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Topic: Deep ocean

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	Deep Ocean
		Life on Earth almost certainly evolved in the ocean and the whole ocean environment, down to the very greatest depths, is populated by living organisms.
		Gyres Circular movements of the oceans, particularly the enormous ones stirring the surface layers of the Atlantic and Pacific in clockwise directions in the northern hemisphere and anticlockwise in the southern Hemisphere.
		Deep beneath the surface another current system gently stirs the waters of the ocean and is much more important for the animals of the deep sea.
	www.fathom.com /course/10701050/session1.html (1872 words)

	Deep Ocean Creatures
		We're talking deep that is so far down in the ocean it's hard to fathom* (where do you think the expression came from?).
		In order to understand the ocean better scientists have broken it down into separate and distinct levels or zones, starting with the surface and going down to the very bottom in the order that follows...
		A fathom is a unit of length in Standard English that is used to measure ocean depths.
	www.extremescience.com /DeepestFish.htm (248 words)

	Deep Ocean
		It is rather arbitrarily divided by ocean scientists into the bathypelagic (deep sea), which extends down to about 3,000m, the abyssopelagic (bottomless sea) from 3,000 to 6,000m, and the hadal (unseen) for the ocean trenches.
		For example, copepods, the dominant animal group in the plankton throughout the oceans, are represented by fewer than 2,000 species, whereas among insects, the copepods' nearest terrestrial equivalents, there are several hundreds of thousands of species in just one order--the beetles.
		Ocean scientists predict that many more, possibly millions, remain to be discovered and that the vast majority of these will be tiny creatures living in the muddy sediments at the bottom of the deep ocean.
	www.fathom.com /course/10701050/session2.html (1740 words)

	ScienceDaily: The Dawn Of Deep Ocean Mining
		Deep sea mining technology was given a major kick-start, notes Dr. Scott, by the approximately $650 million spent internationally in an aborted effort to develop sea floor manganese nodule mining technology in the 1970s and '80s.
		Seabed Silt In Indian Ocean Consists Of Remains Of Summer Plankton (April 16, 1999) -- Almost 90% of the silt on the floor of the Indian Ocean consists of the remains of plankton that bloomed in the course of the summer monsoon.
		Ocean -- This global, interconnected body of salt water, called the World Ocean, is divided by the continents and archipelagos into the following bodies, from the largest to the smallest: the Pacific Ocean,...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/02/060221090149.htm (2228 words)

	Deep Ocean Exploration Institute - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Earth and its oceans are not a fixed and static surface veneer, but rather components of a dynamic, interacting system—all set in motion by underlying forces at work in deeper layers of our planet.
		The Deep Ocean Exploration Institute seeks to learn how the entire Earth system works by investigating the planetary processes that shape Earth's surface, regulate the chemistry of its oceans, and affect its inhabitants.
		At the forefront of the ocean frontier, the Deep Ocean Exploration Institute investigates the fundamental planetary forces and phenomena that:
	www.whoi.edu /institutes/doei/index.htm (523 words)

	The Deep Waters of the Ocean
		The pycnocline, characterized by a rapid change of density, separates the surface layer of the ocean from the deep ocean.
		Typical deep ocean water has a temperature of about 3 degrees Celsius and a salinity measuring about 34-35 psu.
		So in this way the deep ocean is stratified into horizontal layers, with water of higher and higher density sinking to deeper and deeper layers.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/earth/Water/deep_ocean.html&edu=high (675 words)

	The Deep Sea at MarineBio.org - Ocean biology, Marine life, Sea creatures, Marine conservation... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		But advances in deep sea submersibles and image capturing technologies are increasing the opportunities for marine biologists to observe and uncover the mysteries of the deep ocean realm.
		The physical characteristics of the deep sea are abiotic factors that deep sea life must contend with to survive.
		Some deep sea species, such as the deep sea anglerfish and the viperfish, are also equipped with a long, thin modified dorsal fin on their heads tipped with a photophore lit with biolumenescence used to lure prey.
	www.marinebio.com /Oceans/TheDeep (2142 words)

