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	Deep lake water cooling - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Deep lake water cooling uses cold water pumped from the bottom of a lake as a heat sink for climate control systems.
		The lake-bottom water is at 4 °C year-round even at the height of summer, when the surface water is warm.
		The deep lake water cooling system is part of an integrated district cooling system that covers Toronto's financial district, and has a cooling power of 59,000 tons (207 MW).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Deep_lake_water_cooling (743 words)

	Water turbine Summary
		Water turbines were developed in the nineteenth century and were widely used for industrial power prior to electrical grids.
		The main difference between early water turbines and water wheels is a swirl component of the water which passes energy to a spinning rotor.
		Prior to hitting the turbine blades, the water's pressure (potential energy) is converted to kinetic energy by a nozzle and focused on the turbine.
	www.bookrags.com /Water_turbine (2794 words)

	Deep lake water cooling a hit in Toronto: Natural Elements
		Water at the near shore was used to flood the pipes and sink them to the bottom of the lake bed.
		The coolness of the water is then transferred to Enwave's cold water loop that circulates cold water through the downtown area.
		The lake water itself, which by now has risen in temperature by only two or three degrees, is distributed normally through the city's water systems.
	www.nrcan.gc.ca /elements/issues/05/toronto_e.html (425 words)

	EXN.ca \| Discovery
		Under the Deep Lake Water Cooling plan, the circulating water will be cooled by the frigid, four degrees Celsius water from Lake Ontario using a system of heat transfer or perhaps better described as cold transfer.
		Lake Ontario water at 70 metres deep is a consistent 4 degrees Celsius.
		The first phase of a pipeline that would distribute the cooled water to downtown buildings will be started this summer or fall, while the whole plan will be fully operational by 2002.
	www.exn.ca /Stories/1998/07/28/55.asp (505 words)

	Realty Times - Real Estate News and Advice
		Deep water in Lake Ontario meets that criterion by remaining constant at 4°C year-round.
		The cold lake water is piped into a municipal pump station where heat exchangers transfer energy from the icy cold lake water to Enwave's closed chilled-water supply loop which runs through its customers' buildings.
		Deep water cooling needs to be combined with wind or solar or heat pumps.
	realtytimes.com /rtcpages/20060912_deepwater.htm (981 words)

	Renewable Energy - Water Power - Sustainability 101
		Since water is about a thousand times heavier than air is, even a slow flowing stream of water can yield great amounts of energy.
		Tidal stream power, which does the same vertically, capturing the stream of water as it is moved around the world by the tides.
		Deep lake water cooling, not technically an energy generation method, though it can save a lot of energy in summer.
	www.sustainability101.com /renewable-water-power.shtml (367 words)

	City of Toronto: Environmental initiatives - deep lake water cooling
		Enwave Energy Corporation, through partial financial backing from the City of Toronto as one of the two shareholders of Enwave, developed the Deep Lake Water Cooling system that uses the cool energy in cold water to air-condition high-rise buildings in downtown Toronto.
		The water drawn from the lake continues on its regular route through the John Street Pumping Station for normal distribution into the City water supply.
		Old City Hall, currently cooled using window air conditioning units, would be the first historical facility to be added to the DLWC system.
	www.toronto.ca /environment/initiatives/cooling.htm (462 words)

	petrolpump.co.in : energy sources, Hydropower, Hydroelectric power,Tidal power Tidal stream power, Wave power, Ocean ...
		The difference in temperature between water near the surface and deeper water can be as much as 20 °C. The warm water is used to make a liquid such as ammonia evaporate, causing it to expand.
		Deep lake water cooling is the use of cold water piped from a lake bottom and used for cooling.
		When dealing with water in a reservoir, the head is the height of the water level in the reservoir relative to its height after it has left, since hydrostatic pressure at the base is a function of height only.
	www.petrolpump.co.in /energy-sources/hydropower.htm (1444 words)

	Deep Lake Water Cooling: Chilled Water for Cooling Toronto's Buildings
		District cooling was first introduced to Toronto in 1997 with the opening of Enwave's Simcoe Street Cooling Plant at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre (M.T.C.C.).
		Deep Lake Water Cooling technology uses icy-cold water that is just above freezing (4° C) as a renewable source of energy.
		As the surface of the lake cools to 4° C in the winter, the surface water sinks because it is at its highest density.
	www.enwave.com /enwave/view.asp?/dlwc/energy (664 words)

	Lake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A "lake" is a body of water or other liquid of considerable size surrounded entirely by land.
		Lakes have numerous features in addition to lake ''type'', such as ''(but not limited to)'' catchment area, drainage basin, inflow, and outflow, nutrient content, dissolved oxygen, pollutants, pH, and sedimentsedimentation.
		Limnology is the study of inland bodies of water and related ecosystems, and divides lakes in three zones: littoral zone, which is a sloped area that is close to land; photic or open-water zone, where sunlight is abundant; and deep-water profundal or benthic zonebenthic zone, where little sunlight can reach.
	www.artistopia.com /lake (2464 words)

