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	Deep sea fish - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The deep sea is also an extremely hostile environment, with pressures between 20 and 1,000 atmospheres (between 2 and 100 megapascals), temperatures between 3 and 10 degrees Celsius, and a lack of carbon dioxide.
		Since many of these fish live in regions where there is no natural illumination, they cannot rely solely on their eyesight for locating prey and mates and avoiding predators; deep sea fish have evolved appropriately to the extreme sub-photic region in which they live.
		Many deep sea fish are bioluminescent, with extremely large eyes adapted to the dark, and they can have long feelers to help them locate prey or attract mates in the pitch dark of the deep ocean.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Deep-sea_fish (535 words)

	Lanternfish - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lanternfishes (or myctophids, from the Greek mykter, "nose" and ophis, "serpent") are small, deep sea fish of the large family Myctophidae.
		Sampling via deep trawling indicates that, together with the bristlemouths (Gonostomatidae) and lightfishes (Phosichthyidae), lanternfish account for as much as 90% of all deep sea fish biomass.
		The concentration of the photophores on the flanks of the fish also indicate the light's use as camouflage: in a strategy termed counterillumination, the lanternfish regulate the brightness of the bluish light emitted by their photophores to match the ambient light level above, effectively masking the lanternfishes' silhouette when viewed from below.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lanternfish (1112 words)

	Deep sea fish
		Deep sea fish are the species of fish that live below the photic zone of the ocean.
		Because these fish live in regions where there is no natural illumination, they cannot rely solely on their eyesight for locating prey, their mates etc. Instead they have had to develop alternative methods.
		Many deep sea fish are luminous[?], with extremely large dark-adapted eyes.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/de/Deep_sea_fishes.html (87 words)

	Deep Sea Fish, Deep Sea Fish Information
		Some fish like deep sea anglers use light producing bacteria that live on a special "fishing rod" like fin that hangs over the anglers head and wiggles in the water to attract other animals to come and investigate, and of course to be eaten.
		Deep sea squid and some jellies protect themselves by squirting an ink which is bioluminescent.
		When fish are caught in trawl nets and brought quickly to the surface they often explode or are deformed by their expanding swim bladder; with a decrease in external pressure gases in the swim bladder expand to push out many body parts.
	www.allthesea.com /Deep-Sea-Fish.html (3113 words)

	Deep-Sea Fish Croaks For Love (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Shallow-water fish such as croakers and toad-fish are known to make a limited range of sounds, but deep-water fish, which are those that live far from continental shelves at depths greater than about 500 m, have not been heard before.
		Larger fish tend to sing baritone, and the mystery creature is an alto.
		Deep-sea fish like the blue grenadier (Macruronus novaezelandiae) are now being fished aggressively, which may threaten many species that live in the same areas of the ocean.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /fish/InNews/croaks2004.html (589 words)

	Organotin Pollution in Deep-Sea Fish from the Northwestern Mediterranean Environ. Sci. Technol. v.36, n.20 15oct02
		Fish samples were collected by trawling in April 1996 from the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean) at a depth ranging between 1000 and 1800 m (Figure 1, Table 1).
		In deep-sea fish, TBT enters via food (<1-19 ng/g) or it is adsorbed through the gills (<1-15 ng/g) in contact with seawater, and it is rapidly metabolized in the liver, where it represents 2-9% of the total organic tin detected.
		Besides, the fact that many of the deep-water fish species are long-lived and tend to feed at higher trophic levels than their shallow-water counterparts (36)maylead to a potentially higher level of accumulation of persistent pollutants, particularly those that are not easily metabolized or degraded, as is the case of TPT.
	www.mindfully.org /Plastic/Stabilizers/Organotin-Pollution-Fish15oct02.htm (3560 words)

