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	Deep Thought (chess computer) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Deep Thought is a computer, first in a line of chess computers that included Deep Blue, the computer that defeated Garry Kasparov in a six-game chess match.
		Deep Thought was easily defeated in both games of a 2-game match with Kasparov in 1989.
		It was named after Deep Thought, a fictional computer in Douglas Adams' series, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Deep_Thought_(chess_computer) (135 words)

	IBM Research \| Deep Blue \| Overview
		Deep Blue was born in the labs of Carnegie Mellon University in 1985 as "Chiptest," the creation of doctoral students Feng-hsiung Hsu, Murray Campbell and Thomas Anantharaman.
		Deep Thought 0.01 becomes Deep Thought 0.02 and improves to 720,000 chess positions per second.
		Deep Blue was now capable of examining and evaluating an average of 100 million chess positions per second.
	www.research.ibm.com /deepblue/meet/html/d.3.1.html (833 words)

	Chess Guide > Chess Computing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Chess enthusiasts and computer engineers have attempted to build, with increasing degrees of seriousness and success, chess-playing machines since 1769.
		Therefore, the fact that the best efforts of chess masters and computer engineers are as of 2003 so finely balanced should probably be viewed as an amusing quirk of fate rather than the profound comment on thought that many in the past, including some of the early theorists on machine intelligence, thought it to be.
		Many observers extrapolate that computers will consistently beat the best human players by perhaps 2010, and then go on to exceed their abilities to the point where a human vs. computer chess match would be as unfair as a human vs. automobile race.
	www.chess.freegames.eu.com /computing (3236 words)

	Thought
		Deep Thought Deep Thought may refer to: Deep Thought, a fictional computer in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Deep...
		Deep Thought (chess computer) Deep Thought is a Garry Kasparov in a six-game chess match.
		Thought reform Thought reform is the alteration of a person's basic attitudes and beliefs by outside [1] for understandi...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/thought.html (462 words)

	Computer Chess
		Over many years, computer chess was the yardstick used to measure the capabilities of computers when compared to humans.
		The first chess program was written by the German inventor Konrad Zuse as just an example of the expressive power of his "Plankalkül", a high-level programming language that he developed from 1942 to 1945.
		Early computer chess programs applied a type A strategy, although in 1951 Alan Turing, the British computer pioneer, specified a program to play chess that tried to follow preferably those branches in which a piece is captured.
	www.zib.de /zuse/Inhalt/Programme/Plankalkuel/Chess/chess.htm (950 words)

	Deep Thought - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Deep Thought, a chess computer, named after the Hitchhiker's Guide's Deep Thought
		Deep Thought, a chatterbot made to work over IRC, named after the Hitchhiker's Guide Deep Thought
		Deep Thoughts, a segment on Saturday Night Live consisting of one-liner jokes written and orrated by Jack Handey
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Deep_Thought (133 words)

	Computer Chess History by Bill Wall (July 18, 2004)
		Computer chess experts predicted that a computer would be world chess champion in 10 years.
		Deep Thought Developers claimed a computer would be world chess champion in three years.
		In 1999 the highest rated chess computer is Hiarcs 7.0, followed by Fritz 5.32, Fritz 5.0, Junior 5.0, Nimzo 98, Hiarcs 6.0, Rebel 9.0, MChess Pro 7.1, Rebel 8.0, and MChess Pro 6.0 (based on SSDF ratings as of Jan 28, 1999).
	www.geocities.com /SiliconValley/Lab/7378/comphis.htm (3155 words)

	"An Enjoyable Game" How HAL Plays Chess, Section 04
		Even though chess seems to be a simple and restricted domain, people use many different aspects of intelligence in top-level play,including calculation of possible outcomes, sophisticated pattern recognition and evaluation, and general-purpose reasoning.
		Designed and programmed by a group of graduate students (myself included), Deep Thought was the first machine to defeat a grandmaster in tournament play; it was capable of searching up to seven hundred thousand chess positions per second.
		One of the questions most commonly asked about a chess computer is, "How deep does it search?" In the early days of the computer chess, most programs searched all lines to roughly the same depth, and this question was relatively easy to answer.
	mitpress.mit.edu /e-books/Hal/chap5/five4.html (841 words)

	Article, Apr. 1996 - Deep Blue's Intelligence
		In 197, the Machack IV computer was the first to play in a human chess tournament.
		A few years later the Deep Thought project was launched, but lost miserably to Kasparov in 1986.
		DEEP BLUE succeeded Deep Thought and was developed to make up for inadequacies in programming and hardware.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/moment/v0/041796/deepblue.html (649 words)

	[No title]
		The success of Deep Blue was in part the success of technological advances, but more importantly, it was the result of the team work from a dedicated team of computer scientists.
		Deep Thought became the first computer to play at Grandmaster level in 1988, and the Deep Thought team received the Fredkin Intermediate Prize as a result.
		Deep Blue won the rematch in 1997, and Hsu, along with Murray Campbell and Joseph Hoane, was awarded the Fredkin Prize for building the first computer to defeat the World Chess Champion in a regulation match.
	www.stanford.edu /class/ee380/9798sum/lect03.html (684 words)

