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Topic: Degradation

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	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Degradation
		Degradation, however, cannot deprive an ecclesiastic of the character conferred in ordination, nor does it dispense him from the law of celibacy and the recitation of the Breviary.
		The first mention of clerical degradation is found in the eighty-third Novel of Justinian; subsequently it was adopted with its external solemnities by early medieval councils as a repressive measure against heretics.
		Degradation cannot be inflicted except for crimes clearly designated in the law, or for any other enormous crime when deposition and excommunication have been applied in vain, and the culprit has proved incorrigible.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04677c.htm (540 words)

	Degradation Analysis
		Degradation analysis involves the measurement and extrapolation of degradation or performance data that can be directly related to the presumed failure of the product in question.
		In such cases, the degradation of the product can be estimated through the measurement of certain performance characteristics, such as using resistance to gauge the degradation of a dielectric material.
		Once the level of failure (or the degradation level that would constitute a failure) is defined, the degradation for multiple units over time needs to be measured (with different groups of units being at different stress levels).
	www.weibull.com /AccelTestWeb/degradation_analysis.htm (973 words)

	A 'distributed degron' allows regulated entry into the ER degradation pathway
		Degradation of either protein requires ubiquitination that is strongly dependent on Ubc7p (Hiller et al., 1996; Hampton and Bhakta, 1997), and a functional 26S proteasome (Hampton et al., 1996a; Hiller et al., 1996).
		ER degradation of Hmg2p is tightly regulated and isozyme specific, yet occurs by the action of cellular machinery responsible for the destruction of a diverse array of misfolded proteins.
		Degradation of Hmg2p and its variants was assessed by cycloheximide−chase assay as described previously (Gardner et al., 1998).
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/emboj/journal/v18/n21/full/7592003a.html (8852 words)

	Degradation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In chemistry and biology, degradation is the decomposition of a chemical compound by stages, with well-defined intermediate products.
		In communications, a condition in which one or more of the required performance parameters fall outside predetermined limits, resulting in a lower quality of service.
		There are several forms and causes of degradation in electric signals, both in the time domain and in the physical domain, including runt pulse, spike, jitter, wander, swim, drift, glitch, ringing, crosstalk, antenna effect, and phase noise.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Degradation (195 words)

	In Vitro and In Vivo Studies on the Degradation of Metallothionein (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Degradation of metallothionein (MT) from rat liver was examined.
		The degradation of apo-MT by either lysosomal extract (Figure 5) or purified cathepsin B (Figure 6) decreased in a linear fashion as a function of increasing amounts of molar equivalents of Zn added to the reaction mix.
		The validity of the hypothesis that MT degradation is regulated by the amount and/or the species of metals associated with the protein, can be assessed by comparing the half-lives of the isoproteins with their respective metal contents.
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /members/1994/Suppl-3/141-146klaassen/klaassen-full.html (4324 words)

	Using Degradation Data for Life Data Analyses
		Degradation analysis involves the measurement of the degradation of a product, where the degradation can be directly related to the expected failure of the product.
		Once you have determined the degradation factor that eventually results in product failure, devised a method to measure the degradation and defined the level of degradation at which the product is considered to be "failed," the next step is to measure the degradation for multiple units over time and record the results.
		A plot of the degradation analysis is presented in Figure 1 and the extrapolated cycles-to-failure are shown in the Weibull++ Degradation Analysis utility in Figure 2.
	www.reliasoft.com /newsletter/2q2001/degradation.htm (1291 words)

	Degradation Analysis
		Once the level of failure (or the degradation level that would constitute a failure) is defined, the degradation for multiple units over time needs to be measured.
		As with conventional reliability data, the amount of certainty in the results is directly related to the number of units being tested.
		Using degradation analysis with an exponential model for the extrapolation, determine the B10 life for the blades.
	www.weibull.com /LifeDataWeb/degradation_analysis.htm (678 words)