	Mar-Eco - Weird and wonderful deep sea fish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Deep sea fish, explained Byrkjedal, generally have some common physical features: they have large mouths and teeth, large eyes, large stomachs (in proportion to their body size) and dark colouration.
		Not only are many deep sea fish dark in colour, but many have a special dark lining in their stomach that may serve to conceal light emitted from the light organs of engulfed prey — protecting them from attracting other, larger predators while they digest!
		The over-simplified “snap-shot” picture that collecting gear yields of deep sea life makes it difficult to be certain which fish are simply different life phases of a single species and which are, in fact, different species.
	www.mar-eco.no /learning-zone/backgrounders/deepsea_life_forms/weird_and_wonderful_deep_sea_fish2 (1434 words)

	Deep Sea Fish
		Students are shown photos of various weird deep-sea fish as they hear about their general characteristics, including feeding and reproductive habits typical of animals in the deep sea.
		Lasiognathus saccostoma: This fish has a huge overbite, which gave it the latin name meaning "grotesque among grotesques." It has a "fishing rod" on top of its head with a lure and three bony hooks, which serve to frighten away prey.
		Ask each group to present their fish, highlighting the essential characteristics that make it a fish and explaining its adaptations for life in the deep sea and the significance of other features that the fish may have.
	marinediscovery.arizona.edu /lessonsF00/tube_worms/2.html (2197 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Deep-sea fish stocks 'plundered'
		Fish stocks in international waters are being plundered to the point of extinction, a leading conservationist group has said.
		Illegal fishing and bottom-trawling in deep waters are to blame, according to a report from WWF.
		Illegal fishing "by highly mobile fleets under the control of multinational companies" was identified as one of the worst threats to marine life.
	news.bbc.co.uk /go/rss/-/1/hi/sci/tech/4996268.stm (477 words)

	Deep Sea Fish Stocks 'In Crisis'
		Blue whiting, a deep sea relative of cod, tend to be caught in international waters, from north Africa to the Barents Sea.
		The majority of fish caught are used as fishmeal, with a small number being caught for human consumption.
		A precautionary fishing quota of 650,000 tonnes was set in 1994, but the system broke down in 2000.
	www.rense.com /general54/deepseafishstocks.htm (395 words)

	Marine World - Article about deepsea fish
		The target fish are often long-lived, late maturing, slow-breeding species such as the roundnose grenadier and the orange roughy.
		As deep sea fisheries have increased, scientists have tried to estimate the size of deep-sea stocks and the level of fishing effort that they can support.
		In deep water areas northwest of the UK (ICES Area VI), the cpue for this species declined quite quickly after the fishery commenced in 1991, and by 1994 it was 25% of initial catch rates.
	www.ices.dk /marineworld/deepseafish.asp (670 words)

	Deep sea fish in hoax tsunami email \| Practical Fishkeeping magazine
		According to NORFANZ, the fish pictured were captured during a series of over 150 deep water trawls in depths of up to 2000m.
		A male specimen of a new species of deep sea crab from the Neolithodes genus.
		He's kept fish for over 20 years and holds a degree, two higher degrees and two diplomas in fish biology, taxonomy and computational biology.
	www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk /pfk/pages/item.php?news=546 (779 words)

	Ramsey's Land \| Anglerfish \| Deep Sea Anglerfish
		Deep sea anglers are found at substantial oceanic depths varying from 300 to 4,000 m.
		Any typical bait on the end of a fishing line would no longer be recognizable at these depths, so deep sea anglers have a bioluminescent organ at the end of the line.
		Only female deep sea anglers have the lure and it is probably under her control.
	ramseydoran.com /anglerfish/deep_sea.htm (778 words)

