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Topic: Defect (geometry)

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	PlanetMath: defect
		Note that, in both hyperbolic and spherical geometry, the area of a triangle is equal to its defect.
		Cross-references: area, spherical geometry, hyperbolic geometry, radians, sum, angle, triangle
		This is version 7 of defect, born on 2006-07-19, modified 2007-06-26.
	planetmath.org /encyclopedia/Defect.html (74 words)

	Defect Detection Simulation SOftware
		The defect geometry itself is represented by a grid surface in the form of an elevation matrix.
		The Defect geometry program is a simple application that uses standard MFC GUI components, as well as an OpenGL display class to implement all 3D displays.
		The defect is a point defect, and it is evedent that this configuration is well suited for the detection of defects of this nature.
	home.san.rr.com /rcapelladir/FORD_Simulation/index.html (1541 words)

	Geometry Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Geometry now uses methods of calculus and abstract algebra, so that many modern branches of the field are not easily recognizable as the descendants of early geometry.
		The field of algebraic geometry is the modern incarnation of the Cartesian geometry of co-ordinates.
		In contrast, the non-commutative geometry of Alain Connes is a conscious use of geometric language to express phenomena of the theory of von Neumann algebras, and to extend geometry into the domain of ring theory where the commutative law of multiplication is not assumed.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/Geometry.html (2188 words)

	Statistical Analysis of MFL Signals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The defects used for developing analysis algorithms were described earlier Data were collected from a variety of defects contained in the characterization and detection defect sets.
		As discussed later, inspection conditions are responsible for a negligible amount of the unexplained variation in estimating defect geometry characteristics.
		Defect geometry and random error constitute the principal sources of error.
	www.battelle.org /pipetechnology/mfl/Links/Statistics.html (984 words)

	Non-Euclidean Geometry - Wasil Intsar Mohar
		This is the geometry on a sphere such as the surface of the earth.
		The significance of the discovery of non-Euclidean Geometry is immense.
		One of the branches of non-Euclidean geometry is the theory of Elliptic Curves.
	community.middlebury.edu /~wmohar/Non-EuclideanGeometry-WasilMohar.htm (2291 words)

	About "The Angle Defect of a Polyhedron (Geometry and the Imagination)" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The angle defect at a vertex of a polygon is defined to be 2 pi minus the sum of the angles at the corners of the faces at that vertex.
		Determine the total angle defect for each of the 5 regular polyhedra.
		The Math Forum is a research and educational enterprise of the Drexel School of Education.
	mathforum.org /library/view/2722.html (92 words)

	PSF: Glossary of Pipeline Terms
		Any kind of imperfection, defect, or critical defect that may be present in the wall of the pipe.
		As used in this text, a subset of defect, for which an analysis, such as ASME B31G, would indicate that the pipe is approaching failure at pressures equal to maximum operating pressure or the maximum allowable operating pressure for the pipe.
		Instrumented tools are divided into two types: (a) configuration pigs, which measure the pipeline geometry or the conditions of the inside surface of the pipe, and (b) in-line inspection tools that use nondestructive testing techniques to inspect the wall of the pipe for corrosion, cracks, or other types of anomalies.
	www.specialaudience.com /websites/pipelinesafetyfoundation_org/Glossary.html (3147 words)

	Frequently Asked Questions \| Gary Fisher Mountain Bikes
		The idea behind the geometry is to keep the rider's weight centered farther back between the wheels.
		The age of the bike, the diameter of the steerer tube and the geometry of the frame will all affect your choices.
		You can repaint the bike offsite, but if the act of repainting causes a breakage/flaw issue with the material it will be deemed non warranty if it can be determined that the stripping/paint process caused the defect.
	www.fisherbikes.com /utility/questions.asp (1560 words)