	Frequently Asked Science and Technology Questions - Utilities and Energy Management - Cornell University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		There are also examples of lake or river cooling for a district system, but in nearly all cases we know of, a chiller plant has been involved for most of the year.
		The district cooling system is being started in the City of Toronto by ENWAVE which will utilize a combination of conventional chillers and a deep lake water source cooling system (DWSC).
		Those systems are replaced by non-contact cooling (letting heat flow naturally from the relatively hotter campus chilled water closed loop, through heat exchanger stainless steel walls to the relatively colder lake water) using the annually renewable deep cold waters of nearby Cayuga Lake.
	www.utilities.cornell.edu /utl_faq.cfm?type=science (1072 words)

	Home
		They have been involved in deep water HDPE pipeline deployment during the past 10 years, and shallow water installations for the past 20 years, providing consulting, management and site supervision.
		Installation of Deep Water Cooling pipeline 2300 meters in length, 400mm in diameter and terminating in 920 meters of water.
		Cornell University, lake source cooling project - Installation of 10,343 lf of 63” diameter HDPE pipe laid to 250’ depth.
	russfogelinc.com /index.html (261 words)

	SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry - Great Lake could cool Syracuse buildings
		The naturally chilled water from Lake Ontario's bottom would be pumped to Syracuse, used to remove heat from air conditioning systems in public and private buildings, and recycled into Onondaga Lake.
		The lake water, its cooling work done, is returned to the warmer, upper layers of the lake.
		He said the construction of a second water pipeline would be as significant as the 1962 decision by the MDA and Onondaga County to tap Lake Ontario.
	www.esf.edu /newspubs/news/2004/11.01.lakecool.htm (1594 words)

	Water conservation
		Minimizing water usage both inside the house (see appliances) and outside the house is a goal that seems strange in a house right next to a Great Lake, but none-the-less is important.
		If this amount of water is merely dumped on the surface, some of it will be absorbed by the vegatation but much of it, particularly during a heavy storm, will run off into the lake or into the sewer system.
		If this water were then slowly released to the garden over the next several days rather than running into the sewer and lake it would help the garden and lake.
	revelle.net /lakeside/water1.html (1074 words)

	September 2003: Deep lake water cooling - a matter of degrees
		The final sections of pipes for Toronto’s Deep Lake Water Cooling (DLWC) began to be placed deep into the chilly waters of Lake Ontario in August, 2003.
		Water enters the City side of the heat exchangers at 4.4ºC and leaves at 12.5ºC, with 8.1ºC transferred to the water on Enwave’s side of the heat exchanger.
		The DLWC project is an excellent example of public private partnership with the City of Toronto’s Water and Wastewater Services division and Enwave.
	www.esemag.com /0903/cool.html (875 words)

	Deep Lake Water Cooling System
		Enwave and the City of Toronto have created an innovative cooling system that brings an alternative to conventional air conditioning to cool Toronto's downtown core — one that is clean, price competitive and energy efficient.
		This water is the renewable source of energy that Enwave's leading-edge technology uses to cool office towers, sports and entertainment complexes and proposed waterfront developments.
		There, heat exchangers facilitate the energy transfer between the icy cold lake water and the Enwave closed chilled water supply loop.
	www.enwave.com /enwave/dlwc (220 words)

	The AC of Tomorrow? Tapping Deep Water for Cooling
		Also known as "lake-source cooling" or "deep-source cooling," the process uses water pumped from the frigid depths of adjacent lakes or oceans to cool municipal buildings.
		The Canadian city's new cooling project draws water from three miles (five kilometers) offshore and 270 feet (83 meters) down, where the temperature of Lake Ontario stays near 39.2 degrees Fahrenheit (4 degrees Celsius) throughout the year.
		Water is pumped to an island-based filtration plant and then sent through heat exchangers at an onshore pumping station.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2004/09/0910_040910_deeplake.html (528 words)

	City of Toronto: Environmental initiatives - deep lake water cooling (Old City Hall)
		The capital cost of a conventional cooling solution is approximately $3.1 million while the cost of a DLWC solution is estimated at $2.5 million.
		While a conventional cooling system has a life expectancy of 25 years, the building heat exchangers associated with DLWC will be required to be replaced only after 50 years.
		The City's operating costs for implementing DLWC at Old City Hall are expected to be lower in comparison to a conventional cooling solution, due in part to a lower requirement for electricity.
	www.toronto.ca /environment/initiatives/cooling_old_city_hall.htm (218 words)