	Deep Sea Fish
		When fished on the bottom with natural baits, hooked fish use their powerful tails to dive for rocks and holes where they can stubbornly hold out until the angler gives up of breaks the line trying to dislodge him.
		While these fish are caught within 30 miles of shore at times, generally this close cousin of the gag is found 50 miles or more off the coast in much deeper water.
		Another common catch is the trigger fish, a schooling species that is very good to eat, and the flounder, which while not often caught offshore, nevertheless is a local resident than is hooked from time to time.
	www.rumrunnercharters.com /Florida.html (1177 words)

	fish oil-Deep Sea Fish Oil - fish oil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Fish oils may be helpful to people with lupus since fish oils have anti-inflammatory properties.
		Fish oils are found in sperm, and these oils may support healthy sexual organ function.
		Fish oils either from whole fish or in the form of supplements have been found to aid in preventing or ameliorating coronary heart disease, stroke, lupus, nephropathy (kidney disorders), Crohn's disease, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, hypertension, and rheumatoid arthritis.
	www.shark-liver-oil.com /info/fish_oil.htm (1068 words)

	:: SCRIPPSNEWS : DEEP-SEA FISH POPULATIONS BOOM OVER THE LAST 15 YEARS, NEW SCRIPPS STUDY SHOWS
		The researchers say their results indicate that animals in the deep sea live in an environment in which food supply drives population levels, called a "bottom-up control," rather than a "top-down control" situation in which predator pressure controls prey abundances.
		A possible reason is that the deep ocean is dependent for its food on material falling from the communities nearer the sea surface; this food supply is smaller and less predictable than that available to most shallow-water fish.
		The effects of this difference on the dynamics of fish communities are not known, and are being explored using mathematical models as the investigators move forward with this project.
	scrippsnews.ucsd.edu /article_detail.cfm?article_num=721 (1003 words)

	Zoology projects - deep-sea fish parasites
		More than two thirds of the world's surface is covered by sea and 60 per cent of that lies between depths of 2,000 and 5,000 metres.
		The different distributions of these host species mean that this fish cannot acquire a given parasite infection throughout the whole of its range.
		The percentage occurrence of a parasitic flatworm in the rattail at various depths in the deep sea off the southwestern coast of Ireland (not to scale) is shown above.
	www.nhm.ac.uk /research-curation/projects/parasites-deepsea (242 words)

	MIT Sea Grant: Do Dolphins Sleep? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Fish are found in practically all waters of the earth, from four kilometers (2.5 miles) above sea level in South America's Lake Titicaca, to 11 kilometers (nearly seven miles) deep in the Pacific Ocean's Mariana Trench.
		One of the most common fish in the world is a deep-sea fish called the Cyclothone microdon.
		Also known as a "bristlemouth," this minnow-sized fish is found in large numbers in all the oceans except near the North and South Poles.
	web.mit.edu /seagrant/edu/res/dolphinsleep/questions/fish/deep.html (77 words)

	Picture of the Week: Deep Sea Angler Fish
		Deep sea anglers, suborder Ceratioidea, are represented by about 120 species, belonging to eleven different families.
		Deep sea anglers differ from other anglers by the absence of ventral fins.
		Whereas other anglers live on the bottom from shallow to deep water or, in a few cases such as the Sargassum Angler Fish (Histrio histrio), at the surface, the deep sea ceratioid anglers are mostly midwater forms, ranging in depth from from perhaps one thousand to several thousand feet.
	www.imagequest3d.com /pages/current/pictureoftheweek/deepseaangler/anglerfish.htm (289 words)

	Mar-Eco - Deep-sea fish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Deep-sea fishes: it may be that their life histories make them especially vulnerable to exploitation.
		This is a concern for international advisory bodies such as ICES (the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea) and OSPAR (the Oslo-Paris Commission), as well as national and international management authorities, the fishing industry, and non-governmental conservation groups.
		Although some characteristics of deep-sea fish and their habitats have been studied previously, the database available for assessing vulnerability to modern exploitation remains very incomplete.
	www.mar-eco.no /learning-zone/backgrounders/deepsea_life_forms/deepsea_fish (500 words)

