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Topic: Deduction and induction

Related Topics

Classical logic

Formal logic

Deductive logic

Logic

Induction (philosophy)

Applied Behavioral Analysis

Philosophical logic

Paradox of entailment

Denying the antecedent

Celibate

Disjunctive syllogism

Entailment

Logical operator

Modus ponens

Predicate logic

	Dediction and Induction
		In a conclusion, when we use deduction we reason from general principles to specific cases, as in applying a mathematical theorem to a particular problem or in citing a law of physics to predict the outcome of an experiment.
		In a valid deductive argument, all of the content of the conclusion is present, at least implicitly, in the premises.
		Induction Step: For k ≥ 1 assume that the claim is true for h = k and prove that it is true for h = k+1.
	www.personal.kent.edu /~rmuhamma/Algorithms/MyAlgorithms/DeductInduct.htm (782 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Induction
		Induction is the conscious mental process by which we pass from the perception of particular phenomena (things and events) to the knowledge of general truths.
		Although induction is equally applicable in all departments of generalization from experience, in the historical and anthropological no less than in the physical sciences, still it is in its application to the discovery of the causes and laws of physical phenomena, animate and inanimate, that it lends itself most readily to logical analysis.
		Induction is really a logical method involving many stages and processes besides the central step of generalization itself; and it is opposed to deduction only in the sense that it approaches reality from the side of the concrete and individual, while deduction does so from that of the abstract and universal.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07779a.htm (2653 words)

	Deduction and induction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Mathematical Induction Lecture notes by Peter Suber, explaining the difference between inductive inference and mathematical induction (which is a species of deductive inference).
		New Induction The new model of electromagnetic induction is claimed as superior to Faraday's law in every respect.
		Induction Induction is the conscious mental process by which we pass from the perception of particular phenomena (things and events) to the knowledge of general truths.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Deduction_and_induction.html (294 words)

	induction-deduction
		Deduction is understood as the process that goes from the general to the specific, from consciously formulated rules to the application in language use.
		Induction is the process that goes from the specific to the general, namely first the real language use, from which will "emerge" patterns and generalizations.
		Deduction and induction are still seen in the traditional dichotomy: deduction is modality A, namely "from a rule statement to the application"; induction is modality D and E, without distinction, namely going "from examples to a generalization".
	www.didascalia.be /induction-deduction.htm (7233 words)

	USS Clueless - Inductive logic
		Deduction is a human invention (or discovery; opinions on that vary) but induction seems to be something we're actually bred to do.
		Induction can operate at many levels of sophistication, and it can be implemented at a level of practical usefulness with far less compute power than exists in the human brain.
		Deduction is objective, and one can document the evidence, reasoning and conclusion of a deductive proof and others can look at it and will agree that it's unflawed and therefore true.
	denbeste.nu /cd_log_entries/2003/05/Inductivelogic.shtml (5479 words)

	Essays and Arguments :: Deduction and Induction
		You should therefore remember that, simply put, deduction begins with a general principle upon which we all agree and applies that to a specific case; induction, by contrast, starts with a collection of observations, measurements, research results (in short, collections of facts) and moves to a general conclusion from that collection of data.
		Induction can, however, provide important and conclusive negative results; that is, a particular observation or set of experimental results can serve to prove a general claim wrong (e.g., seeing a yellow crow would prove the assertion "All crows are fl" false).
		The point of these examples is to show that deduction and induction are commonly combined, with deduction providing the overall structure and the basic logic leading to a conclusion and induction confirming the truth of the statement in the general principle or the specific application.
	www.essaytoday.com /deduction_induction.shtml (7128 words)

	IT Solution & Services Philosophy - Deduction, Induction and Fallacy
		Successful induction is "knowledge expanding" in the sense that in drawing the conclusion we add to our stock of basic information as well as to the stock of information structures we call knowledge.
		To an extent that is perhaps somewhat illuminating, deduction is to induction as paper recycling is to pulpwood processing.
		There is nothing in a deductive conclusion that could be false if all the premises are true because there is nothing in the conclusion that is not in the premises.
	www.jps.at /philosophy/dednindn.html (1649 words)

	Deduction
		Deduction: reasoning from general premises, which are known or presumed to be known, to more specific, certain conclusions.
		Both deductive and inductive arguments occur frequently and naturally…both forms of reasoning can be equally compelling and persuasive, and neither form is preferred over the other Hollihan and Baske, 1994).
		Deductive reasoning is either "valid" or "invalid." A deductive argument can’t be "sort of" valid.
	commfaculty.fullerton.edu /rgass/newpage22.htm (382 words)

	Deduction and Induction
		The basic principle used in evaluation of deductive arguments is the principle of contradiction: the same thing, the same truth, cannot both be affirmed and denied at the same time and in the same respect.
		This is an incorrect or invalid argument deductively understood (Fallacy of Affirming the Consequent).
		The logical structure of this deductively interpreted is Fallacy of Affirming the Consequent.
	falcon.jmu.edu /~omearawm/deduction.html (1204 words)