	MRI Examination Of A Knee -- Possible Diagnosis
		When such gradual, degenerative meniscal cleavage or fissuring develops and is discovered by MRI scanning or arthroscopy, while it is still commonly said that the patient "tore" their meniscus, this is actually a mischaracterization.
		When a patient hears a surgeon say "You have torn your meniscus", they naturally infer that their meniscus was healthy and functioning properly before it "tore", and that like freshly torn ligaments, their "torn" meniscus can simply be repaired back together again or "fixed", neither of which is the case with degenerated menisci.
		For lack of a better available treatment, surgical removal of the painful, defective meniscal tissue is usually the most appropriate course of action.
	www.oralchelation.com /calcium/DegenerativeKneeJoint/index.htm (4366 words)

	NonEuclid: Area
		The defect of a triangle is defined as 180° minus the sum of the three angles of the triangle.
		For example, in figure 6.3, the defect of triangle BAM is 77.4°, the defect of triangle CAM is 43.7°, and the defect of triangle ABC is 121.1° (77.4 + 43.7 = 121.1).
		The defect of the triangle equals the sum of the defects of each of its parts, therefore the defect of the triangle must be greater than 200° - but this is impossible.
	www.cs.unm.edu /~joel/NonEuclid/area.html (1140 words)

	Java Gallery: Hyperbolic Triangles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		One of the most surprising facts in hyperbolic geometry is that there is an upper limit to the possible area a triangle can have, even though there is not an upper limit to the lengths of the sides of the triangle.
		In hyperbolic geometry, the sum of the angles of a triangle is always less than 180 degrees (PI radians).
		Thus the area is proportional to the defect, with the above proportionality constant (k is 1 for the model of the hyperbolic plane we're using).
	www.geom.uiuc.edu /java/triangle-area (275 words)

	Mathematics 271, Fall Semester 2000
		The geometry of Felix Klein (his so-called Erlanger Programm) is based on this idea of rigid motion of the plane, and is a valid alternative to Hilbert.
		In hyperbolic geometry, SMSG 20 is meaningless, for it postulates the area of a rectangle, and rectangles don't exist in this context.
		Thus, in hyperbolic geometry, we define the area of a polygon to be its defect.
	www.math.temple.edu /~conrad/math271.html (2436 words)

	Ultrasonic Characterization of Defect Root Geometry by A (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Ultrasonic Characterization of Defect Root Geometry by A
		---The hazard level posed by a surface-breaking defect in an engineering component depends not only on the defect size, but also on the radius of curvature at its root; a flaw with a sharp root will cause a large stress concentration factor and thereby be more likely to promote crack initiation.
		Results of tests on defects machined into CANDU nuclear reactor pressure tubes are compared with those from tests conducted on simplified geometries.---This work was supported by a contract from Ontario Hydro, plus grants from the Canadian Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, Ontario Centre for Materials Research, and the Ontario Ministry of Education.
	www.cnde.iastate.edu /QNDEDatabase/Vol.14B/p1987-1994.html (247 words)

	landfilldesign.com - Leakage Rate Through Composite Liner Calculator
		If there is a defect in the geomembrane, the liquid first passes through the defect, then it flows laterally some distance between the geomembrane and the low-permeability soil, and, finally it infiltrates in the low permeability soil.
		Representative installation defect densities as a function of the quality of installation are given in Table 2 for landfills being built today with the state of the art in materials, equipment and QA/QC.
		In the case of the defects that are not circular, it is proposed to use these limitations for the defect width.
	www.landfilldesign.com /cgi-bin/composite_leakage.pl (837 words)

	Defect-Based Test: A Key Enabler for Successful Migration to Structural Test
		The goal of defect enumeration is to prune the list of all possible defects to a manageable number of the most likely faults.
		Paths could be selected based on their criticality of speed to the design and on their diversity in composition in terms of distribution of delay amongst various constituent factors such as delays on all interconnect layers and actual devices.
		It is therefore required that the defect enumeration scheme be coupled with timing analysis tools, which in turn should be designed to understand the effect of the test environment (temperature, voltage, cycle time) on slack.
	www.intel.com /technology/itj/q11999/articles/art_6g.htm (1850 words)