	GIS Soil Degradation
		Soil Degradation, by the GLASOD definition, is "a process that describes human-induced phenomena which lower the current and/or future capacity of the soil to support human life".
		Soil degradation attributes were derived from unpublished maps compiled by the State Committee on Land Resources and Land-Use Planning of Russia and have been linked to the digital soil map of the FSU.
		Degradation is described according to type, degree, extent, rate of change (trend) and causative factors.
	www.iiasa.ac.at /Research/LUC/GIS/soil_deg.htm (737 words)

	Land Degradation and Desertification Newsletter \| NRCS Soils
		Turkey was the ideal venue for the conference, due to the historical significance of the country, with respect to the rise and fall of civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean and particularly the Mesopotamia.
		While over exploitation of the natural resources, loss and degradation of habitats, pollution are placed at top of the environmental agenda, erosion and desertification are overlooked; the main reason for that, the soil is not considered as a limited resource such as petrol, air, potable water, and exploited in a non-sustainable way.
		Land degradation, either natural or induced by humans, is an important concern affecting the wealth of nations, food security, and the quality of life.
	soils.usda.gov /use/worldsoils/landdeg/199702news.html (7168 words)

	Eastern Economic Journal: Economics of Environmental Degradation: Tragedy for the Commons?, The
		Alone among recent publications on environmental issues, this book tackles the problem of environmental degradation from a rather specific viewpoint- that of the social and institutional problems that are seen as its underlying causes.
		A necessary and sufficient condition for resource degradation, is that "the decline of a natural resource or environment can be traced to an identifiable institutional imperfection" [9].
		The book implies that a fall in environmental quality is degradation if it is an unwanted by-product rather than the result of a conscious choice on the part of the decision makers.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3620/is_199904/ai_n8850074 (973 words)

	LADA - Land Degradation Assessment in drylands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A workshop was organized on the issue of land degradation in drylands, funded by UNEP-GEF and the Global Mechanism of the Convention to Combat Desertification.
		Ultimate beneficaries would be the populations affected by the negative effects of land degradation as more efficient remedial measures combatting land degradation and their causes will be identified.
		Land degradation affects directly the productive capapcity and environmental health of the land which for the most fragile part of the population is vital for their survival.
	www.fao.org /ag/aGL/agll/lada/faqs.stm (953 words)

	Environment: Soil degradation in the West African Sahel how serious is it? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		However, a recent study of Burkina Faso, supposedly one of the most degraded countries in the West African Sahel, shows that there is insufficient evidence of widespread degradation, despite the occurrence of trends usually associated with it.
		The existing map of human-induced soil degradation used in the agroecosystems report is the Global Assessment of Soil Degradation (GLASOD) map, which was prepared at UNEP's request between 1987 and 1990 by a team from the International Soil Reference and Information Centre.
		Thus, to measure soil degradation, it is not enough to establish changes in the condition of soil--it is also necessary to ascertain a causal link between those changes and a decline in soil's productivity.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1076/is_2_44/ai_83805962 (1129 words)

	In Depth - Soil Degradation in China
		According to the GLASOD classification, a medium level of soil degradation indicates that "the terrain has greatly reduced agricultural productivity." A high degree of degradation means that "the terrain is nonreclaimable at farm level" and that "original biotic functions are largely destroyed" (Oldeman et al., 1990, p.
		For instance, whereas for South and Southeast Asia GLASOD had indicated that 73% of the degradation was due to water erosion, 20% due to wind, and 7% due to chemical deterioration, ASSOD found only 47% water erosion, but 20% wind erosion, 24% chemical deterioration, and 9% physical deterioration.
		Chemical and physical forms of degradation (such as aridification, sealing, or crusting), on the other hand, are more serious in the major crop areas (see Map 9).
	www.iiasa.ac.at /Research/LUC/ChinaFood/indepth/id_10.htm (2202 words)

