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	Defoliant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A defoliant is any chemical sprayed or dusted on plants to cause its leaves to fall off.
		A classic example of a highly toxic defoliant used for tactical purposes is Agent Orange, which was used widely by the U.S. military during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1970.
		Defoliants differ from herbicides in that the former seeks mainly to strip leaves from plants, and the latter is used to destroy or inhibit the growth of plants.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Defoliant (102 words)

	AllRefer.com - defoliant, Environment (Environmental Studies) - Encyclopedia
		In agriculture defoliants are used to eliminate the leaves of a crop plant so they will not interfere with the harvesting machinery.
		Possibly the severest and most long-lasting side effect of military defoliation is the disruption of the fragile jungle ecosystem.
		During the Vietnam War, U.S. forces used the defoliant Agent Orange, which is widely thought to have led to cancer and other side effects among military personnel and civilians.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/D/defolian.html (388 words)

	Defoliation Management (ACIS)
		Accordingly, recommendations for defoliation in a given season are often not developed until the end of the season.
		Defoliation is basically an effort on the part of the manager to speed up the natural physiological process involving plant senescence (aging) and leaf drop.
		This indicator of defoliation can depend on a number of factors including: boll load, crop vigor, amount of water applied in the last irrigation, soil water holding capacity, weather, etc. Thus, it is important to watch the crop and adjust defoliant applications accordingly.
	ag.arizona.edu /crop/cotton/comments/sept1999cc.html (991 words)

	Defoliant
		Technical Abstract: Soil dissipation of the cotton defoliant, tribufos, was measured in laboratory incubations and on research plots.
		Dissipation of the defoliant tribufos in cotton-producing soils.
		Soil dissipation of the cotton defoliant tribufos was measured in laboratory incubations and on 0.2-
	www.mongabay.com /reference/environment/Defoliant.html (339 words)

	defoliant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Defoliation was meant to save lives by denying the enemy cover.
		Defoliants were handled carelessly and applied carelessly, sprayed on both the enemy and noncombatants, and even our own men.
		In order for the defoliant spray to be effective, the aircraft had to be flown low, in a consistent flight track, and at airspeeds not much higher than 85 knots.
	www.hotkey.net.au /~marshalle/defoliant/defoliant.htm (1654 words)

	ACES Publications : ANR-0715 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Boll-opening materials are often used in combination with defoliation materials to increase the percentage of the crop harvested during the first picking or to possibly eliminate the need for a second picking.
		Defoliant selection should be based on whether juvenile growth needs to be defoliated, the need for regrowth control or boll opening, and the temperature at and following application.
		Defoliants should be applied in the late afternoon or early morning when humidity is high and winds are calm.
	www.aces.edu /pubs/docs/A/ANR-0715 (5152 words)

	B1049 Influence of Various Compounds and Temperature on Activity of Dropp Defoliant on Cotton
		The influence of adjuvants was determined on the absorption, movement in the leaves, and subsequent defoliation of cotton with thidiazuron (Dropp®) defoliant applied over-the-top in 20 gallons of water per acre.
		Defoliants are applied in the fall when temperatures are lower than when herbicides are frequently applied.
		Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine the effect of temperature and adjuvants on leaf absorption of Dropp in cotton and on cotton defoliation.
	msucares.com /pubs/bulletins/b1049.htm (3096 words)

	Sodium Chlorate Defoliant - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		for residues of the defoliant/ desiccant sodium chlorate, in or on wheat...
		Sodium chlorate is considered phytotoxic and is used as a defoliant and a...
		The remainder is utilized in the agricultural industry as a cotton defoliant...
	sodium.fmqg.com /index.php?k=sodium-chlorate-defoliant (826 words)

	Cotton defoliant compositions - Patent 4552582
		An aqueous cotton defoliant composition of claim 2 wherein thidiazuron is present in an amount from about 0.0075 to about 0.2 pound and the ammonium thiocyanate is present in an amount of from about 1 to about 4 pounds per gallon of composition.
		According to this invention, the cotton defoliating activity of thidiazuron is markedly potentiated by the aforementioned thiocyanates.
		In the cotton defoliating compositions of the invention, the thiocyanate:thidiazuron weight ratio at which the cotton defoliating response is synergistic generally lies within the range of from about 5:1 to about 1335:1, preferably, from about 10:1 to about 1335:1, and most preferably from about 20:1 to about 670:1.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4552582.html (2379 words)

	Sodium Chlorate Defoliant Action - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Sodium chlorate is not generally used as a defoliant on spindle-type picked cotton...
		Defoliation of Pima and Upland Cotton at the Safford Agricultural Center, 1997
		Defoliant chemicals alter hormonal levels to achieve abscission, but their action is influenced...
	sodium.fmqg.com /index.php?k=sodium-chlorate-defoliant-action (922 words)

