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Topic: Deleterious

In the News (Tue 29 Dec 09)

Northern Trust

Marvin Harrison

Peter Chernin

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Match Play

Penelope Cruz

Mickey Rourke

AR Rahman

Danny Boyle

Hugh Jackman

	Inferring Deleterious-Mutation Parameters in Natural Daphnia Populations
		Deng and Lynch (1, 2) proposed to characterize deleterious genomic mutations from changes in the mean and genetic variance of fitness traits upon selfing in outcrossing populations.
		Estimates of the genomic mutation rate to mildly deleterious alleles (U) are crucial to testing theories for the evolution of sex (3-6), mate choice (5, 7, 8), outbreeding mechanisms (7), diploidy (9), and the accelerated extinction rate of small populations (10-13).
		In order to correctly characterize deleterious genomic mutations from natural populations (1, 2, 18, 27), this assumption needs to be examined closely-a task that is being actively pursued (53).
	www.biologicalprocedures.com /bpo/arts/1/3/m3.htm (2658 words)

	Dictionary.com/Word of the Day Archive/deleterious
		Heat, especially year-round heat, has an even more deleterious consequence: it encourages the proliferation of life forms hostile to man.
		Hikers can minimize the deleterious effects of high altitudes by spending two days acclimatizing themselves at spots around 8,000 feet.
		Deleterious is derived from Greek deleterios, from deleisthai, "to hurt, to damage."
	dictionary.reference.com /wordoftheday/archive/2000/05/24.html (62 words)

	Muller's ratchet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		These deleterious mutations resemble the operation of a ratchet, in that the organism can never go back.
		The accumulation of these deleterious or slightly deleterious mutations puts a genetic load on the population, causing extinction.
		That is, if one animal has the deleterious mutation in one gene and the advantageous mutation in another, while another animal has normal copies of each gene, a mating of these animals can produce offspring with the advantageous mutation and without the deleterious one.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Muller's_ratchet (493 words)

	Inferring Deleterious-Mutation Parameters in Natural Daphnia Populations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Deng and Lynch (1, 2) proposed to characterize deleterious genomic mutations from changes in the mean and genetic variance of fitness traits upon selfing in outcrossing populations.
		Estimates of the genomic mutation rate to mildly deleterious alleles (U) are crucial to testing theories for the evolution of sex (3-6), mate choice (5, 7, 8), outbreeding mechanisms (7), diploidy (9), and the accelerated extinction rate of small populations (10-13).
		In order to correctly characterize deleterious genomic mutations from natural populations (1, 2, 18, 27), this assumption needs to be examined closely-a task that is being actively pursued (53).
	dx.doi.org /10.1251/bpo3 (2658 words)

	Evolution - Adaptations in sexual reproduction
		If the deleterious mutation rate is that high, a sizeable proportion of females in the population will potentially produce offspring with multiple mutations.
		Meanwhile, we cannot conclude with certainty whether deleterious mutations alone are the reason why sex exists; but it is one of the two most popular modern theories.
		In it, the advantage of sex is that it enables females to eliminate more deleterious mutations from their progeny than they could by asexual reproduction.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /ridley/tutorials/Adaptations_in_sexual_reproduction14.asp (364 words)

	NOAA/NMFS/NWFSC-TM30: Inbreeding Depression and Outbreeding Depression
		Deleterious alleles arise constantly through mutation, so they are always present in a population at low frequencies.
		The homozygous genotype aa of the deleterious allele is rare in a large population, because with random mating the expected frequency of a homozygote is the square of the allelic frequency p
		From the standpoint of deleterious recessive genes, hybrid vigor is nothing more than the reverse of inbreeding depression; that is, it is the masking of recessive deleterious alleles by crossing individuals from different populations.
	www.nwfsc.noaa.gov /publications/techmemos/tm30/lynch.html (4479 words)

	Genetic Defects and the Effects of Inbreeding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		If the frequency of a deleterious allele in a population is only 0.01 (i.e., one out of every 100 alleles), and all the animals mate randomly, then only one out of every 10,000 animals would be expected to inherit the trait from both parents, and thus express the defect.
		When two lines are crossed, then any deleterious alleles present in one line but not in the other are masked, and there is typically a boost in the fitness of the offspring.
		The danger does exist that undesirable deleterious traits would be exposed in some (perhaps many) of the calves produced from such a mating, so a breeder who is unwilling to cull a large fraction of his or her calves would be best advised to avoid breeding such close relatives.
	home.austin.rr.com /doublehelix/defects.html (3120 words)

	WAC 232-12-017: Deleterious exotic wildlife.
		For the purpose of this rule, a secure facility is an enclosure so constructed as to prevent danger to the environment or wildlife of the state, including escape of deleterious exotic wildlife specimens or ingress of resident wildlife ungulates (hoofed animals).
		The adequacy of the facility shall be determined by the director or agents of the director.
		Inspection shall be at the expense of the possessor.
	apps.leg.wa.gov /wac/default.aspx?cite=232-12-017 (2275 words)