	Skeptical Inquirer: Deduction and induction - Letter to the Editor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Induction, says Pigliucci, "seeks to go from particular facts to general statements." That is true sometimes, but not all the time.
		Contrary to Pigliucci's assertion, deduction is and continues to be an extremely powerful tool of reasoning in mathematics and the theoretical sciences that leads to complex and sometimes stunning and unexpected results.
		I agree with Christoffers that induction is probably an innate reasoning mode in humans, as well as other animals, and there is a fascinating technical literature attempting to link intuition with rational reasoning based on their underlying neurological causes.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2843/is_5_27/ai_108114825 (1037 words)

	Glossary of Terms: De
		Deduction is the method of inference which substantiates a conclusion on the basis of a number of previously established premises by means of the application of laws of logic, rather than by drawing on experience.
		Induction is begins from a number of given facts and arrives at the principles exhibited in these facts, opening the possibility for deducing new facts or hypotheses.
		Deduction and induction are a unity of broadly the same nature as analysis and synthesis.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/terms/d/e.htm (4414 words)

	John Dewey: How We Think: Chapter 7: Systematic Inference: Induction and Deduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Scientific induction means, in short, all the processes by which the observing and amassing of data are regulated with a view to facilitating the formation of explanatory conceptions and theories.
		Deduction is their elaboration into fullness and completeness of meaning (see P. The phenomena which the physician isolates from the total mass of facts that exist in front of him suggest, we will say, typhoid fever.
		Induction is treated as beginning and ending with the amassing of facts, of particular isolated pieces of information.
	spartan.ac.brocku.ca /~lward/Dewey/Dewey_1910a/Dewey_1910_g.html (5624 words)

	Deduction and Induction
		In induction by complete enumeration all the members of a class are listed with some characteristic and then a summary statement is made about the whole class.
		Deduction: an argument whose premisses are claimed to provide conclusive evidence for the truth of its conclusion.
		Induction: arguments that establish the truth of the conclusion as probable or probably true.
	philosophy.lander.edu /logic/ded_ind.html (767 words)

	[No title]
		Induction is also relevant to Mead's (1934) concept of taking the role of the other, or role-taking, which exemplifies the manner in which individuals typically anticipate the normal responses of others.
		Thus, it is the interplay of inductions and deductions that generates behavior in social interaction.
		Deductive activities will include activities that are rote and repetitive and routinized to such an extent that they have guaranteed outcomes, e.g.
	www.autism-resources.com /papers/microsocialogy_of_autism.txt (9375 words)

	Deductive and Inductive Logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Deduction: In the process of deduction, you begin with some statements, called 'premises', that are assumed to be true, you then determine what else would have to be true if the premises are true.
		Induction: In the process of induction, you begin with some data, and then determine what general conclusion(s) can logically be derived from those data.
		Deduction and induction by themselves are inadequate for a scientific approach.
	www.psych.utah.edu /gordon/Classes/Psy4905Docs/PsychHistory/Cards/Logic.html (402 words)

	Epistemology_Deduction.html
		Deduction is the mental process of forming conclusions based on premises.
		Deduction is useful in combining knowledge to form new knowledge.
		The means by which a proper deduction takes place is logic.
	www.importanceofphilosophy.com /Epistemology_Deduction.html (113 words)

	Scientific method in environmental toxicology
		Problems with hypothetico-deduction include generalizing from deductions, true predictions from false theories, the falsification of true theories, criteria for theory rejection, practical application in some sciences, and the potentially large number of unrefuted theories.
		Problems shared by both induction and hypothetico-deduction are the theory dependence of observations and the ahistorical nature of both of these explanations of scientific justification.
		The systematic combination of both induction and hypothetico-deduction within a pluralistic framework is likely to yield the greatest progress in most areas of environmental toxicology.
	www.uga.edu /srel/Reprint/2115.htm (160 words)

	Deduction article - Deduction natural deduction Deductive reasoning logic Venn diagram inductive - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Both statistics and the scientific method rely on both induction and deduction.
		This is a disambiguation page; that is, one that points to other pages that might otherwise have the same name.
		Deduction article - Deduction definition - what means Deduction
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Deduction (91 words)

	Ming the Mechanic: Deduction and Induction
		Deduction can fairly easily be manipulated by providing or revealing only those elements that will support a given conclusion.
		You use induction to come up with new theories that might explain more things, and you do experiments and deduct what they're showing you.
		Personally I like using deduction for solving puzzles, and I tend to be good at drawing the logical conclusion from data that is available.
	ming.tv /flemming2.php?did=10&vid=10&xmode=show_article&amode=standard&aoffset=0&artid=000010-000931&time=1068976763 (1080 words)