	Defoliation of Pima Cotton
		In chemically defoliating a crop, an attempt is made to accelerate and enhance the natural senescence process, leaf abscission, and ultimately leaf drop (Cathey, 1986).
		Therefore, defoliation results may be affected by late season whitefly populations and the extent of honeydew deposited on the leaves prior to defoliant application.
		In managing a Pima crop for defoliation, a number of important factors such as plant-water relations, N fertility status, extent of insect honeydew deposits present on the foliage, and weather conditions must be taken into account before a defoliant treatment is selected and applied.
	ag.arizona.edu /pubs/crops/az1241.html (2265 words)

	IS529 Cotton Defoliation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is generally safe to defoliate when 50 to 60 percent of the bolls are open and the youngest boll you expect to harvest is mature (generally 36 to 40 days old).
		Defoliation materials do not move within the plant, so adequate coverage of the foliage is essential.
		The response of plants to defoliants is affected by temperature (at time of application and for 3-4 days thereafter), condition of the plant, rate of material used, and coverage.
	msucares.com /pubs/infosheets/is529.htm (3168 words)

	[No title]
		As a result, night defoliant operations in the future were conducted only on a random basis.
		Increased defoliation requirements created a demand for more aircraft and crews, and in May, 1966, eleven more UC-123s were authorized and scheduled for arrival before the end of the year.
		Defoliant missions resumed two months later and in May, a fifth Ranch Hand aircraft was downed with all hands lost after encountering heavy fire.
	home.earthlink.net /~aircommando1/RANCHHAND.htm (1395 words)

	AG Weekly Online -- Twin Falls, Idaho
		Keith Esplin of Potato Growers of Idaho, said potato processors advised growers against spaying defoliant as early as they usually do, which is in late August or early September.
		Farmers who had contracts were getting on the average $4.70 per hundredweight, and with the increased fuel and fertilizer costs up by 35 to 40 cents per hundredweight, some couldn't afford the extra cost of defoliant, he said.
		The risk in waiting for a freeze, however, is that spuds might not develop the tough brown skins that evolve after the vines are dead.
	www.agweekly.com /articles/2005/11/04/commodities/crop/crop02.txt (324 words)

	SeedQuest - News releases
		EPA approves Nichino America's ET™, a cotton defoliant, potato dessicant, and broadleaf herbicide in corn, soybeans, and cotton
		ET™, a cotton defoliant, potato dessicant, and broadleaf herbicide in corn, soybeans, and cotton, has been approved by the Environmental Protection Agency, officials at Nichino America announced today.
		It has a wide variety of uses, as it is labeled as a cotton defoliant; a potato preharvest desiccant; a preplant, burndown broadleaf herbicide in corn, soybeans, and cotton; a nonselective broadleaf control in noncrop areas; and an in-season broadleaf herbicide under hooded sprayers in cotton;
	www.seedquest.com /News/releases/2003/may/5894.htm (695 words)

	Southeast Farm Press: Variable-rate defoliant promising (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The variable-rate application of defoliants using remote sensing technology could save Mid-South cotton producers $4 to $6 per acre in chemical costs, according to a three-year LSU AgCenter study.
		In the first year, areas of the field where blanket applications were made received 10 ounces of a defoliant per acre.
		The cooperating grower or his consultant determined the broadcast application rate and the structure for the variable-rate application was based on an NDVI image.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0HEV/is_8_32/ai_n12936050 (792 words)

	defoliant -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		Defoliants were employed for these purposes by South Vietnamese and U.S. forces in the Vietnam War; among the more controversial of these substances was the chemical compound known as Agent Orange (q.v.
		Defoliants were employed for these purposes by South Vietnamese and U.S. chemical warfare
		Though smoke, which is used for camouflage or to confuse an enemy, and incendiary weapons are covered by this definition, the term usually refers to the use of chemical agents, both lethal and nonlethal, that attack the human organism by paralyzing the nervous...
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9029746?tocId=9029746 (551 words)

	defoliant - Books, journals, articles @ The Questia Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The can of defoliant claims that the spray is 90 per cent effective...remarking that they were sprayed with a powerful defoliant; but this will not explain why some survive...
		Agent Orange was a defoliant invented to clear jungles in Vietnam, theoretically denying...Many U.S. soldiers claimed their exposure to the air-dropped defoliant caused them cancer and created birth defects in their children...
		In agriculture defoliants are used to eliminate the leaves of a crop plant so...considered potential sustenance for the enemy.
	www.questia.com /SM.qst?act=search&keywordsSearchType=1000&keywords=defoliant (1547 words)

	Digital Chosunilbo (English Edition) : Daily News in English About Korea
		Defoliant was sprayed by up to 70,000 South Korean soldiers over the two year period in areas "to improve observation and fields of fire and to deny hostile forces the concealment provided by vegetation." The defoliants were so toxic that US forces stopped using them in 1972 after use during the Vietnam War.
		To date the governments of the US and South Korea have been reluctant to comment on the use of defoliant, but an American veteran obtained a copy of the declassified USFK communique to the USDA and used it in a lawsuit which recognized him as a victim of the side effects.
		In contrast to Vietnam veterans, no veterans of the spraying operation complained of suffering from side effects, indicating that possible weaker variants of the defoliants were used.
	www.chosun.com /w21data/html/news/199911/199911160533.html (427 words)

