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Topic: Degrees of freedom (engineering)

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	Degrees of freedom (engineering) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In mechanical engineering, aeronautical engineering, robotics, and structural engineering, degrees of freedom (DOF) are the set of independent displacements that specify completely the displaced or deformed position of the body or system.
		In robotics, degrees of freedom is often used to describe the number of directions that a robot can pivot or move a joint.
		In electrical engineering, degrees of freedom is often used to describe the number of directions in which a phased array antenna can either form beams or nulls.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(engineering) (541 words)

	Degree - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Degree (symbol), a notation used in science, engineering and mathematics (°)
		Degree of curvature, a unit of curvature measurement
		Degree (music), a particular note of a scale in relation to the tonic
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Degree (174 words)

	SJSU Biometrics: Publications
		The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that single measures, such as "degrees of freedom", cannot be generally used to compare biometric device performance.
		We use this extreme case to demonstrate that the "degrees of freedom" is insufficient to characterize performance.
		We might seek to correct the assertion that "degrees of freedom" is a measure of device performance by incorporating the difference in the parameter p between the genuine and impostor binomial distributions.
	www.engr.sjsu.edu /biometrics/publications_degrees.html (1361 words)

	Degrees Of Freedom - Super Degree Guide
		In general, the degrees of freedom of an estimate is equal to the number...
		The degrees of freedom (df) of an estimate is the number of independent pieces of information on which the estimate is based.
		Degrees of freedom for Type B evaluations may be available from published reports or...
	www.superdegreeguide.com /degrees-of-freedom.html (734 words)

	ECE Seminar - Ada Poon
		Most of current analytical results in MIMO channels are derived based on the statistical multi-input multi-output model, and show that the number of spatial degrees of freedom is the minimum of the number of transmit and the number of receive antennas.
		The result sheds light on the optimal number of antennas that should be used given the physical constraints of antenna arrays and the propagation environment, and also clarifies the role of polarization on spatial degrees of freedom.
		degrees in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the University of Hong Kong in 1996 and 1997 respectively, and received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences from the University of California at Berkeley in 1999 and 2004 respectively.
	www.ece.uiuc.edu /seminar/05-06/jan26-06-poon.html (420 words)

	UC Berkeley Human Engineering Laboratory
		Each leg has four serial degrees of freedom, and, in this case, three additional "false" degrees of freedom are used in the interface between the operator and the machine.
		To avoid the need of a long "foot" to support torque at the "ankle" of the machine, there are no actuators below the knee; the final degree of freedom for the leg is the rolling contact that occurs between the ankle and the ground.
		At the ankle, rotary and linear bearings provide degrees of freedom which are intended to isolate a foot pedal to which the operator's foot is connected through a bicycle cleat.
	bleex.me.berkeley.edu /extlegs.htm (212 words)

	Degrees of Freedom
		Thus the degrees of freedom to determine the mean for 100 samples is n-1 or 99.
		For example, the degrees of freedom to estimate variability from one observation would be zero, i.e., it is impossible to estimate variability.
		Degrees of freedom of n - 1 is required when taking a sample from a population because when taking the limited size sample, you have only a very slight chance of picking the extreme data values of the population.
	www.isixsigma.com /forum/showthread.asp?messageID=80804 (2610 words)

	Volna Engineering Company
		Removal of constraints, one at a time, allows additional degrees of freedom for a specific task in any machine or measuring instrument.
		A machine element with one necessary degree of freedom and more than five degrees of constraint will have uncertain performance (hysteresis), higher friction, and higher cost.
		Volna Engineering is a sole proprietorship founded in 1968 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, by William M. Volna, a graduate mechanical engineer.
	volnaengineering.com (282 words)

	Degrees of freedom
		A gyro can have different degrees of freedom, depending on the number of gimbals in which it is supported and the way the gimbals are arranged.
		Do not confuse the term "degrees of freedom" with an angular value such as degrees of a circle.
		The term, as it applies to gyros, is an indication of the number of axes about which the rotor is free to precess.
	www.tpub.com /neets/book15/63c.htm (1059 words)

	[No title]
		The control of the two-stage platform with 12 degrees of freedom with the required gain in the 1 - 10 Hz region is a challenging task.
		Recommendations The sensor blending and coupling between different degrees of freedom may cause unexpected excess noise at low frequencies, spoiling the expected reduction of the rms residual motion of the test masses.
		The experiments to date have shown success in operating all 12 degrees of freedom simultaneously, with a suppression of noise by a factor of 300 at 10 Hz, which meets the requirement at that frequency.
	www.ligo.caltech.edu /~dhs/response.txt (610 words)