	ACM COMPUTER CHESS by Bill Wall
		Chess programs were played on an IBM 360/91, two IBM 360/65s, a CDC 6400 (the computer used by CHESS 3.0), a Burroughs B5500, and a Varian 620/i.
		DEEP THOUGHT was rated 2550 in November, 1988.
		The ACM chess events were cancelled in 1995 as DEEP BLUE was preparing for the first match against world chess champion Garry Kasparov.
	www.geocities.com /SiliconValley/Lab/7378/acm.htm (1068 words)

	Kasparov, Gary on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 1996 he became the first world champion to lose to a computer in a game played with time controls, but he won the match.
		In 1997, however, the computer, IBM's “Deep Blue,” defeated him in a rematch (see also artificial intelligence).
		In 2000, Kasparov lost a match and his widely recognized status as the world's best chess master to his onetime protégé, the 25-year-old Russian Vladimir Kramnik, but he subsequently was again regarded as the world's top player.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/K/Kasparov.asp (415 words)

	Compare Prices and Read Reviews on Behind Deep Blue: Building the Computer That Defeated the World Chess Champion at ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The emotional level of disagreement and surprisingly petty behavior (during and after the match, Kasparov insinuated that the Deep Blue team cheated) highlight the fact that this was not just a game to Kasparov and not just an academic exercise to the CMU researchers.
		Chess and technology enthusiasts should find the level of computer hardware and chess detail interesting, although others may find it tedious.
		Hsu fails to provide any substantial discussion of other computer chess research, which could lead the reader into thinking all the interesting developments occurred during Deep Thought/Deep Blue's development, when in fact, computer chess has been a rich topic for decades.
	www.epinions.com /content_103459819140 (687 words)

	Computer Chess History
		The first chess computer to play in a tournament was MacHack VI (PDP-6) written at MIT by Greenblatt.
		In 1958, a chess program beat a human player for the first time (a secretary who was taught how to play chess just before the game).
		In 1970 the first all-computer championship was held in New York and won by CHESS 3.0, a program written by Atkin and Gorlen at Northwestern University.
	www.cs.biu.ac.il /~davoudo/history.html (1424 words)

	Science News: Deep Thought for winning chess - computer chess
		Deep Thought is a direct descendant of Chiptest, an experimental machine that last year won the North American computer chess championship (SN: 11/21/87, p.
		Deep Thought's principal computer rival is another Carnegie Mellon chess machine named Hitech, developed by computer scientist and chess expert Hans Berliner and graduate student Carl Ebeling.
		Chess computers running through published games are also finding errors in many books describing various game openings.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n25_v134/ai_6935038 (678 words)

	Computer Chess
		For a computer to play chess it requires a high level of intelligence so that the right moves can be evaluted during a given time period.
		Deep Thought was a sophisticated parallel computer developed by IBM for the purpose of defeating the world chess champion in 1989.
		For a chess tree, the minimax algorithm provides the rule for deciding which move the first player (assumed to be the computer) should make.
	www.ccs.neu.edu /groups/honors-program/freshsem/19951996/rsuchak (1259 words)

	Utilizing Parallel Computing to Play a Better Game of Chess
		Commonly the game of chess is used as an application in research because the game is not based on random events (such as cards or slots) and is an appropriate complexity for being solved, but not too easy (such as checkers or tic-tac-toe).
		Deep Blue Computer is implemented as a 32-node IBM RS/6000 SP high-performance computer.
		Since chess is a complex game and the number of moves (and the moves that follow that, etc) is incredibly enormous, true brute force is not used.
	www.cs.berkeley.edu /~huebsch/cs267/chess.html (1082 words)

	No. 481: Check Mate
		They made a new chess-playing computer called Deep Thought, and they turned it loose on the great chess players.
		Deep Thought became the first mechanical grand master.
		The question, "Can a computer beat a Grand Master?" was resolved, just under seven years after I wrote this episode in 1990, by Deep Blue's victory over Kasparov.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi481.htm (490 words)

	Chess
		In 1965, the Russian mathematician Alexander Kronrod said, "Chess is the Drosophila of artificial intelligence." However, computer chess has developed much as genetics might have if the geneticists had concentrated their efforts starting in 1910 on breeding racing Drosophila.
		The reader apparently never heard of the Hitchiker's Guide to the Galaxy." - T. 3) "The CMU team called their pgm 'Deep Thought', which everyone took to be a take-off on Deep Throat and which reflected its searching deeply in the move trees.
		Deep Junior seems to have played about as well as Deep Blue, although its hardware was perhaps only 1 or 2 percent as powerful.
	www.aaai.org /AITopics/html/chess.html (3473 words)