	Peter Suber, "Mathematical Induction"
		Mathematical induction is deductive, however, because the sample plus a rule about the unexamined cases actually gives us information about every member of the class.
		The induction step is the proof of a conditional statement, namely, "if the theorem is true of the ancestor case, then it is true of the descendant cases." The if-clause of this conditional statement, asserting that the theorem is true of the ancestor case, is called the induction hypothesis.
		Notice that the induction step is to prove a conditional statement, of which the induction hypothesis is the antecedent.
	www.earlham.edu /~peters/courses/logsys/math-ind.htm (1191 words)

	Gene Expression: Polls Archives
		Induction: The process of deriving general principles from particular facts or instances.
		Deduction: The process of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from the stated premises; inference by reasoning from the general to the specific.
		I want to blog on the topic of deduction & inductive reasoning in our culture today in the near future, but am curious to get some data samples from GNXP readers to test a few hypotheses that are floating in my head....
	www.gnxp.com /MT2/archives/cat_polls.html (591 words)

	IDM - Abduction compared to Induction and Deduction
		For deduction we move from a given general, in the form of a hypothesis/principle/law etc, to a particular and this process adds to, or reduces, value in the general.
		The fundamental difference between abduction/deduction and induction is that induction does not assume meaning to exist, there is no initial distinction until the inductive process moves from the particular to the general where the general is the formation of an hypothesis/law/principle.
		Induction thus reflects the (a) pure experience of a local followed by (b) description of one local using another as analogy and (c) the realisation of a general principle/laws behind all of these locals e.g.
	pages.prodigy.net /lofting/abduct.html (655 words)

	deduction. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Logicians contrast deduction with induction, in which the conclusion might be false even when the premises are true.
		Deduction has to do with necessity; induction has to do with probability.
		The famous Aristotelian syllogism is one species of deductive reasoning, which was greatly extended by the development of symbolic logic.
	www.bartleby.com /65/de/deductio.html (164 words)

	Brainstorms: Deduction and induction in intelligence: which is primary?
		Induction abilities start developing in a human mind earlier than the deduction skills and are perfected along with those and are to a great extent determined by genetic peculiarities of a given individual, hence are inherited.
		The former is induction properly speaking, while the latter is widely viewed as a physical correlate of the notion of "abduction" first introduced by Charles Peirce.
		I say that deduction is prior to induction, for, in the absence of any fact that can function as an implicit premise, no induction is possible.
	www.iscid.org /boards/ubb-get_topic-f-6-t-000106.html (1304 words)

	Direct Bible Discovery - Chapter 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Induction is a process in which a person begins with specific, individual items (facts, instances, observations, etc.) and puts them together to form a general principle.
		Deduction is a process in which a person begins with a general principle and applies it to one or more specific instances.
		This deductive reasoning process often happens without the person being aware that he is using a deductive process, or that he is violating the text by reading meaning into it rather than allowing the text to give out its own inherent meaning.
	home.att.net /~theology/dbd/dbd-05.htm (2160 words)

	Logic of Abduction-Alex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Third, deduction is fallible as we cannot logically prove all the premises are true.
		Induction introduced by Francis Bacon is a direct revolt against deduction.
		Abduction and deduction are the conceptual understanding of a phenomena, and induction is the quantitative verification.
	seamonkey.ed.asu.edu /~alex/pub/Peirce/Logic_of_EDA.html (6088 words)

	INFERENCE - Definition
		Though it may chance to be right in the conclusions, it is yet unjust and mistaken in the method of inference.
		That which inferred; a truth or proposition drawn from another which is admitted or supposed to be true; a conclusion; a deduction.
		An inference is literally that which is brought in; and hence, a deduction or induction from premises, -- something which follows as certainly or probably true.
	www.hyperdictionary.com /dictionary/inference (256 words)

	Mission: Critical (Induction vs. Deduction)
		Induction is usually described as moving from the specific to the general, while deduction begins with the general and ends with the specific; arguments based on experience or observation are best expressed inductively, while arguments based on laws, rules, or other widely accepted principles are best expressed deductively.
		But such a deduction would be less likely, in part because both the size of the population and the number of cars are the sort of information established by survey and observation.
		This is very close to a deductive argument, but "previously" suggests that the general premise here is based on observation and not an established principle.
	www2.sjsu.edu /depts/itl/graphics/induc/ind-ded.html (1556 words)

	[No title]
		Deduction vs. Induction Deduction: Reasoning logically from premises to a conclusion such that if the premises are correct the conclusion is necessarily correct.
		deduction draws a specific conclusion from general premises, induction draws a general conclusion from specific premises.
		Trials Scientific Induction: Wason (1960) - The 2-4-6 task The importance of falsification is demonstrated by a variety of studies done by Peter Wason and colleagues.
	www.psychology.nottingham.ac.uk /staff/Peter.Chapman/c81hcb/lect8.doc (927 words)

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