such as in a deep dive, followed by a quick release of the pressure, as happens when a diver surfaces too quickly.
		However, a study last year found that some beaked whales that beached themselves in the Canary Islands after a military sonar test bore evidence of suffering from decompression illness, suggesting they were rapidly driven to the surface by noxious underwater sounds.
	abcnews.go.com /Politics/wireStory?id=355647 (735 words)

	Healthopedia.com - Decompression Sickness (Decompression Illness, Caisson Disease, The Bends)
		Healthopedia.com - Decompression Sickness (Decompression Illness, Caisson Disease, The Bends)
		Decompression sickness takes place when sudden pressure changes in the environment cause gases that are dissolved in the blood and tissues to form bubbles of gas.
		If a diver rises too quickly to the surface of the water, the pressure may not be high enough to keep the built-up gases dissolved.
	www.healthopedia.com /decompression-sickness (411 words)

	2001-03 Treating Decompression Illness
		Regardless of the seriousness of your symptom, your next step is to recognize the fact that you have decompression sickness or air embolism, and need recompression therapy.
		When you learn about therapy, you will discover that the most common treatment tables were developed by the United States Navy and have been in use for many years in the treatment of decompression illness.
		Most treatment tables will take you to a depth of 60 feet for usual types of decompression sickness, to 100 feet when injuries are severe, and to 165 feet if the physician feels that brain injury from AGE is most likely to improve with greater bubble compression.
	www.skin-diver.com /departments/ScubaMed/mar01_illness.asp?theID=1463 (927 words)

	DAN Divers Alert Network : Unexpected Decompression Illness
		NOTE: This article describes what DAN Research refers to as "unexpected DCI," an occurrence of decompression illness in spite of the fact that none of the established rules were violated.
		We must have cases of decompression sickness, however: if we didn't, we wouldn't be able to estimate the relationship of preflight surface interval to DCI risk.
		U.S. Navy recompression treatment protocols for decompression illness are based on the classification of DCI as either DCS I or DCS II.
	www.diversalertnetwork.org /medical/articles/article.asp?articleid=17 (2056 words)

	Scientific Diving Safety Manual: Appendix 12
		Currently, the risk of decompression illness in the United States is estimated at 1-2 incidents per 1,000-2,000 dives for the commercial diving sector, 2 incidents per 10,000 dives for recreational diving activities and 1 incident in 100,000 dives for the scientific diving community.
		Divers are encouraged to learn and remember the signs and symptoms of decompression illness and report them promptly so as to receive effective treatment as rapidly as possible to prevent residual injury.
		Although designers and testers of decompression trials may talk about incidences or risks of DCS which are much higher than the different communities are willing to accept, the eventual tables will probably be more effective than those commonly in use now.
	www.sfos.uaf.edu /dive/manual/appendix12.html (1657 words)

	Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine: Decompression sickness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Decompression sickness (DCS) is a dangerous and occasionally lethal condition caused by nitrogen bubbles that form in the blood and other tissues of scuba divers who surface too quickly.
		But instead of being exhaled, the extra nitrogen safely dissolves into the tissues, where it remains until the diver begins his or her return to the surface (under some circumstances the extra nitrogen can cause nitrogen narcosis, but that condition is distinct from DCS).
		On the way up, decompression occurs (in other words, the water pressure drops), and with the change in pressure the extra nitrogen gradually diffuses out of the tissues and is delivered by the bloodstream to the lungs, which expel it from the body.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2601/is_0004/ai_2601000406 (1103 words)

	Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale using the Amplatzer septal occluder to prevent recurrence of neurological ...
		Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale using the Amplatzer septal occluder to prevent recurrence of neurological decompression illness in divers -- Walsh et al.
		Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale using the Amplatzer septal occluder to prevent recurrence of neurological decompression illness in divers
		Role of cardiorespiratory abnormalities, smoking and dive characteristics in the manifestations of neurological decompression illness.
	heart.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/81/3/257 (2897 words)

	DECOMPRESSION ILLNESS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Joint pains, respiratory distress, and central nervous system symptoms which may follow decompression after exposure to air or other gas mixture at a pressure greater than the normal atmospheric pressure.
		dykkersyge (aeroembolism, bends, caisson disease, caisson sickness, compressed air disease, compressed air illness, decompression disease, decompression sickness, diver's sickness, ebullism), caisson-sygdom (aeroembolism, caisson disease, caisson sickness, compressed air disease, compressed air illness, decompression sickness, ebullism).
		maladie des caissons (decompression sickness), aéro-embolisme (decompression sickness), aéroembolisme (decompression sickness).
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /de/decompression+illness.html (274 words)

	DECOMPRESSION ILLNESS - a patient's guide
		These bubbles are usually nitrogen (rather than the carbon dioxide in a soft drink) as this is the predominant component of air but may also occur with other non-metabolised gases such as helium if a mixture including large proportions of these are breathed.
		During almost any significant decompression (sudden decrease in pressure) bubbles are formed in the tissues (solid components of the body).
		Other acute illnesses that may mimic decompression illnesses include hyperventilation, hysteria, side effects of drugs especially mefloquine (Lariam), and acute cerebrovascular event (stroke) while some incipient illnesses e.g.
	www.medic8.com /healthguide/articles/decompressionillness.html (1502 words)

	Decompression Sickness References
		Vann RD, Thalmann ED: Decompression physiology and practice, in Bennett PB, Elliott DH (eds): The Physiology and Medicine of Diving.
		Elliott DH, Moon RE: Manifestations of the decompression disorders, in Bennett PB, Elliott DH (eds): The Physiology and Medicine of Diving.
		Francis TJR, Gorman DF: Pathogenesis of the Decompression disorders, in Bennett PB, Elliott DH (eds): The Physiology and Medicine of Diving.
	www.scuba-doc.com /dcsref.htm (801 words)

	DIY DECOMPRESSION
		Decompression modelling is not representing what is going on within the body, it is simply a mathematical function which spits out figures which do not kill us.
		The gas is released and the rate at which this happened controls whether or not the diver suffers from decompression illness (the bends).
		This article explains DIY decompression theory using the Buhlmann ZH-L16 model, and it is assumed that the diver will be familiar with partial pressures; the differences between saturation, desaturation and supersaturation; haldanean decompression models and half-times; tissue compartments; exponential decay and basic diving physiology.
	www.lizardland.co.uk /DIYDeco.html (2601 words)

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