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Topic: Defoid languages

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	Language Family Encyclopedia Articles @ 216.92.11.26 () (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The concept of linguistic ancestry is less clear-cut than the concept of biological ancestry, as in cases of extreme historical language contact, in particular the formation of creole languages and other types of mixed languages; it may be unclear which language should be considered the ancestor of a given language.
		Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as branches of the family, because the history of a language family is often represented as a tree diagram.
		Thai Sign Language is a mixed language derived from ASL and the native sign languages of Bangkok and Chiang Mai, and may be considered part of the ASL family.
	216.92.11.26 /encyclopedia/Language_family (1244 words)

	INFO OF -Grammatical gender (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In a language with grammatical gender, each form of a determiner is associated with one gender, and therefore all nouns must be assigned a gender, whatever their meaning.
		In Latin language and in Romance languages the word Sol (Sun) is masculine and the word Luna (Moon) is feminine, while in German language and Germanic languages in general the opposite occurs.
		In Spanish language, the suffix -o is characteristic of masculine nouns and the suffix -a is characteristic of feminine nouns.
	grammatical.gender.en.cwap.org (3900 words)

	Niger-Congo languages - tScholars.com
		In early classifications of African languages, one of the principal criteria used to distinguish different groupings was the languages' use of prefixes to classifiy nouns, or the lack thereof.
		Languages like this have nasal vowels accompanied with complementary distribution between oral and nasal consonants before oral and nasal vowels.
		The Yoruba and Igbo languages, spoken in Nigeria.
	www.tscholars.com /encyclopedia/Niger-Congo_languages (2197 words)

	[No title]
		The existence in a language of weak pronouns in their sense is rather diffi cult to establish since it demands detail comparison of the distributional patterns of both strong and clitic-like forms.
		Languages do display a strong tendency to use more reduced forms of pronominals for arguments higher on the argument prominence hierarchy than those for lower on the hierarchy.
		It is not the case that the languages in question are morphologically or syntactically ergative and thus adhere to an argument prominence hierarchy where the P is higher than the A. \par 5.
	csli-publications.stanford.edu /LFG/4/siewierska/lfg99-siewierska.rtf (3728 words)

	Defoid languages: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Defoid languages constitute a branch of the Benue-Congo language family, and the name of the language family derives from the fact that nearly all of the ethnic groups who speak member languages refer to the city of Ilé Ifè as their place of origin - Defoid = èdè ('language')+ ifè (Ife) + oid.
		The Defoid language group consists of two branches, Yoruboid and Akokoid.
		Other important languages in the group are Igala and Itsekiri, the latter of which shares substantial intelligibility with certain dialects of Yoruba spoken in Nigeria's Ondo state.
	winelib.com /wiki/Defoid_languages (133 words)

	Reduced pronominals and argument prominence
		The existence in a language of weak pronouns in their sense is rather difficult to establish since it demands detail comparison of the distributional patterns of both strong and clitic-like forms.
		It is not the case that the languages in question are morphologically or syntactically ergative and thus adhere to an argument prominence hierarchy where the P is higher than the A. Colloquial Sinhala is reported to display zero recipients.
		It is not the case that the languages in question are morphologically or syntactically ergative and thus adhere to an argument promience hierarchy where the P is higher than the A. Colloquial Sinhala is reported to display zero recipients.
	cslipublications.stanford.edu /LFG/4/siewierska/lfg99-siewierska.html (3968 words)

	Benue-Congo languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Benue-Congo group of languages constitutes the largest branch of the Niger-Congo language family, both in terms of sheer number of languages, of which 938 are known (not counting mere dialects), and in terms of speakers, numbering perhaps 550 million.
		Subsequent research has shown the boundary between Benue-Congo and some other Volta-Congo branches (e.g., Kwa), to be rather vague, indicating diversification of a dialect continuum rather than a clear split of families.
		The main subgroupings of the Benue-Congo family, along with the most important languages in terms of number of speakers, are as follows (with number of constituent languages for each sub-branch in parenthesis):
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Benue-Congo (199 words)

	Yoruba language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Yoruba is an isolating, tonal language with SVO syntax.
		Yoruba is classified as a Niger-Congo language of the Yoruboid branch of Defoid, Benue-Congo.
		In addition to the vertical bars, three further diacritics are used on vowels and syllabic nasal consonants to indicate the language's tones: an acute accent for the high tone, a grave accent for the low tone, and an optional macron for the middle tone.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Yoruba_language.htm (3008 words)

