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Topic: Defence mechanism (biology)

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	Gene Silencing as an Adaptive Defence Against Viruses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		It now seems that it is the consequence of accidentally triggering the plant's adaptive defence mechanism against viruses and transposable elements.
		Biology students are taught that the concept of vaccination came from Edward Jenner's discovery that milkmaids and dairymen infected with the mild cowpox virus were protected against smallpox.
		This was probably the first observation of a plant's intrinsic defence mechanism against viruses which, 75 years later, is just beginning to be understood.
	www.biotech-info.net /adaptive_defence.html (331 words)

	Newt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		One theory is that the de-differentiated cells are related to tumour cells since chemicals which produce tumours in other animals will produce additional limbs in newts.
		Many newts produce toxins in their skin secretions as a defence mechanism against predators.
		The Taricha newts of western North America are particularly toxic; the Rough-skinned Newt (Taricha granulosa) of the Pacific Northwest produces more than enough tetrodotoxin to kill an adult human foolish enough to swallow a newt.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Newts (553 words)

	Bibliography of Sticklebacks
		Introduction to the evolutionary biology of the threespine stickleback.
		Chemical, mechanical and visual cues in the vertical migration behavior of the marine planktonic copepod Acartia hudsonica.
		Time-sharing as a mechanism for the control of behaviour sequences during the courtship of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus).
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Hall/1345/stickbibl.html (11605 words)

	TRIZ in Biology teaching (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This is a common mechanism, especially amongst social caterpillars which lay down a path from an overnight nest area to the feeding area on the plant.
		Mechanics Substitution - ‘replace a mechanical solution with a non-mechanical solution ’ - a specific trigger to break out of the ‘grip harder/better’ and think about use of adhesion/ some form of chemical grip or possibly using some form of vacuum solution.
		This is a common mechanism in nature known as cryptobiosis or "hidden life" and allows simple organisms to be distributed over large distances and survive for long times.
	www.triz-journal.com /archives/2000/09/a (4225 words)

	References for "The Biology of Life Span" book
		The biology of the roach Blatta orientalis Linn.
		On the mechanism of temperature life-shortening in Drosophila melanogaster.
		Stimulation of the defence mechanism against diseases and the reduction of their perilousness in old age as actual ways to approach the biological limit of human life.
	longevity-science.org /references.html (6447 words)

	HIV & AIDS - Did Dr. Gallo and his Colleagues manipulate the "AIDS-Test" to order?
		The mechanism of unrestrained activation of cell division (hyperplasia) in methaemoglobulinaemia, may, therefore, following hypoxaemic stress, above all in the smallest capillaries, affect the cells of the walls, — the endothelial cells.
		This is a control mechanism, which in turn may affect the rate of mitosis.
		This interaction of haemoglobin oxidation by nitrites and antimicrobial drugs with oxidative phosphorylation may, in a situation of increased simultaneous consumption of T-helper lymphocytes as a result of slowing maturation of T-helper lymphocytes, be in part a cause of "AID".
	www.virusmyth.net /aids/data/hkgallo.htm (5273 words)

	Graduate Prospectus 2006-07
		The team is also interested in the mechanisms that limit the replicative capacity of normal cells and how these pathways may have a role in suppressing tumour formation.
		Despite the ubiquity of both purinergic ligands and purinoceptors, the differential expression of the large number of purinoceptor subtypes and the different components of their downstream signal transduction/trafficking pathways allows for the generation of very specific physiological responses in a particular cell type or tissue.
		Research projects are aimed at investigating the structural and functional diversity of both ionotropic and metabotropic cell surface receptors, elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying their signal transduction, defining the functional consequences of receptor polymorphisms and understanding the role of specific cell surface receptors in disease states.
	www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk /graduate/gp3.htm (4725 words)

	Prediction of a prokaryotic RNA-silencing system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Researchers have used computational methods to predict what could be a prokaryotic RNA-silencing mechanism similar to the eukaryotic RNA- interference system.
		A number of Cas proteins are shown to contain domains that suggest a functional similarity to eukaryotic proteins involved in the eukaryotic RNA-interference system.
		They speculate that the inserts are transcribed and silence phage or plasmid sequences via the formation of a duplex, which is then cleaved by Cas proteins to destroy the foreign RNA.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-03/bc-poa031006.php (293 words)

	Protein Synthesis
		Eukaryotic cells have a much more complicated mechanism of gene expression control than prokaryotic cells; however the principle is basically the same.
		As soon as lactose is introduced to the medium of an E coli cell, it takes only 15 minutes for the number of beta galactosidase molecules to increase to the thousands.
		The basic mechanism of both these pathways, described as the operon model, was discovered in 1961 by Franscois Jacob and Jacques Monod, at the Pasteur Institute in Paris.
	www.clickandlearn.org /Bio/Protein_Synth.htm (4411 words)