	CNN - Toronto boasts energy-efficient cooling system - November 1, 1998
		One major city in the industrialized world could serve as an example of where energy-efficient technology might lead modern societies: Toronto is introducing a water cooling system that replaces traditional air conditioning to cool the city's downtown buildings.
		Under the so-called Deep Lake Water Cooling system, water will be drawn from the depths of Lake Ontario, where it is naturally very cold (4 degrees Celsius).
		The cool water will be used to cool the air in downtown Toronto's buildings and it will then be pumped back into the lake.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/science/9811/01/water.cooled.city/index.html (350 words)

	Tridel: This is Tridel: Enwave Downtown
		An innovative and highly reliable Deep Lake Water Cooling (DLWC) system is being introduced through a joint venture between Enwave District Energy Limited and The City of Toronto.
		The DLWC technology uses naturally cold water that is just above freezing as a sustainable cooling source.
		A reservoir of 4°C water lies approximately 5 km south of Toronto Island at the bottom of Lake Ontario.
	www.tridel.com /tridel/enwave.php (338 words)

	McElroy news, articles & case studies - Another Unique Application for HDPE
		Chilled water systems have already been used at a few locations including Cornell University and Hawaii to produce energy and cool buildings but Toronto's Deep Lake Water Cooling (DLWC) project is the largest thus far and on schedule to be completed in 2004.
		After it is cleaned, the cold lake water passes through a heat exchanger and will eventually cool up to 100 Toronto buildings in the downtown area.
		HDPE is resistant to the zebra mussels that are abundant in the lake and it doesn't corrode.
	www.mcelroy.com /fusion/media/articles/toronto.htm (603 words)

	Tapping Thermal-Gradient Cold: Free Power or Planetary Suicide?
		Cold, deep water is a resource which is vital to survival of life on earth.
		And the contrasting temperature from surface and deep water is used to generate electricity without combustion.
		However, that colder water, now much less cold, is returned to the ocean, where it will not sink back down to the deepest layers, but find its level according to the laws of temperature gradient and laminar flow.
	pesn.com /2005/06/03/9600105_Thermal_Gradiant_warming (2433 words)

	Chill, Toronto \| MetaFilter
		The water is put into the filtration system for public use after the cooling part is accomplished - so there's not much in the way of extra water coming out of the lake, nor is there an inordinate amount of temperature addition to the lake.
		Attempted on a larger scale this technology could be a boon to developing nations close to deep water but there have been concerns with the technology raising the ocean temperature and the ammonia used in the systems causing environmental damage.
		The Finger Lakes of central NY are very deep and narrow from glacier carving, and the watertables they are the center of get some of the highest waterfall east of the Rockies.
	www.metafilter.com /mefi/35029 (4465 words)

	10/24 - Syracuse hopes to save energy using Lake Ontario water
		The naturally chilled water from the lake's bottom would be pumped to Syracuse, used to remove heat from air conditioning systems in public and private buildings, and recycled into Onondaga Lake.
		Murphy said using Lake Ontario water to cool his campus buildings could cut electric bills for air conditioning by 75 percent or more.
		Cornell's $58 million project, which cools about 75 campus buildings, was the first in North America to use a lake for air conditioning.
	www.greatlakesdirectory.org /on/102804_great_lakes.htm (653 words)

	Enwave, Deep Lake Water Cooling to draw cold water from Lake Ontario, used to lower the te
		Enwave, Deep Lake Water Cooling to draw cold water from Lake Ontario, used to lower the te
		The water will then be treated and enter the city's drinking supply.
		Deep Lake Water Cooling reduces electricity use by 75 per cent and will eliminate 40,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide.
	www.brainhop.com /?articleid=2609 (104 words)

	Niall Kennedy's Weblog: Deep Lake Water Cooling System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Enwave's Deep Lake Water Cooling is now cooling the downtown core of Toronto.
		Cold water is drawn from the icy waters 83-meters below Lake Ontario.
		The water pipes cool a closed system of water pipes that cool downtown.
	www.niallkennedy.com /blog/archives/2004/08/deep_lake_water.xml (96 words)

	Cooling Toronto Using Lake Ontario (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		According to this article, the city of Toronto is finally reaping the benefits of a new air conditioning project.
		It cools the air by using frigid water from the bottom of Lake Ontario.
		Brought to the John St. Pumping Station, the water's cold will be extracted and used to lower the temperature in downtown buildings.
	www.2cpu.com /printer.php?id=3202 (180 words)

	The Climate Group
		Located on the northwest shore of Lake Ontario, Toronto is the largest city in Canada with a highly diverse population of 2.4 million.
		Toronto was one of the first municipal governments in the world to set a greenhouse gas emissions target, pledging in 1990 to reduce its citywide emissions 20% by 2005.
		The novel $180 million deep lake cooling project will use cold lake water to replace conventional air conditioning in parts of the city.
	www.theclimategroup.org /index.php?pid=401 (884 words)

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