	Deep Ocean Expeditions
		Thus Deep Ocean Expeditions was born in 1998 and today it is still the only company offering adventure submersible diving programs.
		The founding principles of Deep Ocean Expeditions are simple: offer unique expedition experiences for the adventurer; educate lay people about the world’s deep oceans, help support scientific research and to offer remote location support logistics.
		This was the Rainbow hydrothermal vents, 8,000-feet deep on the Atlantic seafloor near the Azores Islands, where expedition participants were literally diving to the edge of creation.
	www.deepoceanexpeditions.com /about2.html (1027 words)

	NOAA Ocean Explorer: Deep East
		Recent studies suggest that the deep ocean bottom supports habitats as diverse as any community on land or in shallow water.
		The motivation for banning ocean dumping gained momentum when contaminated wastes from sewage-derived microorganisms were discovered at public beaches, shellfish beds were contaminated with toxic metals, and fish were infected by lesion-causing parasites.
		Bathymetry of the coastal ocean in the New York-New Jersey metropolitan region.
	oceanexplorer.noaa.gov /explorations/deepeast01/background/dumping/dumping.html (1355 words)

	Ocean - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Oceans (from Ὠκεανός Okeanos in Greek, the ancient Greeks noticing the strong current that flowed off Gibraltar and assuming it was a great river) cover almost three quarters (71%) of the surface of the Earth, and nearly half of the world's marine waters are over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) deep.
		Ocean currents greatly affect Earth's climate by transferring warm or cold air and precipitation to coastal regions, where they may be carried inland by winds.
		Tethys Ocean, the ocean between the ancient continents of Gondwana and Laurasia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ocean (1753 words)

	Ocean Carbon Sequestration Abstracts
		A numerical ocean circulation model and its adjoint will be used to study mechanisms and pathways of ocean tracer transport with a particular emphasis on impacts of, and optimal strategies for, direct ocean carbon sequestration.
		The long-term effectiveness of the "biological pump" depends on a net transfer of C from the upper ocean-atmosphere system to the deep ocean where the C is removed from contact with the atmosphere for an extended period of time.
		Currently, human activities are indirectly enhancing the flux of iron to large regions of the tropical and subtropical oceans and it is thought that this iron fertilization is stimulating enhanced rates of nitrogen fixation.
	cdiac2.esd.ornl.gov /ocean.html (4363 words)

	Ocean Studies - RAIN -
		When you get into the ocean (or any body of water) and you start diving down from the surface, the deeper you dive the more water is over the top of you.
		The more gallons of water you put between you and the surface of the ocean, the greater the pressure is on your body because of the weight of the water over the top of you.
		The deepest measurement of the Challenger Deep currently available was taken by the Japanese and was found to be 35,838 feet.
	www.rain.org /ocean/ocean-studies-challenger-deep-mariana-trench.html (614 words)

	Ocean Regions: Ocean Floor - Deep Ocean Basin
		The deep ocean basin, which is about 2.5 to 3.5 miles deep, covers 30 % of Earth's surface and has features, such as abyssal plains, deep-sea trenches and seamounts.
		The abyssal plain is the flat, deep ocean floor.
		A Navy-owned submarine, the Trieste, still holds the record for diving to the bottom of the deepest part of the Marianas Trench, the Challenger Deep, on January 23,1960.
	www.onr.navy.mil /focus/ocean/regions/oceanfloor5.htm (137 words)

	Deep Ocean Losing Oxygen
		The Southern Ocean is considered by oceanographers as the 'lungs' of the world's oceans.
		Fifty-five per cent of the water that regenerates the deep ocean is formed in this region and hence it is an important region to monitor for changes.
		Scientific observations of ocean conditions are based on sampling temperature, salinity, oxygen and nutrients in the ocean from research vessels.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/southernocean-02a.html (467 words)