	ScienceDaily: Plants Have A Double Line Of Defence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The redundancy of the defence layers and the wide-ranging effects of PEN2 explain why, in nature, nonhost resistance is a durable and broadly effective defence mechanism.
		Until now, scientists had assumed that nonhost resistance is based more on "passive" mechanisms: for example, the structure of the cell wall, poisonous substances on the surface of the plant, or a lack of molecular entry sites for pathogens.
		Biochemistry Molecular Biology of Plants is a major contribution to the plant sciences literature, superbly edited by three distinguished scientists, Bob B. Buchanan, Wilhelm Gruissem, and Russell...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/11/051119103606.htm (1972 words)

	Botany online: Plant Viruses and Viroids
		The study of phytopathogenic viruses raised hopes of obtaining knowledge about the possibilities and the expression of the plant genome, as well as the defence mechanisms of a plant against foreign RNA or DNA.
		Based on the results of molecular biology, and especially on the virus research of the last decades, it was tried to develop a protection against virus infections with the help of the now available methods of genetic engineering.
		An example is the attempt to induce a defence mechanism against the leaf-curl virus.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/e35/35.htm (1661 words)

	Roche researchers enhance cancer defence mechanism
		Researchers from Swiss pharmaceutical company Roche have discovered a class of chemical compound that could form the basis of a new approach to tackling cancer.
		The new compounds prevent the deactivation of a cellular protein that is an important natural bodily defence against cancerous tumours.
		In response to genotoxic stress, the tumour suppresser protein p53 can stop cancerous cells from reproducing and force them to commit suicide (apoptosis).
	www.rsc.org /chemistryworld/Issues/2004/February/cancerdefence.asp (233 words)

	The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Health Tribune
		Fever is one of the most important constituent of the defence mechanism.
		Some other cells, which help in strengthening the defence mechanism are mast cells, macrophages, etc. Whenever the need arises, these cells come out of the blood vessels and reach the affected area where they engulf and kill the problem-causing micro-organisms.
		In a nutshell, we can say that the defence mechanism of the human body is a gift of nature provided to us to fight against many diseases.
	www.tribuneindia.com /2000/20001213/health.htm (3173 words)

	Graduate Prospectus 2006-07: Structural Biology
		A major goal of our work is to unravel the mechanism of trans-membrane receptor activation, particularly in receptor tyrosine kinase and programmed cell death (apoptosis) pathways.
		We have made significant progress towards understanding the unique functional role of the five domains in FB data by a combination of molecular biology expression studies, NMR and crystallographic approaches, and a project will be offered in one of these areas.
		A joint project between UCL (John Ward, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Brian Henderson, Eastman Dental Institute) and the Royal Veterinary College, is underway to utilise functional genomics to identify the adhesions of selected members of the Pasteurellaceae such as Haemophilus influenzae and Actinobacillus pleuropneumonae.
	www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk /graduate/gp6.htm (5027 words)

	Glossary of biotechnology and genetic engineering
		In biology: the movement of a fluid or a dissolved substance across a cell membrane.
		In plants: water and mineral salts are absorbed from the soil by roots.
		This DNA-transfer mechanism is exploited in the genetic engineering of plants.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/003/X3910E/X3910E04.htm (6771 words)

	Biological Evidence
		Probably the greatest advance in medicine in the last twenty years has been to understand the function of the thymus." When transplant surgery is carried out, the patient's body, knowing that it has received a foreign organ, mounts a massive defence reaction.
		Research has "demonstrated that the thymus imprints this capacity to distinguish between self and non-self on the body's defence mechanism.
		The three year brooding period is a marvellous safety mechanism ensuring further generations of both moth and flower.
	www.case-creation.org.uk /biolo4.html (548 words)

	Dangerous tricksters: Some bacterie use immune cells to reproduce
		However, a whole range of pathogens have become specialised in tricking this very part of the defence mechanism and survive or even multiply in these macrophages which are actually supposed to kill them.
		In the Bonn Institute of Cell Biology Eugenia Fernandez and Marco Polidori in Professor Albert Haas's team have been examining why Rhodococcus equi is not killed and digested in macrophages, and is even able to multiply there.
		In the course of this study the group was able to demonstrate that the rhodococci are able to put prevent the phagosome development inside the macrophage, preventing acidification and merging with the lysosomes.
	www.biologynews.net /archives/2005/09/01/dangerous_tricksters_some_bacterie_use_immune_cells_to_reproduce.html (943 words)

	Natural Defence Mechanism For Alzheimer's Disease Discovered By Canadian Researchers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		A team from the Faculty of Medicine at Université Laval and the research centre at CHUQ (Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec) has discovered a natural defence mechanism that the body deploys to combat nerve cell degeneration observed in persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD).
		According to Dr. Rivest, anti-inflammatory drugs should not be administered in cases of Alzheimer's disease, as they interfere with this natural defence mechanism.
		On the contrary, he adds, a way must be found to stimulate the recruitment of a greater number of bone marrow-derived microglia.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=37913&nfid=crss (650 words)

	Super model for viruses : Nature
		The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is an ideal model for the study of many aspects of cell biology, including the hot topic of RNA interference (RNAi).
		But now the insect pathogen Flock house virus and the mammalian pathogen vesicular stomatitis virus are both shown to infect the worm, and to provoke a strong RNAi-based antiviral defence.
		Letter: RNA interference is an antiviral defence mechanism in Caenorhabditis elegans
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v436/n7053/edsumm/e050818-14.html (155 words)