	Intel Research Seminars Listing - View Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Based on these modeling strategies, for a spherical array of effective aperture $A$ in a physical environment of angular spread $\Omega$ in solid angle, the number of spatial degrees of freedom is shown to be $A\Omega$ for uni-polarized antennas and $2A\Omega$ for tri-polarized antennas.
		Together with the $2WT$ degrees of freedom for a system of bandwidth $W$ transmitting in an interval $T$, the total degrees of freedom of a multiple-antenna channel is therefore $4WTA\Omega$.
		degrees in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the University of Hong Kong in 1996 and 1997 respectively, and received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of California at Berkeley in 1999 and 2003 respectively.
	www.intel-research.net /Berkeley/ViewSeminarAbstract.asp?Index=391 (279 words)

	Definition Of Degrees Of Freedom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The phrase "degrees of freedom" is used in three different branches of science: in physics and physical chemistry, in mechanical and aerospace engineering, …
		… in regression, the working definition of degrees of freedom involves the … Cramer (1946) defined degrees of freedom as the rank of a quadratic form.
		… and because each joint position is usually defined with a single variable, the number of joints equals the number of degrees of freedom.
	www.hamilton2000.hamilton.on.ca /definition-of-degrees-of-freedom.html (458 words)

	Strong-Arm Tactics
		The final robotic arms have five degrees of freedom and are capable of moving in just about any direction.
		The term degrees of freedom describes a certain direction of motion — and its opposite — in a joint or connection.
		Engineers from several disciplines, including mechanical, electrical, and computer science, had to come together to design the arm.
	www.teachengineering.com /collection/cub_/activities/cub_mars/cub_mars_lesson02_activity1.xml (1435 words)

	G.1440 - Integrated High-level Consulting, Design, and Engineering
		Utilizing 26 "Degrees of Freedom", ASIMO is able to reach for items, pick them up, navigate through rooms with furniture and ascend/descend staircases.
		These "Degrees of Freedom" are actually 26 small servo motors throughout ASIMOÍs body which help ASIMO walk and move smoothly.
		"Degrees of Freedom" function very much like the joints in a human body in order to provide maximum movement and flexibility.
	www.g1440.com /news/news10.html (295 words)

	Acoustics and Mechanical Vibration General - Engineers Edge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The number of independent coordinates necessary to describe the motion of a system is called the degrees of freedom.
		Examples of systems with various degrees of freedom with a mass "M" are shown below.
		Example (D) is a single degree of freedom with a mass "m" supported on frictionless and mass-less rollers attached to a spring and a dashpot.
	www.engineersedge.com /vibration/vibration_acoustics_general.htm (201 words)

	Degrees Of Freedom Definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		… have n-1 degrees of freedom because the deviations are defined using the …
		… an ideal gas of diatomic molecules, the presence of internal degrees of freedom are apparent.
		… Gauge freedom is a result of having unphysical degrees of freedom in the … The gauge field defines which set of phases to use: it permits a consistent …
	www.hamilton2000.hamilton.on.ca /degrees-of-freedom-definition.html (487 words)

	Energy Method for Soil Stability Analyses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A method for soil stability analyses applying principles of soil mechanics to the theory of plasticity (limit analysis approach) is presented.
		The rigorous theoretical background and the simplicity of both the method and the calculation procedure are encouraging application of the method in engineering practice.
		Attention is drawn to the implication of the boundary conditions of deformations (degrees-of-freedom of the investigated structure or support) for the analysis.
	www.pubs.asce.org /WWWdisplay.cgi?5012917 (141 words)

	Degrees Of Freedom and Applications
		Degrees of freedom is a term I find myself borrowing from mathematics because there is no true pure-English equivalent.
		This is a ``degree of freedom'' because how we handle this does not directly impact the other two degrees; for instance, fraudulent messages are conceptually removed from discourse entirely so there is no ethical way for the fraudulent message to be sent to anyone anyhow.
		So while this is theoretically a degree of freedom, if we are to maintain our commitment as a society to the principles of Free Speech for all, we must choose to defend message integrity, and thus this degree of freedom is already chosen for us by our pre-existing ethical values.
	www.jerf.org /writings/communicationEthics/node12.html (9334 words)

	Design and Control Degrees of Freedom
		In principle, the design degrees of freedom are easily calculated by simply subtracting the number of equations from the number of variables.
		Once the plant has been specified, the design of a control structure requires that the control degrees of freedom be known.
		This paper illustrates that the number of design degrees of freedom is equal to the number of control degrees of freedom for an important class of processes.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/iecred/1996/35/i07/abs/ie960038d.html (329 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Robotics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Robotics brings together several very different engineering areas.
		This is because most of the time you'll have a lot of freedom in picking these values, and all robot projects are unique in available materials.
		I've got a degree in electronics and I've designed and build several robots.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Robotics (871 words)

