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Topic: Defamiliarization Effect

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	Epic theater - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The audience should always be aware that it is watching a play, and should remain at an emotional distance from the action; Brecht described this ideal as the Verfremdungseffekt—variously translated as "alienation effect", "defamiliarization effect", or "estrangement effect".
		The social/political focus of epic theater was also a departure from the radical theories of Antonin Artaud, who sought to affect audiences on an entirely non-rational level.
		Brecht used comedy to distance his audiences from emotional or serious events and was very influenced by musicals and fairground performers, incorporating music and song in his plays.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Defamiliarization_Effect (505 words)

	Defamiliarization and Renewing the Art of Perception in Thomas Carlyle, D.H. Lawrence, and Annie Dillard
		Defamiliarization by means of such image simplification enables Lawrence to reconstruct an image of humanity as seen through the eyes of an artist, emphasizing individuality as a key element in examining the present.
		It is by defamiliarizing the city of Andermatt, which looks "so terribly raw and flat and accidental, as if great big pieces of furniture had tumbled out of a pantechnicon and lay discarded by the road" (155), that Lawrence creates a contrast between the illuminated lands of Italy and the stagnant cities of industrialized Switzerland.
		Dillard's defamiliarization works to bridge our understanding of life with her observations of nature by equating the seemingly disgusting act of what she calls "a little blood here, a chomp there" (227), in the world of parasites to the ordinary responsibility of paying rent.
	www.victorianweb.org /courses/nonfiction/dillard/porter14.html (4464 words)

	Alienation
		Bertolt Brecht's Defamiliarization Effect or more inaccurately, Alienation effect (Verfremdungseffekt) tries to prevent the audience's succumbing to the usual illusion that is inherent in the presentation of a play, by distancing the spectator from what is happening on stage.
		Defamiliarization is the artistic technique of forcing the audience to see common things in an unfamiliar way, in order to enhance perception of the familiar.
		Defamiliarization was developed in the mid-20th century by Viktor Shklovsky, who is most often associated with Russian Formalism.
	www.jahsonic.com /Alienation.html (576 words)

	Analyzing the Reality Effect in Dogma Films
		It is methodically difficult to isolate the reality effect from the rest of the complex of cinematic effects, but that would be necessary to objectify it and evaluate it psychologically.
		The reality effect probably characterizes phases in which one level of abstraction turns into another, for example the transition from perceptual to conceptual structures or the conscious re-discovery of stereotype structures that had dropped down into the unconscious.
		Thereby it is plausible that the reality effect can generally occur when analogic structural relationships are repeatedly observed by the viewer and lead up to a transition from the unconscious perception to a conscious viewing, to a conceptionalization of the shaped things.
	www.uca.edu /org/ccsmi/jounal2/ESSAY_Wuss.htm (8956 words)

	fatherhood.ca - Defamiliarization Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Defamiliarization and Renewing the Art of Perception in Thomas Carlyle, D.H. Lawre...
		Defamiliarization Effect (Verfremdungseffekt) Bertolt Brecht coined the term "defamiliarization effect" (sometimes called "estrangement effect" or "alienation effect...
		and particularly for his ideas about defamiliarization (or "enstrangement," as one recent translation has...
	www.fatherhood.ca /Defamiliarization-Effect/reference/fullview/wikipedia/462381 (86 words)

	Miall & Kuiken -- Beyond Text Theory: Understanding Literary Response
		Briefly, by defamiliarization we mean a process during which a reader uses prototypic concepts in a context where their referents are rendered unfamiliar by various stylistic devices; the reader is required to reinterpret such referents in non-prototypic ways, or even to relocate them in a new perspective that must be created during reading.
		The origins of defamiliarization theory may be found in the Romantic period, especially in Coleridge's (1817/1983) proposal that the purpose of literature is to overcome the automatic nature of normal, everyday perception.
		According to defamiliarization theory, however, attention is held by foregrounded text because the readers' feelings are engaged by these stylistic variations and because prolonged attention allows feeling guided formation of non-prototypic conceptions of the phenomena referred to in the text.
	www.ualberta.ca /~dmiall/reading/BEYOND_t.htm (6257 words)