	Jasmonate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The induction is initiated by damage to the plant's tissue by biting insects.
		In a research project at the University of California it was tested in a field experiment if by treating plants with jasmonic acid the defence mechanism of parasitism of herbivores could be enhanced.
		Test plants were tomatoes, the damaging insects were Beet armyworms and their parasites wasps.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /lehre/bza/molnews/jasmon/jasmonate.htm (200 words)

	THE ROLE OF PSYCHOANALYSIS AND PSYCHOTHERAPY IN THE HUMAN SCIENCES
		He was strongly of the belief that psychology is a biological science and insisted that his department be made part of the biology faculty.
		One of the areas in which recent developments in Kleinian psychoanalysis have borne considerable fruit on a broad scale is that of projective mechanisms.
		He says that 'In simple projection (a defence mechanism) the receiver may notice that he is not being treated as himself but as an aggressive other.
	human-nature.com /rmyoung/papers/role1.html (6410 words)

	Allegheny College: Biology
		An excellent foundation for graduate study in a broad variety of sub-disciplines including cellular and molecular biology, physiology, neurobiology, plant biology, microbiology, ecology, and behavioral biology.
		Program in marine biology with Duke University and in tropical ecology in Australia and Costa Rica.
		Many biology majors carry out independent research or collaborative research with faculty in addition to the Senior Project.
	www.allegheny.edu /academics/biology/facts.php (952 words)

	Untitled
		This is because these indiscriminate chemical reactions disrupt the complex biological molecules which regulate the biology of the cell.
		One of the questions which has greatly attracted the interest of radiation biologists is whether there is some threshold dose of radiation below which no harm comes to the organism.
		No defence mechanism can be perfect, however, and it is currently believed by many scientists that natural phenomena such as aging and some of its associated diseases may be the work of those free radicals which the defence mechanisms were unable to capture
	www.physics.uoguelph.ca /summer/scor/articles/scor131.htm (770 words)

	The Confessional Chronicles: Personal (or rather creative as personal implies personal experience) Writing Piece (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Her explaination "it seems as though you've actually understood it for once" but somehow i doubt that was all.
		I was a waste product, she would not touch me, she had the ability but she did not.
		Almost in defence the rational thoughts in my brain were triggered.
	theconfessionalchronicles.blogspot.com /2006/03/personal-or-rather-creative-as.html (3985 words)

	Bulletin-page2
		though the mechanisms differ in the two cases, the net effect is to lower lipid levels.
		Researchers have devoted a great many years of fundamental research to a thorough investigation of the mechanism involved in these crucial steps, with the aim of selecting molecules capable of specifically correcting or arresting cell disturbances at the nucleic acid level and of enhancing beneficial gene expression.
		if excessive free radicals are generated which will overcome the normal defence mechanism, or if the defence are compromised or both, the consequences can be enomorous.
	www.ayurvision.com /bulletin2.htm (3245 words)

	Biology articles
		A breakthrough in understanding how flowers form, is reported by scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology in Tuebingen, Germany, and the John Innes Centre in Norwich, UK.
		In an article published in the international journal "Science", they show how a small molecule that is made in leaves is able to induce the formation of flowers at the growing tip of a plant.
		Some bacteria, however, can subvert this defence mechanism and even multiply within the macrophages.
	www.theallineed.com /biology/index-02.htm (930 words)

	Course: Cellular Immunity and Intracellular Parasites (UMass Amherst) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This course will explore 4 aspects of interaction between the cellular immune system and infectious microbial pathogens (bacteria and protozoa) that survive in host cells.
		(These organisms are generally referred to as intracellular parasites or pathogens.) They will include a discussion of the mechanisms which mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes and macrophages) normally use to kill microbes and the mechanisms which intracellular parasites use to thwart this defence mechanism.
		Secondly, we will discuss the Th1/Th2 T cell paradigm and the roles of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in conveying resistence or susceptability to infectious disease.
	www.bio.umass.edu /micro/immunology/intrapar.html (137 words)

	Human Biology and Medicine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Mechanisms of Contraction of the Normal and Failing Heart.
		Ecological and Physiological Foundations of Space Biology and Medicine.
		Ecological and Physiological Bases of Space Biology and Medicine.
	w3.iac.net /~signbook/hbiol.htm (952 words)

	Nature Reviews web collection: RNA interference - Editorial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Parallel to the efforts towards maximizing the usefulness of RNAi as a tool have been the studies of the molecular mechanisms that underlie RNAi in vivo.
		Much evidence indicates that they originally evolved as a genome defence mechanism, but it is clear that small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are involved in processes that range from chromatin dynamics to gene regulation during development.
		The collection first focuses on biology – Marjori Matzke and James Birchler review the biological processes in which RNAi has been implicated: among them are DNA methylation and heterochromatin formation.
	www.nature.com /focus/rnai/editorial (400 words)

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