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Topic: Degenerate matter

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Pauli exclusion principle

Metallic hydrogen

Extrasolar planet

	Degenerate matter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Degenerate matter is matter which has sufficiently high density that the dominant contribution to its pressure arises from the Pauli exclusion principle.
		Unlike gases, degenerate matter is difficult to compress and the volume of degenerate matter does not change much in response to changes in temperature or pressure.
		This contrasts with the case of the degenerate matter that forms the body of a white dwarf where all the electrons would be treated as occupying free particle momentum states.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Degenerate_matter (212 words)

	Neutronium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Neutronium is an often misused term for an extremely dense phase of matter that occurs under the intense pressure found in the core of neutron stars and is currently not well understood.
		According to current theory, matter at the surface of a neutron star is composed of ordinary nuclei as well as electrons.
		Neutron matter is matter composed soley of neutrons.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Neutronium (912 words)

	Learn more about Compact star in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		There is a remarkable variety of stars and other clumps of matter, but all matter in the universe must eventually end in only one of only four compact objects.
		Eventually a point is reached where all matter is (pressure) ionized, the electrons are stripped from the nuclei and are free.
		Also neutron stars are "soft" (in fact all degenerate matter is "soft") in the sense that adding more mass will thrink the star, like in white dwarfs, but unlike planets.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /c/co/compact_star.html (1223 words)

	Degenerate matter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Degenerate PCR The identification of novel members of gene families by PCR using degenerate primers is described and protocols given.
		Harvard University: Experimental Soft Condensed Matter The group of David A. Weitz works on the physics of soft condensed matter, materials which are easily deformable by external stresses, electric or magnetic fields, or even by thermal fluctuations.
		Paul Scherrer Laboratory: Department for Condensed Matter Research Large Facilities in Switzerland for the study of solid and liquid condensed matter with Neutron and Muons beams.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Degenerate_matter.html (576 words)

	Degenerate dwarf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A Degenerate dwarf is type of star, an alternative name for what is commonly called a White dwarf (see this reference for a more complete article).
		In degenerate stars, the weight of the star is counterbalanced by the pressure of degenerate matter, which is, in the case of a Degenerate dwarf supplied by degenerate electrons (electrons at such high density that quantum mechanical effects are dominant).
		The internal structure of degenerate stars in general, is therefore decoupled from the thermal structure.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Degenerate_dwarf.html (525 words)

	Degenerate matter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Unlike gases degenerate matter is difficult to compress the volume of degenerate matter does not much in response to changes in temperature pressure.
		Degeneracy pressure contributes to the of conventional solids but these are not usually considered be degenerate matter as a significant contribution their pressure is provided by the interplay the electrical repulsion of atomic nuclei and the screening of nuclei from other by electrons allocated among the quantum determined by the nuclear electrical potentials.
		This with the case of the degenerate matter forms the body of a white dwarf all the electrons would be treated as free particle momentum states.
	www.freeglossary.com /Degeneracy_pressure (556 words)

	Encyclopedia: Degenerate-matter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Matter is commonly referred to as the substance of which physical objects are composed.
		A gas is one of the phases of matter.
		Strange matter is an ultra-dense phase of matter that is theorized to form inside particularly massive neutron stars.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Degenerate_matter (530 words)

	degenerate matter
		Matter in which all the available quantum energy states allowed by the Pauli exclusion principle have been occupied.
		Degenerate matter occurs, for example, in stars that have collapsed under their own gravitational pull following the exhaustion of their useable nuclear fusion energy reserves.
		Electron degenerate matter is found in white dwarfs and baryon degenerate matter is found in neutron stars.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/D/degenmat.html (136 words)

	dark matter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Dark matter is thought to exist because of its gravitational effects in the universe; specifically within galaxies and clusters of galaxies.
		The first is electron degenerate matter and occurs when the electrons are forced to try and occupy the same quantum states as one another.
		The cores of dead stars, which are composed of electron degenerate matter, are known as white dwarfs.
	www.herts.ac.uk /astro_ub/aD_ub.html (1330 words)