	Azide method and composition for controlling deleterious organisms - Patent 6932985
		Disclosed is both a method and composition for controlling deleterious organisms, such as insects, nematodes and weeds by applying a compound comprised of a liquid medium comprising azide and amine.
		A composition for controlling a population of a deleterious soil organism comprising: an azide selected from the group consisting of alkali metal and ammonium azides, and combinations thereof; and at least about 1% by weight of an amine selected from group consisting of ethylamine ethanolamine, butylamine, diethylamine, dimethylamine, phenylethylamine, alkanolamines, diethanolamine, diethylethanolamine, and mixtures thereof.
		The deleterious organisms that are the target of this invention include any pests, such as, for example, insects, fungi, nematodes, weeds and any other organism that may adversely affect agricultural endeavors.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6932985.html (5682 words)

	Code of Federal Regulations: 21 CFR 109 UNAVOIDABLE CONTAMINANTS IN FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION AND FOOD-PACKAGING ...
		When a naturally occurring poisonous or deleterious substance is increased to abnormal levels through mishandling or other intervening acts, it is an added poisonous or deleterious substance to the extent of such increase.
		109.6, a tolerance for an added poisonous or deleterious substance, which may be a food additive, may be established by regulation in subpart B of this part under the provisions of section 406 of the act.
		When such a use cannot be approved under the criteria of section 409 of the act, or when the added poisonous or deleterious substance is not a food additive, a tolerance, regulatory limit, or action level may be established pursuant to the criteria in paragraphs (b), (c), or (d) of this section.
	vm.cfsan.fda.gov /~lrd/FCF109.html (2882 words)

	Most Rare Missense Alleles Are Deleterious In Humans - HUM-MOLGEN news
		The accumulation of mildly deleterious missense mutations in individual human genomes has been proposed to be a genetic basis for complex diseases.
		We combined analysis of mutations causing human Mendelian diseases, of human-chimpanzee divergence, and of systematic data on human genetic variation and found that 20% of new missense mutations in humans result in a loss of function, whereas 27% are effectively neutral.
		These mutations give rise to many low-frequency deleterious allelic variants in the human population, as is evident from a new data set of 37 genes sequenced in >1,500 individual human chromosomes.
	hum-molgen.org /NewsGen/03-2007/000024.html (375 words)

	Title 21 Code of Federal Regulations
		When a naturally occurring poisonous or deleterious substance is increased to abnormal levels through [[Page 34]] mishandling or other intervening acts, it is an added poisonous or deleterious substance to the extent of such increase.
		509.6, a tolerance for an added poisonous or deleterious substance, which may be a food additive, may be established by regulation in subpart B of this part under the provisions of section 406 of the act.
		509.6, and under section 402(a)(1) of the act, a regulatory limit for an added poisonous or deleterious substance, which may be a food additive, may be established by regulation in subpart C of this part under the provisions of sections 402(a)(1) and 701(a) of the act.
	www.betterchem.com /21cfr/21cfr509.htm (2317 words)

	[No title]
		If the frequency of a deleterious allele in a population is only 0.01 (i.e., one out of every 100 alleles), and all the birds mate randomly, then only one out of every 10,000 animals would be expected to inherit the trait from both parents, and thus express the defect.
		When two lines are crossed, then any deleterious alleles present in one line but not in the other are masked, and there is typically a boost in the fitness of the offspring.
		The danger does exist that undesirable deleterious traits would be exposed in some (perhaps many) of the chicks produced from such a mating, so a breeder who is unwilling to cull a large fraction of his or her birds would be best advised to avoid breeding such close relatives.
	www.glostercanary.co.uk /gloster.co18.htm (2250 words)

	FDA/CFSAN Action Levels for Poisonous or Deleterious Substances in Human Food and Animal Feed
		Action levels for poisonous or deleterious substances are established by the FDA to control levels of contaminants in human food and animal feed.
		Action levels and tolerances are established based on the unavoidability of the poisonous or deleterious substances and do not represent permissible levels of contaminantion where it is avoidable.
		The blending of a food or feed containing a substance in excess of an action level or tolerance with another food or feed is not permitted, and the final product resulting from blending is unlawful, regardless of the level of the contaminant.
	vm.cfsan.fda.gov /~lrd/fdaact.html (1217 words)