	Photochemistry and Photobiology: Amplified degradation of photosystem II D1 and D2 proteins under a mixture of ...
		Becausee degradation driven by visible or UVB radiation alone is uncoupled from PS II redox status, it was therefore assumed that the mixed-light-amplified component of degradation would behave similarly.
		The data are interpreted to indicate that formation of plastosemiquinone or an active water-oxidizing Mn4 cluster, is the UVB chromophore involved in amplified degradation of the D1 and D2 proteins.
		Thus, amplified degradation of the D1 and D2 proteins under mixed-light conditions appears to be highly sensitive to the redox state of QA and/or electron transport through PS II.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3931/is_199905/ai_n8838479 (1152 words)

	I. What is land degradation and how much agricultural land is affected?
		Another major cause of land degradation is conversion of tropical forests to agriculture (crop or pasture land), however we won't discuss this until late in the term when we discuss forest issues and threats to biological diversity explicitly.
		We are using degradation (or "desertification") in the broad sense to mean impoverishment of the land by human activities and by natural causes (such as climate).
		Degradation is unevenly distributed around the world, varying by nation and by climatic region.
	oregonstate.edu /~muirp/whatdegr.htm (751 words)

	Land Degradation - ODG
		Note: the Murcia region is ideal for almost all types of degradation with areas of salinity and sodicity, and gullying and piping especially prevalent in the field areas.
		To situate concerns for land degradation within the context of global environmental change issues (desertification, biodiversity, climate change), and within the context of major developmental problems (food security, rural livelihoods, poverty).
		The timing of the course will maximise the chances of soil degradation processes being evident in the field from recent rainfall.The course will be located at a convenient new environmental education centre just outside Murcia on the slopes of the Sierra de Carascoy.
	www.odg.uea.ac.uk /pages/course_landdeg2005.html (1039 words)

	biology - Edman degradation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Edman degradation, developed by Pehr Edman, is a method of sequencing amino acids in a peptide.
		In this method, the amino-terminal residue is labeled and cleaved from the peptide without disrupting other peptide bonds between other amino acid residues.
		This is because the Edman degradation reaction is not 100% efficient, meaning that the cleavage step does not occur every time.
	www.biologydaily.com /biology/Edman_degradation (184 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Land Degradation Assessment: Tools and Techniques for Measuring Sediment Load
		Assessment of land degradation by erosion (soil loss by water), chemical (carbon and nutrient depletion) and physical degradation (soil compaction and aggregation) and the causes of degradation (deforestation, overexploitation, overgrazing and agricultural activities) in these regions are addressed.
		The effects of land degradation through water erosion and its subsequent impact on rivers and reservoirs downstream are presented through the use of modeling tools and techniques.
		The identification of high degradation risk areas will allow for better soil conservation projects where programs can be implemented to maintain a sustainable non-degrading agriculture in the region and thus, reduce the sediment load into rivers and lakes.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=122842 (321 words)

	FAO/AGL - National Soil Degradation Maps
		Data on soil degradation have been linked with population numbers and densities in the mapping units.
		For each country the extent of each severity class of soil degradation and the associated population numbers (LandScan 2000) in the area mapped are given.
		National authorities concerned with land degradation are urged to update and refine the present estimates and mapping.
	www.fao.org /landandwater/agll/glasod/glasodmaps.jsp (171 words)

	All Things Web: Understanding Tag Degradation
		To 15% or more of your readers, whose browsers support font colors but not table background colors, the contents of the table cell would be totally invisible.
		Be especially careful when using tags where seamless degradation is possible, but by no means certain.
		Tag degradation is by no means a bad thing.
	www.pantos.org /atw/h-35383.html (321 words)

	Modulation of Insulin-stimulated Degradation of Human Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 by Serine 312 Phosphorylation -- ...
		be deficient in the insulin-stimulated degradation of IRS-1.
		C, quantitation of the insulin-stimulated degradation of wt and S312A mutant IRS-1.
		insulin for 18 h, and the extent of degradation of the endogenous
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/278/10/8199 (6818 words)