	Web resources for Benue-Congo languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The remaining Benue-Congo languages are all spoken in Cameroon and Nigeria.
		Language Development Centre at the Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC), Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages at University of Ilorin, and Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL).
		The status of the East Kainji languages of Central Nigeria (PDF).
	goto.glocalnet.net /maho/webresources/benuecongo.html (1506 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : List of languages by number of native speakers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		This is a list of languages ordered by number of first-language speakers, with some data for second-language use.
		Only languages spoken natively by more than one million are listed.
		For languages spoken by very few people, and so in danger of extinction, see list of endangered languages.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers (2082 words)

	UCLA Language Materials Project Language Profiles Page
		Within Nigeria the language is spoken in the areas of Oyo, Ogun, Ondo Osun, Kwara, Lagos and the western part of Kogi State.
		The Yoruboid group belongs to the Defoid languages of the Benue-Congo group and ultimately to the Volta-Congo, and Atlantic-Congo groups of the Niger-Congo Family of 1419 languages mostly spoken in Central and South Africa.
		The âVocabulary of the Yoruba Languageâ by Samuel Ajayi Crowther was published in 1843.
	www.lmp.ucla.edu /Profile.aspx?LangID=22&menu=004 (1253 words)

	Liaison Language Center \| The Languages of Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Being an official language, it is taught in schools and used for higher education, television, radio, newspapers, literature as well as for legal, political and economic use.
		The French Language was introduced to the African continent during the period of colonialism in the 19
		The French language, however, was already established as a lingua franca for official use and for education and commerce.
	www.liaisonlanguage.com /page13.htm (970 words)

	Argument Marking in Ditransitive Alignment Types (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Yoruba is a well-known case of a language with secundative alignment of flagging: It has a special preposition for secondary objects (l’ in 5d), while the R and P are unmarked.
		In accusative alignment, there are 21 languages with coding type 00m (the “economical” type), where the specially treated role (the P) is overtly coded, and the S and A are zero-coded.
		Language variation: Papers on variation and change in the Sinosphere and in the Indosphere in honour of James A. Matisoff, ed.
	journals.dartmouth.edu /webobjbin/WebObjects/Journals.woa/2/xmlpage/1/article/280?htmlOnce=yes (5026 words)

	Ethnologue: Benin
		The number of languages listed for Benin is 51.
		The language is called 'Biali' or 'Bieri', the people 'Bialaba'.
		Language related to Yoruba, but culture to Baatonu (Bariba), among whom they live.
	www.christusrex.org /www3/ethno/Beni.html (1240 words)

	Happy Dogs Clup, The biggest dog resource center,breeds,cloths (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Only languages spoken natively by more than one million are listed, and then they are listed for secondary locations only when spoken by more than 1% of the population.
		For practical reasons in compiling this list, some listings are not single languages in the sense of being mutually intelligible, such as Chinese or Arabic; while in other cases mutually intelligible idioms with separate national standards or self identification have been listed separately, such as Scandinavian, Hindustani, and Malay.
		For the purposes of this article, a 'native language' is a language a person was raised with, while a 'second language' is a language of instruction or everyday communication.
	www.happydogsclub.com /sdmc_List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers (2276 words)

	Defoid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The largest Yoruboid language is Yoruba, which is spoken in most of Oyo, Ogun, Ondo Osun, Kwara, and Lagos states; and western LGA's of Kogi State by about 20 million people.
		Akokoid is made up of a cluster of small languages referred to as "Arigidi" cluster in Crozier and Blench (1992).
		Almost all ethnic groups in this branch refer to Ife as their origin, thus the name Defoid was suggested for it, which is coined from èdè ('language')+ ìfè (Ife) + oid.
	www.uiowa.edu /intlinet/unijos/nigonnet/nlp/defoid.htm (105 words)

	INTRO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		It is the general belief that it is the sons and daughters of Oduduwa that migrated out of Ile Ife to found many of the other Yoruba nation-states.Yoruba language is a member of the Defoid language family within the Benue Congo phylum.
		Yorùbá’s closest relatives in the Defoid family are Igala and Isekiri in Nigeria, Tsabe and Idaitsa in the Republic of Benin, and Ana and Ife-Togo in Togo Republic.
		It is the variety represented in major dictionaries and grammars of the language prepared over the past two centuries and in most pedagogical materials prepared for Americans and Europeans who wish to learn to learn the language.
	www.uga.edu /~aflang/YORUBA/People.html (590 words)

	Niger-Congo languages spoken in Nigeria
		Ijoid is a cluster of languages spoken in the southernmost part of Nigeria.
		The Gur languages are represented by Baatonun, which is spoken on the Western border of the country.
		There are several languages of the Adamawa group spoken in Nigeria, mostly in Taraba and Adamawa States.
	www.uiowa.edu /intlinet/unijos/nigonnet/nlp/nigercon.htm (138 words)