	ipedia.com: Degenerate star Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A degenerate star is type of star which is held up against gravity by the pressure of degenerate matter.
		If the matter consists of degenerate electrons, the degenerate star is called a degenerate dwarf or more commonly a white dwarf.
		If the matter consists of quarks, the degenerate star is called a quark star or more general a strange star.
	www.ipedia.com /degenerate_star.html (329 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - degenerate matter
		Matter, in science, general term applied to anything that has the property of occupying space and the attributes of gravity and inertia.
		In the 20th century, physicists discovered that matter behaved as both a wave and a particle.
		Matter, States of, in classical physics, three forms in which matter occurs—solid, liquid, and gas.
	encarta.msn.com /degenerate+matter.html (107 words)

	degenerate matter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Everyday matter consists of mainly empty space; in an atom, a tiny nucleus made of protons and neutrons is surrounded by even smaller orbiting electrons which, in comparison with the nucleus, are a long way away.
		A core some 1.4 times greater than the mass of our sun will crush (through the force of gravity) the electrons within the nickel-iron core so close to the inner nuclei that the electrons are forced to combine with the neutrons.
		The matter then consists solely of neutrons, or sub-atomic particles (a "neutron star").
	homepage.ntlworld.com /brian.kilby/astro/1996/june/degenerate.html (773 words)

	Star - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		As learned by star formation astronomers, stars are born in molecular clouds, large regions of slightly higher density of matter (though still less dense than the inside of an earthly vacuum chamber), and form by gravitational instability inside those clouds triggered by shockwaves from supernovae.
		The core that remains will be a tiny ball of degenerate matter not massive enough for further fusion to take place, supported only by degeneracy pressure, called a white dwarf.
		Most of the matter in a star is blown away in the explosion (forming nebulae such as the Crab Nebula) but what remains will collapse into a neutron star (a pulsar or X-ray burster) or, in the case of the largest stars, a fl hole.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Star (1344 words)

	[No title]
		More recently, however, degenerate superstars composed of weakly interacting fermions in the $\sim$ 10 keV range, have been suggested as an alternative to the supermassive fl holes that are purported to exist at the centers of galaxies \cite{2,3,4,5,6}.
		The statics of degenerate fermion stars is well understood, being the Op\-pen\-hei\-mer-Volkoff equation in the relativistic case \cite{8}, or the Lan\'{e}-Emden equation with polytropic index $n = 3/2$ in the nonrelativistic limit \cite{15}.
		To prevent matter from being artificially reflected by the boundary at $r = 1000$, we have introduced an $r$-dependent imaginary part to the potential, or `sponge' \cite{21}, from $r =$ 700 to 1000, which removes the ejected fermionic matter.
	www.aoc.nrao.edu /~gcnews/gcnews/Vol.13/lindebaumr@nu.ac.za_0106209.txt (2807 words)

	Degenerate Gases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		These gases are called degenerate gases and their properties are governed by the principles of quantum mechanics.
		One very important property of degenerate gases is that the pressure is independent of the temperature.
		Thermonuclear ignition under degenerate conditions is thought to be a key component in nova explosions, X-ray bursters, type 1a supernovae, and in what is called the helium flash in red giant stars.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr162/lect/binaries/accreting/degenerate.html (298 words)

	Discussion: Jupiter-Sized Star Found - Bad Astronomy and Universe Today Forum
		Degenerate matter occurs when the gravitational force in large bodies like Jupiter overcomes the electromagnetic force responsible for keeping all those atoms and ions from squeezing too closely together.
		Regular matter must become degenerate matter before fusion is even possible (the electromagnetic force keeps the nucleons repelled until gravity can overtake that force and force the nuclei closer together than they normally would be able to).
		In degenerate matter this repelling is counteracted by other forces like gravity or the strong force.
	www.bautforum.com /showthread.php?t=27057 (2570 words)