	ScienceDaily: Deep-sea Fish Populations Boom Over The Last 15 Years, New Scripps Study Shows
		Fish migration -- Many types of fish undertake migrations on a regular basis, on time scales ranging from daily to annual, and with distances ranging from a few meters to thousands of kilometers.
		Fish -- A fish is a poikilothermic (cold-blooded) water-dwelling vertebrate with gills.
		Deep sea fish -- Deep sea fish is a term for fish that live below the photic zone of the ocean.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/03/060328225208.htm (2071 words)

	USATODAY.com - Scientists report some fish being fished into extinction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Commercially fished species, such as the roundnose grenadier and the onion-eye grenadier, declined 99.6% and 93.3% respectively from 1978 to 2003.
		Accidentally snared fish, such as the blue hake, spiny eel and spiny-tail skate, declined as much as 98% from 1987 to 1994, say researchers at Memorial University in Newfoundland.
		An example is the Chilean sea bass, a fish that can live to be 50 or older in the southern oceans near Antarctica, says biological oceanographer Richard Haedrich.
	www.usatoday.com /tech/science/2006-01-04-fish-disappearance_x.htm (467 words)

	NPR : Feeding the World with Deep-Sea Fish Farms
		It is raising fish in giant, netted cages off the coast of Hawaii, submerged in waters some 200 feet deep.
		According to one study, a fish farm with 200,000 salmon releases nutrients and fecal matter roughly equivalent to the raw sewage from 20,000 to 60,000 people.
		Right now, carnivorous fin fish such as salmon are fed a fish-meal made with wild-caught feed fish such as herring.
	www.npr.org /templates/story/story.php?storyId=5291579&ft=1&f=3 (986 words)

	EducationGuardian.co.uk \| higher news \| Deep sea fish face extinction
		In a single generation, once thriving populations of deep sea fish have been driven to the brink of extinction by expanding fisheries, researchers say today.
		The crash of fish populations is a spur to governments to rein in fisheries and seek out international agreements on deep sea marine reserves, Ms Devine said.
		If the trauma of being pulled to the surface from the deep is not fatal, the fish are usually crushed in the net by other fish.
	education.guardian.co.uk /higher/news/story/0,9830,1678032,00.html (689 words)

	Deep-sea Demersal Fish and Fisheries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Not surprisingly, the study of deep-sea demersal fish, those living on the bottom of the deep ocean, has lagged behind that of pelagic fish species.
		Not only is the deep sea largely inaccessible, but techniques for gathering information in deep water can skew results.
		Deep-Sea Demersal Fish and Fisheries provides an ecological examination of the present state of knowledge about deep-sea fishes and is aimed at researchers interested in deep-sea fish ecology and environmental managers, government scientists and conservationists involved in marine exploitation.
	www.mun.ca /marcomm/gazette/1997-98/Sept.17/b-fisher.htm (276 words)

	CBC Newfoundland and Labrador - Deep-sea fish at brink of extinction: study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Populations have plummeted so rapidly that two commercially fished species, the roundnose grenadier and onion-eye grenadier, and three other species, should be classified as critically endangered – a higher rating than for the giant panda and Bengal tiger.
		Despite growing evidence of collapses, fish are caught between financial, political and environmental interests, but time is running out, said the study's lead author, Richard Haedrich of Memorial.
		The fish can live up to 60 years, grow to more than one metre in length and mature in their late teens, all traits that increase the vulnerability of the deep sea fish, the biologists said.
	www.cbc.ca /nl/story/nf_deepsea_fish_20060104.html (431 words)

	LiveScience.com - Five Deep-Sea Fish on Brink of Extinction
		Both the onion-eye grenadier and blue hake have been commercially fished, and all five are taken accidentally by fishers going after other catch.
		Declines over a 17-year period through 1994 were steep for all five fish, ranging from 87 to 98 percent.
		The study shows how quickly overfishing can affect deep-sea species, as none of these fish were fished in any substantial number before the 1970's.
	www.livescience.com /animalworld/060104_deepsea_fish.html (409 words)

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