	Miall & Kuiken -- Foregrounding, Defamiliarization, and Affect: Response to Literary Stories
		It refers to the range of stylistic effects that occur in literature, whether at the phonetic level (e.g., alliteration, rhyme), the grammatical level (e.g., inversion, ellipsis), or the semantic level (e.g., metaphor, irony).
		Although we believe that the hierarchical structure of foregrounded features around a dominant is critical in understanding the effects of foregrounding on readers' response, the frequency of foregrounding within a segment was used as an index of the complexity of such structures in the present investigation.
		The influence of other story factors on ratings was also examined: when the effects of segment position, segment length, and stresses on rating were partialled out, their relationship with foregrounding was generally found to be stronger.
	www.ualberta.ca /~dmiall/reading/foregrd.htm (7022 words)

	CCLA01: Strangers to Ourselves: the Critical Study of Narrative (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This is interesting in itself, but I'm particularly interested in his later discussion of "habitual perception." If you're pushed for time, skim the first few pages, and focus your attention in reading from the paragraph beginning "We must, then, speak..." at the bottom of page 19.
		Shlovsky's more or less finished with defamiliarization by the time you get to the paragraph beginning "In studying..." on page 27.
		Defamiliarization, or the related term "denaturalization," is a concept that has been used by a number of critics and theorists to explain the function of a literary text within a society or a reading community.
	www.scholars.nus.edu.sg /htdocs_v1/literature/ccla01/defamiliarization.html (439 words)

	alienation effect -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		By creating stage effects that were strange or unusual, Brecht intended to assign the audience an active role in the production by forcing them to ask questions about the artificial environment and how each individual element related to real-life events.
		The Coriolis effect is an important determinant of wind direction on a global scale.
		Factsheet on the effects of ozone depletion on humans, plants, and marine life, with the increase in the ultraviolet rays that are emitted from the Sun.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9000501 (911 words)

	sidereality \| ISSN 1543-0316 \| Reviews -- V. 3, N. 1 \| "E-Book Review of October Rush: Poems from the ...
		Baxter observes that defamiliarization is "like that moment when, often early in the morning, perhaps in a strange house, you pass before a mirror you hadn't known would be there.
		Literature exists in moments like that." I would argue that it's speculative literature in particular that exists in and through defamiliarization: seeing something, being struck by how odd or strange or different it is, and then the shock or realizing that you've been looking at yourself all along.
		And I think that this piece highlights the way that poems that defamiliarize are frankly fun, at least for those of us who love literature, and in particular speculative literature.
	www.sidereality.com /volume3issue1/reviewsv3n1/ebookreviewofoctoberrush.htm (700 words)

	John Fekete- Doing the Time Warp Again: Science Fiction as Adversarial Culture
		Once the door is open to a generic scheme in which sf depends on a merely rhetorical authentication of some estrangement, i.e., on a "cognitive effect" that is not necessarily achieved by the operation of cognitive rationality, and which may take any variety of contingent shapes, the cognitive claim for sf is compromised.
		The estrangement (the posited novum) produced in a fictional world is not the same as the estrangement effect (defamiliarization) desired in the nonfictional world.
		It is not clear that Freedman—having modified the stronger Suvinian reliance on the extratextual method of scientific cognition as the validating factor of the intratextual novelties to his own formula of an intratextual "cognitive effect"—remains entitled to claim a "cognitive continuum" between sf and the extratextual actuality.
	www.depauw.edu /sfs/review_essays/fek83.htm (6610 words)

	mcnamara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Whether it was the fact that they evoke childhood toys, which pivot on their axis, or the uncertain quality of their texture, Muñoz was troubled by the interactions that his pieces elicited: wholesale poking and prodding by gallery visitors.
		This doubling or defamiliarization that I have been discussing in works found in the Biennale—whether it is of things of the world, of social and political issues, of art itself—serves not to emulate, not even necessarily to provoke (in the traditional politicised sense).
		If the equivocal effects of contemporary art are to be resonant, then they must be sufficiently subtle, well attuned and sufficiently corrosive.
	www.artspace.org.au /2000/mcnamara.html (1786 words)