	Engineering test equipment, multi-axis servohydraulic test machines, joint motion simulator machines, wear testing, ...
		The AMTI Force5 is a multi-purpose multiaxis testing machine ideal for biomechanics research and testing laboratories.
		The 4-DOF system may be configured for knee simulation by use of AMTI’s tibial tray design which provides two additional degrees of freedom, which passively simulate medial-lateral translation and varus-valgus rotation of the knee joint.
		For knee simulation the machine provides four controlled degrees of freedom and two free degrees of freedom.
	www.amti.biz /TestMachineshome/Force5.htm (1167 words)

	Distributed processing solves design engineering model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A medium-size problem (42,000 elements, 198,000 degrees of freedom), designed to measure a part's three-dimensional response under a complex loading condition, took 26 minutes on one processor.
		The largest problem was also a three-dimensional analysis of elastic properties, with 336,000 elements and 1.3 million degrees of freedom.
		The eight models used in the MARC analysis looked at turbine engine components, simulating the behaviour of these parts under various operating conditions (such as extremes of speed, temperature, and pressure).
	www.hoise.com /articles/AE-PR-11-98-1.html (873 words)

	Center for Advanced Materials Research
		Semiconductor heterostructure devices, which exploit the concept of “bandstructure engineering”of the electronic degrees of freedom have revolutionized modern optoelectronics and offer major new opportunities for the development of the next generation of micro/nanoelectronic devices as well.
		Entire generations of semiconductor lasers spanning wavelength range from the infrared to the blue are one prime example of such application of heteroepitaxy that has fundamentally changed the design of these compact, efficient optical sources.
		In submicron, mesoscale structures, the channeling of excess energy from the electronic degrees of freedom into the lattice forms a new paradigm, that is, the prospect of spatially directed flow of lattice energy in the form of ballistic acoustic phonons, for example.
	www.brown.edu /Departments/Advanced_Materials_Research/research/intro_muri00.htm (1100 words)

	Phd Engineering Degrees - Super Degree Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		with the Ph.D. degree in Biomedical Engineering conferred by UT Austin.
		The Ph.D. Degree program in Engineering Science is one of the graduate degree programs of the School of Engineering administered through the Graduate School...
		The MEng is intended as a terminal degree and not as preparation for a PhD.,...
	www.superdegreeguide.com /phd-engineering-degrees.html (874 words)

	Computer Graphics World - Degrees of freedom
		The 3D effect is visible over an angular volume of 20 degrees both horizontally and vertically and at a distance of 1 to 4 feet from the monitor.
		The problem with this approach is that the observer becomes painfully aware of an abrupt shift, known as "flipping," when moving from one viewing perspective to another, even when the sweet spots are relatively close to one another.
		The reason for the relative smoothness of these transitions is that each perspective is located only 0.5 degrees apart-an angular difference so narrow that multiple views of the image overlap on the observer's retina at all times.
	cgw.pennnet.com /Articles/Article_Display.cfm?&Section=Articles&SubSection=Display&ARTICLE_ID=100134&PUBLICATION_ID=18&VERSION_NUM=1 (2776 words)

	Ludwig Wittgenstein [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		His interest in engineering led to an interest in mathematics which in turn got him thinking about philosophical questions about the foundations of mathematics.
		His philosophical education was unconventional (going from engineering to working first-hand with one of the greatest philosophers of his day in Bertrand Russell) and he seems never to have felt the need to go back and make a thorough study of the history of philosophy.
		A collection of essays of varying degrees of accessibility on Frege, Wittgenstein and ethics, united by their Wittgensteinian spirit.
	www.iep.utm.edu /w/wittgens.htm (6909 words)

	Saint Louis University. -ESCI-330 Linear Vibrations- SLU. Universidad americana en Madrid (España). Universities ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Analysis of systems with one and two degrees of freedom that account for damping processes.
		Systems of two or more degrees of freedom: normal mode analysis, initial conditions, coordinate coupling.
		Systems of two or more degrees of freedom: forced harmonic vibration, vibration absorber.
	spain.slu.edu /academics/ac_undcour_syll_sci_eng_es-e330.html (386 words)

	International Center for Automotive Research at Clemson University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The logo for the Clemson University International Center for Automotive Research is inspired by the “Six Degrees of Freedom” sculpture on Clemson’s campus.
		This 20-foot-tall, 40-foot-long sculpture is located in the courtyard of Fluor Daniel Engineering Innovation Building, home to Clemson’s Department of Mechanical Engineering and Brooks Institute for Sports Science.
		The work’s name, “Six Degrees of Freedom,” is an engineering term that refers to potential motion of bodies in three-dimensional space.
	www.clemson.edu /autoresearch/sixdegrees (115 words)

	Degrees of Freedom: Ready, Set, ...
		Having another child is a degree of freedom that I?ve gained by giving up (at least temporarily) on my career.
		This is the kind of emotional freedom that you can only appreciate when it?s been gone awhile.
		She writes about how becoming a mother is a bit like losing one big degree of freedom, and then frantically trying to reclaim some modicum of balance by futzing with the others.
	www.literarymama.com /columns/degreesoffreedom/archives/000163.html (945 words)

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