	Science News: Computer chess: a masterful lesson - chess computer Deep Thought vs. Gary Kasporov (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Instead, according to CMU computer scientist and chess expert Hans Berliner, Kasparov played more like a stern schoolmaster setting a carefully crafted test designed to put a precocious but inexperienced student in his place.
		They plan to have their chess machines evaluate the various positions that came up during the games to see how their computers would have reacted.
		Chess originally attracted computer scientists because it provided a clearly defined problem that was neither so simple as to be trivial nor too difficult for a solution.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n18_v136/ai_8068817 (811 words)

	Fall 1997 Sample Proposal
		In the interest of computer science education and excellence in chess playing, we have discussed the transfer of this machine from IBM to UAF and have begun planning for that transfer.
		Deep Thought's 32 chess processors are capable of many other basic operations and effectively will allow UAF students to develop highly scalable code suitable for the massively parallel computers of today.
		Deep Thought will not be placed in a lab which requires fees.
	www.uaf.edu /tab/archives/fall97/sample.html (1461 words)

	Deep Blue Chess Computer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Deep Thought 0.01, running on a SUN 4 workstation.
		In February, 1993 Deep Thought was renamed to Deep Blue.
		Deep Blue is recognized by over 50% of all Americans.
	www.academicchess.com /Focus/DeepBlue/IBMbillwall.shtml (495 words)

	Deep Thought (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Deep Thought was a computer chess machine built at Carnegie-Mellon University in the 1980's.
		Andreas Nowatzyk was one of the contributors to the Deep Thought project while he was in grad school.
		A few years ago when he and I were both working for Compaq's research labs in Palo Alto, Andreas sent me a copy of Deep Thought's evaluation function tuning program and asked me to put it on the Web for him, since he no longer has an interest in computer chess.
	www.tim-mann.org /deepthought.html (147 words)

	Technical Data
		Still with the advent of the internet the situation for the aspiring chess programmer is no where near as dire as in it was years past, when they were basically on their own.
		The chapter on Chess 4.5 by Slate and Atkin is still one of the best written accounts of early computer chess programming and the development of the programs back then.
		It details the work he did for Hans Berliner on Hitech, a dedicated chess playing machine in the tradition of Belle and a precursor to Deep Thought/Blue (although Deep Thought was closer in spirit to Belle than to Hitech).
	webpages.charter.net /tlikens/booklist.html (1708 words)

	The chess games of Deep Thought (Computer)
		I had a chemistry professor who encouraged students to bring towels to their written exams (a reference to an odd joke within the book.) And that was around the same time when Deep Thought (the chess computer) pushed its first pawn.
		Really, the "deep thought" of 1988 is a different program from the "deep thought" of 1994.
		The computer would start at the bottom and work its way up one player at a time with no human adjustments along the way.
	www.chessgames.com /perl/chessplayer?pid=13728 (836 words)

	[No title]
		The matches went beyond chess and computer chess.
		For his work on Deep Thought, Hsu received the ACM Grace Murray Hopper Award in 1990.
		Hsu received his Ph.D. in Computer Science from Carnegie Mellon University in 1989 and his Bachelor degree in Electrical Engineering from National Taiwan University in 1980.
	www.stanford.edu /class/ee380/9798fall/lect10.html (684 words)

	Kasparov vs. chess computer
		This computer chess game, however, despite being far below Deep Blue's league, not only is a whiz when you play against it, it gives kids an animated medieval battle between wizard queens and chuckling pawns and rooks that transform into something like The Incredible Hulk.
		Speed chess, however, is to classical chess as Dr. Seuss is to Shakespeare; it's the same game but not with the same brain.
		I think even Kasparov might acknowledge that the scientists who put together Deep Blue are likely more intelligent than he, and the benefits that accrue from Deep Blue's ability to perform massive calculations in milliseconds go much farther toward helping humanity than Kasparov's wizardry on a board of 64 squares.
	www.toad.net /~andrews/kaspar.html (1020 words)

	The chess games of Deep Fritz (Computer)
		I thought it was Nasmichael who posted the link but I cant see it on his profile page.
		Both are machines that simulate usually human behaviors and one is deep while the other is shallow.
		can't remember--- my theory to that is that if a computer makes perfect moves throughout the whole game, then why isn't it that everytime one computer faces another (both with same cp system) computer, whichever is white wins.
	www.chessgames.com /player/deep_fritz.html (614 words)

	Biographies
		In 1988, for the first time, chess commentator and Professor of Mathematics of the University of Vancouver, Nathan Divinsky, ran a computer programme he had devised to analyze a vast collection of chess statistics, in order to create an "all time" ranking of chess players throughout the history of the game.
		In October 1989, Garry was invited to America to play a match against "Deep Thought", at the time the strongest chess computer in the world.
		He is best known for his work on the chess machine DEEP THOUGHT, which won the Fredkin Intermediate Prize in 1988 as the first computer to achieve a Grandmaster-level rating, and the Omni Challenge Prize in 1990 by defeating International Master David Levy with the perfect score of 4-0.
	park.org /Cdrom/Pavilions/IBM/DeepBlue/biolinks.html (1948 words)

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