	Non-Destructive Evaluation of a Deep Foundation Test Section at the Northwestern University National Geotechnical ...
		The simulated geometry of the necking defect was modified to account for the bulging of the sand bags which occurred during installation of the reinforcing cage.
		The top 0.41 m (16 in.) of the defect was modelled with a diameter of 0.84 m (33 in.) and the bottom 0.3 m (12 in) was modelled with a diameter of 0.58 m (23 in.).
		As shown in TABLE 6.3, the greatest changes to the soil parameters for all five shafts were made to the surficial sand layer, which required a 35 to 44% decrease in the shear wave velocity and a 14 to 17% reduction in the soil density to account for the loose backfill placed around the shafts.
	www.iti.northwestern.edu /projects/found/dft_ch6.html (11359 words)

	[No title]
		Three types of topological defects were discovered using a WYKO three dimensional surface profiler, and one of the defect types was responsible for a large fraction of the damage events.
		It is postulated that this 5 $mu@m hemispherical defect may behave either as a microlens which enhances the peak fluence that the underlying coating is subjected to, or as a center for enhanced electric field effects.
		Abstract: A new theoretical framework for modeling the nonlinear laser heating of semiconductors is presented by incorporating the dynamical behavior of semiconductors; the temperature-carrier coupling, the generation and recombination of defects, the diffusion of defects, the diffusion of impurities by defect-dopant pair mechanism, and chemical reaction between species.
	www.spie.org /web/abstracts/1800/1848.html (9019 words)

	Section I. Geometric Algebra
		Major theorems of projective geometry are reduced to algebraic identities which apply as well to metrical geometry.
		Relations among Clifford algebras of different dimensions are interpreted geometrically as "projective and conformal splits." The conformal split is employed to simplify and elucidate the pin and spin representations of the conformal group for arbitrary dimension and signature.
		Abstract: Projective geometry is formulated in the language of geometric algebra, a unified mathematical language based on Clifford algebra.
	modelingnts.la.asu.edu /html/GeoAlg.html (717 words)

	ACM Queue - Designing Cranial Implants in a Haptic Augmented Reality Environment: Medical sculptors and neurosurgeons ...
		The sculptor traces the defect edge interactively, so even irregularly shaped defect geometry may be extracted.
		While the photographs serve as auxiliary information, the patient's skull geometry is calculated from CT data and loaded into the environment.
		Defect specification is an important part of the planning process, as the defect shape determines how the implant will attach to the skull during surgery.
	www.acmqueue.org /modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=183&page=3 (1329 words)

	FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION : FREIGHT RAILROADING
		Additional samples will be installed to include rails with both internal and surface defects as well as other examples of defects, or defect combinations, which have proven difficult to reliably detect.
		With a probability-based approach, the severity of a defect is related to a combination of its likelihood of leading to a failure before the next scheduled and the likely consequences if a failure would occur.
		Defect growth studies will continue in FY 2001-2003, with validation of growth prediction models planned for FY 2003-2005.
	www.fra.dot.gov /us/content/1237 (4096 words)

	Crystal Defects in Silicon - Page 1 of 3 - Point Defects, etc.
		The presence of most of these crystalline defects is undesirable in silicon wafers, although certain types of 'defects' are essential in semiconductor manufacturing.
		Aside from the formation of Schottky and Frenkel defects, there's a third mechanism by which an intrinsic point defect may be formed, i.e., the movement of a surface atom into an interstitial site.
		The presence of point defects is important in the kinetics of diffusion and oxidation.
	www.siliconfareast.com /crystaldefects.htm (407 words)

	Performance-based track geometry inspection: what it is and how it works: TTCI begins implementation of a new track ...
		Performance-based track geometry inspection: what it is and how it works: TTCI begins implementation of a new track inspection technology that relates track geometry to vehicle performance, resulting in better safety and maintenance actions
		Unlike a track geometry defect, defined by the FRA Track Safety Standards (2) or railroad maintenance standards, which is point specific, a PBTG exception is segment specific.
		Unlike a conventionally-defined track geometry defect that can be measured repeatedly, vehicle response may not be the same due to the same track geometry input, if other conditions vary.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0BFW/is_9_100/ai_n6213707 (876 words)