	Lyn Hejinian's My Life in the Nineties, by Thomas Fink (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Since "the well-known is not necessarily known at all" (16), "defamiliarization" makes something "real," not in any absolute sense, but in contrast with the unreality of automatic processing: "I lovingly took the head in my lap but it lay upside down and looked like that of a cyclops with an ocula dentata" (60).
		Another example of both representation of and disruption of social forces' impersonalizing effect on individuals, especially women, is seen in another domestic passage about ten pages later: "Accuracy is not the voice of nature.
		The strange personification of "the house" as self-motivated in its sparkling condition defamiliarizes the "naturalness" of a woman's desiring spotlessness by implying that the "house" of her society planted the idea in her consciousness as a "natural" desire.
	www.emilydickinson.org /titanic/material/working/fink.html (1421 words)

	Paris: The City of Lights, Camera, and Action
		The alienation effect, or A-effect, is a reminder to the audience of the artificial nature of what they are watching.
		This defamiliarization with everyday objects can be observed in Two or Three Things I Know About Her when the while movie screen is filled with the glowing end of a cigarette, or when we see a construction scene in complete silence.
		The effect achieved by using the dark background and the light, dainty puppets is magical.
	www.cc.gatech.edu /~kristin/writing/paris.html (2534 words)

	From Chaplin to Chinese Ghost Stories
		The gag, according to Havel, "consists minimally of two basic phases which in themselves need not be either comical or absurd, but which begin to evoke the sense of absurdity and laughter at the moment of their encounter." It is then the interaction between the two phases which inspires laughter.
		Although Havel’s model was originally meant, for simplicity’s sake, to apply primarily to gags from what he calls the "classic film comedy," we can venture to assume that at least some aspects of this model can be used to understand the gags in other sorts of comedy films.
		Once this occurs, this graceful scene is prepared for the defamiliarization which then occurs as a result of the ghost woman’s fall: phase two.
	www.stormpages.com /et11robot/MrVampire.htm (3493 words)

	[Glossary] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		He viewed the concrete thematic meaning of a work as less important than the physical and unconscious effects the poem or novel might have on a reader.
		Jakobson worked mainly on poetics and maintained that that in poetic language, words were not mere tools of communication, but rather called attention to themselves by being used in ways that dissociated them from their signifieds.
		The term means that a particular effect is the result of multiple causes rather than a singular cause.
	web.uvic.ca /pacificasia/PACI392/Glossary/Glossary.html (6797 words)

	Performance in Else Lasker-Schüler
		She presents an atmosphere of good-will and tolerance that ironically counters the situation in Germany when she wrote the play, as Hitler was on the rise.
		Because this powerful and determining performance within the play of 15 secenes occurs at the end of the 14 th scene, it fulfills the function of uncovering and unmasking for the whole play in its individual scenes.
		Through this defamiliarization effect, the final reconciliation (as it has generally been seen) obliterates “difference” by acknowledging the equality of the two religions.
	www.uiowa.edu /~mmla/abstracts2004/elselaskerschuler.htm (868 words)

	Glossary of Critical Terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Affective Fallacy: (W. Wimsatt and M. Beardsley) The critic should regard a poetic structure as formally self-sufficient and not commit the error of considering its emotional or pragmatic effects upon a reader.
		Defamiliarization: (Viktor Shklovsky) a way to describe the capacity of art to counter the deadening effect of habit and convention by investing the familiar with strangeness and thereby deautomatizing perception.
		Overdeterminism: (Althusser) an effect arising from multiple causes not one single (economic) factor.
	www.drhanan.com /theory/Terms.htm (1431 words)

	city of words
		Concretely, this task entails that we use the theoretical emphasis in the class on the nature of signifying processes as a means to produce a defamiliarizing effect on the way we perceive language itself.
		Perhaps the first obvious effect is that new technologies for communicating have dispersed the realm of writing: critics foresee "books" being replaced by texts that circulate through multiple media and electronic pathways.
		A characteristic effect of the electronic medium is that it generates its own internal geography, to make us encounter texts as both writing and diagram.
	myweb.lmu.edu /pharris/city_of_words.htm (3785 words)