	Overlapping recognition determinants within the ssrA degradation tag allow modulation of proteolysis -- Flynn et al. 98 ...
		) to inhibit degradation of GFP-ssrA by ClpAP.
		(A) Degradation of GFP-ssrA (A11D) in the presence of SspB.
		substrates are preferentially degraded by ClpXP in vivo (4,
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/98/19/10584 (4095 words)

	World Bank Group \| World Bank - Global Environment Facility \| Land Degradation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Controlling land degradation is central to achieving food security and sustainable agricultural and rural development in many countries.
		To assist countries in their fight against land degradation, a landmark Convention to Combat Desertification was adopted in June 1994.
		While preventing land degradation is not one of the GEF's four primary focal areas, agreed incremental costs of activities concerning land degradation (primarily desertification and deforestation) as they relate to the four GEF focal areas are eligible for funding.
	lnweb18.worldbank.org /essd/essdext.nsf/45ByDocName/ThemesLandDegradation (235 words)

	Xic1 degradation in Xenopus egg extracts is coupled to initiation of DNA replication -- You et al. 16 (10): 1182 -- ...
		Xic1 degradation in Xenopus egg extracts is coupled to initiation of DNA replication -- You et al.
		The modest inhibition of degradation observed with the Xic1(ck
		Chuang, L.C. and Yew, P.R. Regulation of nuclear transport and degradation of the Xenopus cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p27Xic1.
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/16/10/1182 (6839 words)

	Catabolite Degradation of Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A Genome-wide Screen ...
		Catabolite Degradation of Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A Genome-wide Screen Identifies Eight Novel GID Genes and Indicates the Existence of Two Degradation Pathways -- Regelmann et al.
		Catabolite Degradation of Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A Genome-wide Screen Identifies Eight Novel GID Genes and Indicates the Existence of Two Degradation Pathways
		Degradation of the Gluconeogenic Enzymes Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and Malate Dehydrogenase Is Mediated by Distinct Proteolytic Pathways and Signaling Events
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/abstract/14/4/1652 (364 words)

	8.2.1.3. Multiplicative degradation argument
		A brief verbal description of the multiplicative degradation argument (leading to a derivation of the lognormal model) was given under Uses of the Lognormal Distribution Model.
		In other words, the increase in the amount of degradation from one instant to the next is a small random multiple of the total amount of degradation already present.
		Since failure occurs when the amount of degradation reaches a critical point, time of failure will be modeled successfully by a lognormal for this type of process.
	www.itl.nist.gov /div898/handbook/apr/section2/apr213.htm (375 words)

	Oxidative Degradation - Event Overview
		A comprehensive examination of the chemistry of oxidative degradation is the focus of the interactive pre-conference workshop.
		Now that we have determined the degradation pathway from the morning sessions of day two, we build on that knowledge to establish the appropriate method of stabilization.
		IIR’s Oxidative Degradation and Stabilization conference presents an opportunity to gain exposure to companies and industry experts leading the pace toward developing the most appropriate methods for testing degradation and improving stability.
	www.iirusa.com /oxidativedegradation (546 words)

	Viewable with Any Browser: Accessible Site Design Guide
		Whether this degradation will cause some of your page content to be lost to the browser, or whether the content of your page can still be accessed fully is dependent on whether the degradation is graceful.
		The HTML standards were written with graceful degradation in mind- new attributes to older tags are safely ignored so that the rest of the tag can still function normally, and new tags are written with alternative display for browsers that don't support them in mind.
		If you design pages with graceful degradation in mind, by utilizing the built in elements of the HTML standards, and the advice provided here, you can design pages that should degrade gracefully in all browsers and are accessible.
	www.anybrowser.org /campaign/abdesign.html (657 words)

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