	Search Results for defoliant - Encyclopædia Britannica
		Defoliants sometimes are applied to crop plants such as cotton in order to facilitate harvesting.
		Military technology in the space age has been concerned with the radical restructuring of strategy caused by the invention of nuclear weapons and the means of delivering them by intercontinental...
		mixture of herbicides that U.S. military forces sprayed in Vietnam from 1962 to 1971 during the Vietnam War for the dual purpose of (1) defoliating forest areas that might conceal Viet Cong and...
	www.britannica.com /search?query=defoliant&submit=Find&source=MWTAB (367 words)

	Veterans exposed to Agent Orange feel agony, frustration; U.S. soldiers served in Korea also struggle to get recognized ...
		While he said he doesn't recall if he himself was involved in the spraying of defoliants, he said he remembers seeing his fellow soldiers spreading chemicals by hand or with spraying devices.
		They gave similar testimonies on the situation in which the defoliants were sprayed and on the diseases they subsequently suffered from.
		More than 59,000 gallons of the defoliants, including 21,000 gallons of the highly toxic Agent Orange, were spread on 20,794 acres of land along a 100-meter strip south of the 155-mile-long DMZ.
	aids.hallym.ac.kr /health/news/991206.html (1339 words)

	AGENT ORANGE - My Personal Experiences
		The purpose of defoliation was to eliminate hiding places for the enemy.
		We proceeded on through the defoliant sprayed area with the powdery substance transferring from the foliage to our skin, clothing, and packs.
		During my readings about Agent Orange and other chemical defoliants, I learned that after exposure to these defoliants, some of the toxins from the defoliants, were stored in the body fats.
	www.1stcavmedic.com /agent_orange.html (712 words)

	Plains Pest Management Newsletter
		Defoliation or dessication are important questions every year especially when cotton is early and a high percent of bolls are open in September.
		Defoliants can often be safely applied when 50 to 60 percent of bolls are open and the remaining bolls are of sufficient maturity.
		This is the reason some growers like to add a boll opening material to their defoliant, such as one of the ethephon products.
	www.tpma.org /news_letters/_hale_swisher/PPMN09192002.html (1257 words)

	Digital Chosunilbo (English Edition) : Daily News in English About Korea
		A lawsuit against US defoliant makers is expected to go ahead, as the Seoul District Court agreed Monday to accept study results on damage caused by constituent chemicals as evidence.
		The civil department of the court announced that it will adopt the report titled "A Comparison Analysis on Chemical Dioxin Levels of the Liver Serum of Soldiers of the Vietnam War and Soldiers who Did Not Participate," which Baek Byeong-yop, the counsel for the plaintiffs, submitted to the justice as evidence.
		At the request of professor Kim Jeong-soon of the Graduate School of Public Health at Seoul National University, the research was done by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which surveyed 740 soldiers, some of whom participated in the Vietnam War for six months.
	english.chosun.com /w21data/html/news/200109/200109030314.html (248 words)

	Earth Changes TV - Defoliant Connected To Diabetes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Servicemen with high dioxin levels were more likely to develop diabetes than were those with low levels, and people with the highest levels developed the disease most rapidly, according to the report.
		Their health is compared to a similar number of airmen who served in Vietnam, but had no defoliant exposure.
		The data do not prove dioxin causes diabetes, only that there appears to be a correlation between its level in the blood and the disease.
	www.earthchangestv.com /biology/0330defolitant.htm (466 words)

	USATODAY.com - Vietnam's Agent Orange victims file suit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The lawsuit, filed by the Vietnam Association for Victims of Agent Orange on behalf of three people, was submitted to the U.S. Federal Court in Brooklyn, New York, on Jan. 30, said the group's vice president Nguyen Trong Nhan.
		Vietnam has said an estimated 1 million people were affected by the defoliant during the war.
		A new study released last year found that very high levels of dioxin continue to be found in food samples in Vietnam, decades after the wartime defoliant was sprayed over the country.
	www.usatoday.com /news/health/2004-02-04-agent-orange_x.htm (555 words)

	Star - Is this the legacy of Agent Orange
		Now, 40 years after the Vietnam war, the victims of the defoliant Agent Orange are suing the American companies that made the poison.
		The lawsuit, filed by the Vietnam Association for Victims of Agent Orange on behalf of three people, was submitted to the US Federal Court in Brooklyn, New York, last month, said the group's vice president Nguyen Trong Nhan.
		A new study released last year found that very high levels of dioxin continue to be found in food samples in Vietnam, decades after the wartime defoliant was sprayed over the forests of Vietnam.
	www.thestar.co.za /index.php?fSectionId=129&fArticleId=342861 (541 words)

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