	Lives and Deaths of Stars
		The core's gas is super-compressed by gravity to form a strange type of gas made of ``degenerate matter''.
		Electrons are spaced further apart in a degenerate electron gas than the neutrons in a degenerate neutron gas because electrons are much less massive than neutrons.
		The pressure in a degenerate gas depends only on the speed of the degenerate particles NOT the temperature of the gas.
	www.astronomynotes.com /evolutn/s10.htm (501 words)

	degenerate. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Having declined, as in function or nature, from a former or original state: a degenerate form of an ancient folk art.
		Medicine Characterized by degeneration, as of tissue, a cell, or an organ.
		To fall below a normal or desirable state, especially functionally or morally; deteriorate: old water pipes that are degenerating with age; a dispute that degenerated into a brawl.
	www.bartleby.com /61/92/D0099200.html (247 words)

	ch16
		Even though the degenerate state of matter cannot be produced in a terrestrial laboratory, it is very common in the universe at large.
		Almost all of the mass of white dwarfs is in the form of degenerate matter, and most stars eventually become white dwarfs, or degenerate dwarfs, as they are also called.
		The studies of the X-ray pulses from degenerate dwarf sources are just beginning, but with the data accumulated by the X-ray "eyes" of the HEAO instruments, we may eventually be able to "see," albeit indirectly, inside a degenerate dwarf.
	history.nasa.gov /SP-466/ch16.htm (1195 words)

	[No title]
		This surprising fact is a consequence of the equation of state of degenerate fermionic matter; this would not be the case for degenerate bosonic matter.
		Indeed, for a supermassive object consisting of nonrelativistic self-gravitating degenerate bosons, mass and radius would scale, for a constant boson mass, as $R \propto M^{-1}$, rather than $R \propto M^{-1/3}$, as for a supermassive object consisting of nonrelativistic self-gravitating degenerate fermions, for a constant fermion mass.
		Similarly, fermions of mass $m_{f} \sim$ 13 keV/$c^{2}$ to $\sim$ 17 keV/$c^{2}$, which are condensed in a degenerate FB of (2.6 $\pm$ 0.2) $\times$ 10$^{6} M_{\odot}$, are nonrelativistic, since their local Fermi velocity is certainly smaller than the escape velocity of $\sim$ 1,700 km~s$^{-1}$ from the center of the FB.
	www.aoc.nrao.edu /~gcnews/gcnews/Vol.13/bilic@physci.uct.ac.za_starmot.txt (3800 words)

	electron degenerate matter
		A form of degenerate matter in which the weight of overlying material tries to force all of the electrons surrounding the atomic nucleus into the lowest energy quantum state.
		The electrons resist, because of the Paul exclusion principle, and so exert a pressure, known as degenerate electron pressure or electron degeneracy pressure, that halts further collapse.
		This pressure is sufficient up to the Chandrasekar limit of about 1.4 M
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/E/electron_degenerate_matter.html (160 words)

	Classnotes 14
		This is the pressure of degenerate electrons (white dwarfs) or degenerate neutrons (neutron stars).
		Degenerate electrons also play a part in the evolution of stars prior to their attaining their final states.
		Degenerate electron gas (and associated nuclei) cannot expand and cool when energy is put in.
	www.as.utexas.edu /astronomy/education/spring01/lambert/classnotes14.html (1453 words)

	Read about Degenerate matter at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Degenerate matter and learn about Degenerate matter ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		matter which has sufficiently high density that the dominant contribution to its
		Degeneracy pressure contributes to the pressure of conventional solids, but these are not usually considered to be degenerate matter as a significant contribution to their pressure is provided by the interplay between the electrical repulsion of atomic
		conduction electrons alone as a degenerate, free electron gas while the majority of the electrons are regarded as occupying bound quantum states.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Degenerate_matter (254 words)

	deadsun - bio/review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Dee Adman came on board after "Degenerate Matter" was recorded adding the percussive low-end tightness needed to push deadsun's live show over the top.
		Deadsun released their CD Degenerate Matter on March 6th of 2004 in front of a packed house at the Blue Sky Court in Nashville.
		Ultimately, the goal of the band is Major Label release/distribution for their CD Degenerate Matter and to prominence on the international hard rock scene.
	www.deadsunband.com /bioreview.htm (308 words)

	www.herts.ac.uk/astro_ub/aB_ub.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A form of degenerate matter in which electrons have been forced into the confines of the atomic nucleus by the weight of overlying material.
		Matter and energy continued to be completely interchangeable until the universe was fifteen seconds old.
		This collapse will cause the matter to be concentrated in an ever decreasing volume with densities and temperatures reaching those which were reached in the big bang.
	www.herts.ac.uk /astro_ub/aB_ub.html (2976 words)

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