	Chichewa language resources
		Chichewa/Chinyanja Chichewa/Chinyanja is a language of the Bantu family widely spoken in south-central Africa.
		The Rainbow Bridge Language Translation Team Chichewa Translator Winfred Mkochi Born on 7 November 1977 at Mpamba in Nkhata-Bay, a lakeshore district in the northern part of...
		Chichewa is a Bantu language widely spoken in Malawi, while a very close dialect of Chichewa, called Chinyanja, is spoken in much of Zambia and parts of Mozambique.
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Chichewa.html (1445 words)

	Ethnologue: Cuba (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Of those, 1 is a living language and 1 is a second language with no mother tongue speakers.
		LUCUMI [LUQ] Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri.
		A secret language used for ritual by the Santeria religion.
	www.christusrex.org /www3/ethno/Cuba.html (103 words)

	The Nigerian Village Square Chat-Room
		Spoken as a second language in the northern half of Nigeria.
		The main trade language of Anambra and Imo States; the official language in the southeast.
		Some of the Akokos, in their spoken languages have great similarity to the Edos' e.g the people of Ipe-akoko, while some have their so similar to that of the Kogis', like the ikaramus'.
	www.nigeriavillagesquare1.com /portrait/language.htm (716 words)

	Home > Brisbane, CA, California Yellow Pages, Classifieds, Real Estate, Business, Schools, Library and Jobs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		one of the world\'s major language families; although links with other families have been proposed, none of these has received mainstream acceptance
		Many classifications continue to place Kordofanian as the most distant branch, but mainly due to negative evidence (fewer lexical correspondances), rather than positive evidence that the other languages form a valid genealogical group.
		: that all languages have at least one primary nasal consonant, and that if a language has only one primary nasal consonant it is /n/.
	www.brisbanecaus.com /details/Niger-Congo (2149 words)

	PanAfrLoc \| PanAfrLoc / Yoruba (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		It is spoken in the southwestern part of Nigeria (Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Oyo, and parts of Kwara states) as well as in enclaves in Benin and Togo.
		Yoruba is one of the major languages of Nigeria, dominant in the southwest, and is a national language.
		The orthography, established in the mid-19th century, is Latin-based, with three additional characters with diacritics underneath (either a dot or a small vertical line), and accents for tone marks above vowels (indications of tone are especially important in this language).
	www.bisharat.net /wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Yoruba (591 words)

	Association Of Nigerians In Lasvegas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Data accuracy estimate: A2, B. The number of languages listed for Nigeria is 515.
		Of those, 505 are living languages, 2 are second languages without mother tongue speakers, and 8 are extinct.
		1,770,000 all Ijo languages, 2% of the population (1991 SIL).
	www.nalv.org /Language.htm (5950 words)

	Wikipedia Yoruba Language entry [PDA - Pocket PC] - Assata Speaks - Hands Off Assata - Let's Get Free - Revolutionary - ...
		Yoruboid consists of Igala, a language spoken to the east of Yorubaland by about 800.000 people, and the Edekiri group, the members of which are spoken in Benin and Nigeria.
		Under the influence of Samuel Crowther and subsequent missionaries, and for a large part due to the development of a written version of the language, the term Yoruba was extended to include all speakers of related dialects.
		Yoruba is an isolating language with SVO syntax.
	www.assatashakur.org /forum/archive/index.php/t-15414.html (2966 words)

	Nigerian Languages 2
		Spoken as a first language in large areas of Sokoto, Kaduna, Katsina, Kano, Bauchi, Jigawa, Zamfara, Kebbi, and Gombe states.
		It is also spoken in the northeast of Delta State and the southeast of Rivers State, Oyigbo LGA and the Opobo part of Opobo-Nkoro LGA, and alongside Ibani in Bonny LGA.
		The language is closer to other Lower Cross languages than to Obolo.
	www.nigeria-planet.com /Nigerian-Languages2.html (2677 words)

	Bete language resources
		...language, Bete language, Lufu language, Imraguen language, Nemadi language, Mpre language, Kwavi language, (Oropom, Andamanese languages), Category:Languages whose existence is uncertain.
		...in a word which is found in slang and youth language.
		nasals' in Greenberg (ed.) Universals of Language, pp 50-60 as cited in Williamson art.cit.
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Bete.html (1482 words)

	List of languages by number of native speakers - All About All (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		List of languages by number of native speakers - All About All
		See live article • List of languages by number of native speakers
		List of languages by number of native speakers
	www.allaboutall.info /article/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers (2035 words)

	Nigerian Languages
		National or official languages: Edo, Efik, Adamawa Fulfulde, Hausa, Idoma, Igbo, Central Kanuri, Yoruba, English.
		The number of languages listed for Nigeria is 521.
		Of those, 510 are living languages, 2 are second language without mother-tongue speakers, and 9 are extinct.
	www.nigeria-planet.com /Nigerian-Languages.html (2338 words)

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