	Deep-Sea Biodiversity and the Impacts of Ocean Dumping (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		However, disproving the myth that the deep sea was an inhospitable desert took practically a whole century before an astonishing number of real animals from the seabed were unearthed by scientists Bob Hessler and Howard Sanders from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI).
		The motivation for banning ocean dumping was sparked by the shutdown of beaches due to contaminated wastes from sewage-derived micro-organisms, the closing of shellfish beds due to metal contamination, and infection of fish by lesion-causing parasites.
		All of the evidence indicated that the sludge material dumped by barges did reach the ocean bottom slightly west of the area where it was discharged, and that it had significant effects on the metabolism, diet, and composition of organisms that lived there.
	www.oar.noaa.gov /spotlite/archive/spot_oceandumping.html (2037 words)

	Developing the theory [This Dynamic Earth, USGS]
		Before the 19th century, the depths of the open ocean were largely a matter of speculation, and most people thought that the ocean floor was relatively flat and featureless.
		Our picture of the ocean floor greatly sharpened after World War I (1914-18), when echo-sounding devices -- primitive sonar systems -- began to measure ocean depth by recording the time it took for a sound signal (commonly an electrically generated "ping") from the ship to bounce off the ocean floor and return.
		In effect, the ocean basins were perpetually being "recycled," with the creation of new crust and the destruction of old oceanic lithosphere occurring simultaneously.
	pubs.usgs.gov /gip/dynamic/developing.html (1866 words)

	UTILIZAATION OF DEEP OCEAN WATER
		The low cost of the deep ocean water is such that the economic advantages of utilizing this fluid for these applications are overwhelming.
		The heat exchanger is kept cold by deep ocean water that circulates through the exchanger at the top of the tower.
		Warm surface seawater used as the evaporative fluid and cold deep ocean water used for the condenser coils at the top of the tower were supplied by CHC; the study was funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the High Technology Development Corporation of Hawaii (HTDC) under SBIR grants to Oceanit.
	www.aloha.com /~craven/hcanepaper.html (2653 words)

	MBNMS Ecosystems Observations 1999 - OPEN OCEAN AND DEEP SEA SYSTEMS
		The Monterey Canyon comes close to shore, however, bringing the deep sea to our backyard and providing opportunities to study the processes that govern life in the deep ocean enviroment.
		These include a small jelly nicknamed "bumpy" that is found near the ocean bottom at the head of Soquel Canyon (a smaller canyon that feeds into the larger Monterey Canyon) and a larger jelly observed (but not collected) on Pioneer Seamount.
		Their results show that iron is added naturally to ocean waters from the continental shelf during coastal upwelling, a seasonal wind-driven process.
	bonita.mbnms.nos.noaa.gov /educate/newsletters/2000Eco/Pages/deepsea.html (1536 words)

	Life in the Deep Ocean (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ocean Topography and Ocean Life Zones presents to students what the topography of the ocean looks like, the way it is divided and what the various names of the divisions are.
		Ocean Life Zones explores the vertical and horizontal zones that the ocean is divided into with some discussion of what lives in these zones.
		Each of the Earth’s four oceans are specific systems that have their characteristic temperature, currents, animal life and color.
	t3.preservice.org /T0211343 (245 words)

	Oceanlink \| marine sciences education and fun
		Unofrtunately because of the extreme cost in examining the deep ocean floor very little is actually known about many of the deep sea species.
		In the deep ocean there is no photosynthesis but instead something called chemosynthesis (fixation of energy without sunlight).
		At the deep sea hydrothermal vents there is an ample supply of hydrogen sulphide (normally fatal to life) that the bacteria turn into usable energy.
	www.oceanlink.island.net /ask/deepsea.html (3440 words)

	"Orphan Ocean" In Need Of Protection By World Family - October 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It has become the orphan ocean; a vast expanse of the planet’s unexplored and, potentially most promising, ocean beyond the legal boundaries of nations and exposed to the reckless plunder of marauding deep sea fishing trawlers.
		The Deep Sea Conservation Coalition, including Ocean Futures Society and many NGOs around the world, are unified in calling for this imperative step.
		This deep ocean, ranging in depths up to 10,000 meters, is an amazing cradle for an estimated 500,000 to 10 million species, many of them still undiscovered.
	www.oceanfutures.org /features/2004/dispatch_10_04_a.asp (564 words)