	Alexander Weber, Dismemberment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Together, this may lead to a "reality effect" in a broader sense of the word, although the incorporation of the (unnecessary) detail is only one of the means to achieve it.
		The unmotivated detail, which features so prominently in Barthes´ reality effect, is employed so excessively as to turn description into an inventory of household appliances or a shopping list which reads like a film script financed mainly by product placement since most food and drink comes with their correct brand names attached to it.
		Here, the reality effect seems to defeat itself, often leading to an accumulation of unsubordinated surface phenomena.Yet, in contrast to various postmodern neorealists who use the glitterworld of consumer society in order to thematize its possiblities and impossibilities to generate meaning, representation and language are never called into question.
	www.gradnet.de /papers/pomo2.archives/pomo99.papers/Weber99.htm (5392 words)

	Semiotics for Beginners: Modality and Representation
		The label seeks to anchor our interpretation - a concept to which we will return later - and yet at the same time the label is part of the painting itself rather than a title attached to the frame.
		Magritte's painting could be seen as a kind of defamiliarization: we are so used to seeing things and attaching labels to them that we seldom look deeper and do not see things in their specificity.
		At the age of nine whilst playing with water she felt with her hand the motions of the nurse's throat and mouth vibrating the word 'water'.
	www.aber.ac.uk /media/Documents/S4B/sem02a.html (8030 words)

	Comparative Literature: Conspiracy theories and literary ethics: Umberto Eco, Danilo Kis and The Protocols of Zion
		One of Kis's favorite Russian critical tropes is an old-fashioned and, in the Western context, mostly forgotten term: Shklovskian defamiliarization.
		Kis uses defamiliarization both as an artistic device and as a strategy for survival.
		His poetics are, he states, based on the "defamiliarizing effect of history on the destiny of the Jews." For him, among other things, "Judaism is an `effect of defamiliarization."21 (Kis goes on to say that Judaism in his case "is a persistent sentiment that Heine called Familienungluck, the family misfortune.")
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3612/is_199904/ai_n8843471/pg_7 (1341 words)

	Future Literature, Future Criticism 2005 Conference Session 4
		Reader response criticism can be traced as far as Aristotle and Plato, both of whom based their critical arguments at least partly on literature’s effect on the reader.
		This paper argues the ways in which theory permits both the text and the reader to speak; through the mapping of the literary register of Hafez’s (whom Nietzsche greatly admired) thinking based on defamiliarization.
		This will show how the literature can provide moral, the way the literary devices build up textuality and the way text enacts its own will to capture the reader, although different critics mean different things when they talk about the “reader”.
	www.inter-disciplinary.net /ptb/flfc/flfc1/s4.htm (216 words)

	DITL - article ÉMERGENCE / Emergence
		Concrete poetry in general relates to the experiments by the French poets Stéphane Mallarmé and Guillaume Apollinaire, to the material, verbal, visual, vocal effects produced by futurist or dadaist poets, painters, typographers such as Merz or Paul Klee, to the printers'arts; it was fostered by lettrism, spatialism and even pop art.
		In a close relationship of cause and effect, the observer can tell what the result of a fact will necessarily be, but in an emergence perspective; one can only predict what might happen with some degree of probability.
		Whatdoes to them, to the person who confesses, to the persons who make him or her confess, to the persons he or she confesses to is in the materials of the confession itself, rather in the agents' predispositions transcending them.
	www.ditl.info /arttest/art1467.php (9316 words)

	mag2107.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Nevertheless, with the elapse of time and social advancement, modernism has already lost its novelty and shocking effect and ceased to be the model for intellectual revitalization and ideological reconstruction.
		Yet, in writing it, he employs the time-honored realistic mode of language that is familiar to the Western reader, thus achieving another effect of "refamiliarization".
		This unwittingly ingenious undertaking brings forth a shocking effect that has been the goal of many modernist masters in the past century and has endeared Ha Jin to critics and readers.
	www.uschinasc.org /mag31/mag3111.htm (4333 words)

	CAMP
		Description is never just desription because each effect derived from a description draws on and contributes to other effects.
		The romantic movement pondered the effect of milieu on man, and this set the writers to increase the potentialities of description.
		Amis's description is not just description of LA, it also creates an effect of defamiliarization while offering a piece of skaz, too.
	perso.wanadoo.fr /patrick.lecordier/description.htm (793 words)

	wil425trms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		a “verbal icon” or object, it is inappropriate to evaluate it in terms of is effect on readers.
		Defamiliarization: the disruption of our customary habits of perception achieved by literary works.
		poetry aimed for such an effect too of course.
	www.harding.edu /english/wil425trms05.html (461 words)

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