	Orthopaedic Journal at Harvard Medical School - annual publication Harvard Combined Orthopaedic Residency Program ...
		Since skeletal tumors are initially diagnosed from evaluation of plain radiographs, several investigators have attempted to estimate the load-bearing capacity of a bone with a lytic defect by measuring the geometry of the defect on the radiograph.
		Quantifying the size of a defect in a bone structure was not adequate to predict the failure of bone, because structural behavior depends on both the cross-sectional geometry and material properties of the bone.
		Hence, the relative defect size does not account for the variation in failure loads of vertebrae with lytic defects of intermediate size, and so is not a good predictor of fracture risk.
	www.orthojournalhms.org /volume6/manuscripts/ms11.htm (4988 words)

	eMedicine - Metastatic Carcinoma : Article by Howard A Chansky, MD
		According to a 1995 publication by Hipp, current useful criteria are as follows: defect geometry affecting load-bearing capacity, the histologic cell causing the defect (ie, blastic, lytic, or mixed), and the anatomic site (femoral neck vs greater trochanter).
		In the author's opinion, considering the use of the dynamic hip screw or plate for fixation of pathologic proximal femoral fractures is inappropriate because of the increased risk of already existing defects or the potential for additional metastatic defects in the femur distal to the initial lesion.
		Defects of the ulna and radius, while rare, need to be fixed when almost any sized defect is discovered because these bones are subject to constant torsional loads, secondary to the pronation/supination actions of the forearm.
	www.emedicine.com /orthoped/topic194.htm (5433 words)

	The Williams Lab
		The crowding was found to be particularly strong for defect structures that have large spatial derivatives and curvatures.
		For a given type of defect, the degree of current crowding asymptotically vanishes as the defect length increases.
		For defects of similar lengths, the degree of crowding scales linearly with defect width.
	www.physics.umd.edu /spg/ry.htm (366 words)

	The Defect of a Triangle
		In euclidean geometry we are accustomed to having triangles whose defect is zero.
		That is, if we have one defective triangle, then all of the triangles are defective.
		By defective, we mean that the triangles have positive defect.
	www.math.uncc.edu /~droyster/math3181/notes/hyprgeom/node39.html (501 words)

	CONCLUSIONS
		Laboratory measurements of the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) on samples of the same concrete mixture used in the tested foundation are effective to determine the velocity datum for accurately rating defects based on field velocity reductions.
		For this case study CSL data collection were performed four different times on the same shaft (initial test, test with the offsets, retest after 16 days of curing and retest after pressure grouting).
		Every time, the CSL data has detected the defect on the same horizon but with some improvement followed by the pile repair procedure.
	www.cflhd.gov /CSL-Tomo/Pre-Text/conclu.htm (338 words)

	Bostjan Bezensek's research activities
		Safety cases for components containing defects of complex shapes, such as evolve from merger of two adjacent surface breaking defects, to the first approximation rely on substituting real defect geometry with a simplified bounding defect, typically of a semi-elliptical shape.
		The project examined failures from complex defects with re-entrant sectors (Figure 1) and assessed appropriateness of using a simplified assessment procedure under conditions of brittle and ductile fracture.
		Crack tip fields in shallow cracked geometries under mode I and deep cracked geometries under mixed-mode I+II conditions have been unified in a common constraint vs mixity locus, allowing fracture toughness of mode I fields to be translated into mixed mode conditions.
	www.mech.gla.ac.uk /~bbezense/research.html (565 words)

	GG interactive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The screenshot shows the Finite Element application I developed which can estimate the leakage flux given the geometry of the defect (the forward model).
		The application allows one to study the effect of variations in material properties, input variables like current, the defect geometry etc. in the process.
		Various defect shapes can be simulated by interactively selecting elements from the finite element grid.
	www.people.cornell.edu /pages/vs85/projects/project_mfl.html (130 words)

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