	Deep ocean - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The deep ocean is the lowest layer in an ocean, existing below the thermocline.
		The deep ocean is not well mixed, consists of horizontal layers of equal density, and is often as cold as -1 to 4 degrees Celsius (32 to 37 degrees Fahrenheit).
		Ninety percent of the total volume of Earth's oceans is found in the deep ocean.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Deep_ocean (119 words)

	NOAA Ocean Explorer: Deep East
		Today will be a memorable one in deep sea research as it goes down in history as being the first day that live samples were brought up from the deep ocean floor at Blake Ridge using the Alvin.
		One of the most striking sights was a variety of predators (squid, hake, and crab) feeding feverishly on thousands of lantern fish near the bottom of the canyon at a depth of about 200 m.
		September 10 It was a warm, clear morning as the deep submersible vessel (DSV) Alvin descended into Oceanographer Canyon to explore deep-sea coral ecology.
	www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov /explorations/deepeast01/deepeast01.html (2434 words)

	MBNMS Ecosystems Observations 1998 - OPEN OCEAN AND DEEP WATER SYSTEMS
		Winds favorable to upwelling were rare; ocean surface waters were nearly 3° C warmer than in 1997; and very low levels of iron, nutrients, and chlorophyll were measured near the coast.
		The Sanctuary was also the setting for novel field experiments on the behavior of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the deep ocean.
		During 1998 ROV-based experiments were conducted in part to evaluate the potential for eventual disposing of fossil-fuel CO2 in the ocean as a way of curtailing its increase in the atmosphere.
	www.mbnms.nos.noaa.gov /educate/newsletters/1999Eco/Pages/openocean.html (1775 words)

	Deep Ocean - Natural History Museum Publishing
		The deep reaches of the ocean, once thought to be populated by just a few species, are now known to harbour an extraordinary array of life.
		Preface; Introducing the ocean; Development of oceanography; Vertical life zones in the ocean; Pastures of the sea; Mid-water world from twilight zone to abyss; Biodiversity in the deep ocean; Life on the deep-sea floor; Monsters of the deep; Hydrothermal vents; Man and the deep ocean; Glossary; Index; Further information.
		It brilliantly conveys the excitement and mystery of the deep ocean and its often weird inhabitants.
	www.nhm.ac.uk /business-centre/publishing/pubrpdo.html (421 words)

	Exploring the deep ocean floor [This Dynamic Earth, USGS]
		The ocean floor is home to many unique communities of plants and animals.
		The relatively shallow penetration of solar energy and the sinking of cold, subpolar water combine to make most of the deep ocean floor a frigid environment with few life forms.
		In the late 1980s, scientists documented the existence of a dim glow at some of the hot geothermal vents, which are the targets of current intensive research.
	pubs.usgs.gov /publications/text/exploring.html (766 words)

	Geology 150 - Climate Changes
		- the average ocean temperature is 3.5 degrees C. salinity- the total concentration of dissolved inorganic solids in water.
		The average salinity of the ocean is about 34.7 per mil.
		In the western Atlantic Ocean, the SST difference between Florida and Labrador is 25 C. In the eastern Atlantic, the temperature difference over the same latitudes (North Africa to Scotland) is only 10 C. The western Atlantic is influenced by the warm, northward flowing Gulf Stream and the cool, southward flowing Labrador current.
	earth.usc.edu /~geol150/variability/deepocean.html (636 words)

	COAST - Deep Ocean Basins
		More than half the earth’s surface is made up of the deep ocean basins, great expanses of sediment-covered, basaltic crust.
		The floor of the world’s oceans, like its continents, has its own character and features; however, these features appear exaggerated when compared to their continental counterparts.
		The ocean floor contains broad plains that are flatter than those on land, volcanic mountains which are taller, and volcanic mountain ranges which are far more extensive than their continental cousins.
	www.coast-nopp.org /visualization_modules/physical_chemical/basin_coastal_morphology/principal_features/deep_ocean/basins.html (123 words)

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