	Journal of Biology \| Full text \| Environmental stresses can alleviate the average deleterious effect of mutations
		Efficient purging of deleterious mutations arising in a population is essential for the prolonged survival of the population.
		Consequently, the characteristics of deleterious mutations are of critical importance for major open questions in evolutionary genetics, including the advantage of sexual reproduction, maintenance of genetic variability and extinction of small populations [1-3].
		In general, the effect of each deleterious mutation on fitness may depend on environmental conditions and could be alleviated (become less deleterious), be unchanged, or be aggravated (become more deleterious) under environmental stress (Figure 1).
	jbiol.com /content/2/2/14 (3884 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The former possessor shall be responsible for costs incurred by the department in recovering, maintaining, or disposing of such animals, as well as any damage to the state's wildlife or habitat.
		For the purpose of this rule, a secure facility is an enclosure so constructed as to prevent danger to the environment or wildlife of the state, including escape of deleterious exotic wildlife specimens or ingress of resident wildlife ungulates (hoofed animals).
		The bottom six feet must be mesh of sufficient size to prevent resident wildlife ungulates (hoofed animals) from entering and deleterious exotic wildlife from escaping.
	www.leg.wa.gov /WAC/index.cfm?section=232-12-017&fuseaction=section (2269 words)

	Deleterious - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Look for Deleterious in Wiktionary, our sister dictionary project.
		Look for Deleterious in the Commons, our repository for free images, music, sound, and video.
		If you have created this page in the past few minutes and it has not yet appeared, it may not be visible due to a delay in updating the database.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Deleterious (110 words)

	Chapter 10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		There are two major types of deleterious alkali-aggregate chemical reactions that can occur in HCC when the aggregate type and chemical constituents of the paste are such that these reactions are possible: the alkali-silica and the alkali-carbonate reactions.
		Both of these reactions are deleterious when they cause sufficient expansive force within concrete to rupture the concrete despite the restraint of the mass of the placement and the powerful bonding within the cement paste.
		Only the potential for deleterious reactivity is determined because the expansion in the aggregate does not necessarily indicate that the expansion is powerful enough to disrupt concrete (Hilton, 1974).
	www.tfhrc.gov /pavement/pccp/petro/chaptr10.htm (6350 words)

	Inbreeding depression
		Over time, natural selection weeds deleterious alleles out of a population — when the dominant deleterious alleles are expressed, they lower the carrier's fitness, and fewer copies wind up in the next generation.
		An individual carrying a single recessive deleterious allele will be healthy and can easily pass the deleterious allele into the next generation.
		Understanding the evolutionary history of a population and the likelihood that it carries recessive deleterious alleles, suggests that we should not allow population sizes to dip too low in our conservation efforts, or inbreeding depression may jeopardize the survival of the species.
	evolution.berkeley.edu /evolibrary/article/0_0_0/conservation_03 (355 words)

	Petroleum Refinery Liquid Effluent Regulations
		The owner of a refinery that deposits the deleterious substance prescribed in paragraph 4(f) shall, every day in the month during which the deposit is made or when requested by the Minister, monitor the deposit for the purpose of subsection 5(2) by performing the test referred to in Schedule III.
		The owner of a refinery that deposits a deleterious substance prescribed in section 4 shall install and maintain facilities including sampling connections and flow-measuring devices that are acceptable to the Minister to enable the Minister to determine whether the refinery is operating in compliance with the requirements of these Regulations.
		The actual deposit by a refinery of a deleterious substance prescribed in paragraph 4(a), (b), (c), (d) or (e) shall be calculated by using the amounts obtained under sections 1 and 2 of this Schedule for each day that the concentration of that deleterious substance has been determined.
	laws.justice.gc.ca /en/F-14/C.R.C.-c.828/text.html (2274 words)

	Fixation of deleterious alleles, evolution and human aging. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Even higher rates of fixation of deleterious mutations are predicted to occur on population genetic grounds in two non-recombinant genomes in humans i.e.
		The added burden of deleterious mutations on the Y may explain the reduced average lifespan of males vs. females.
		Thus a molecular evolutionary model of aging which focuses on increased fixation rates of (1) nuclear alleles which only have deleterious effects post-reproduction, (2) deleterious genes on the Y chromosome, and (3) deleterious genes on the mitochondrial genome, makes multiple testable predictions about the causes and mechanisms of aging.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_12044933.html (221 words)

	Deleterious alleles - reduce the likelihood of an individual’s survival (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Deleterious alleles - reduce the likelihood of an individual’s survival
		Thus they are less likely to produce offspring that might inherit their deleterious allele.
		As the number of deleterious alleles in a population increases, so does the genetic load of the population.
	www.meredith.edu /biology/bio101/notes10.htm (493 words)

	VIOLATION CHARGE CODES
		Appears to contain BSE DRUGS 501(a)(2)(A), 801(a)(1); The article is subject to Adulteration refusal of admission pursuant to Section 801(a)(1) in that it appears to have been prepared, packed or held under insanitary conditions whereby it may have been rendered injurious to health.
		OPTION ING 403(g)(2), 801(a)(3); It appears to be a food for MISBRANDING which a definition and standard of identity have been prescribed by regulations under section 401 and appears to not be labelled with the common names of the optional ingredients specified therein.
		POISONOUS 601(a), 801(a)(3); The cosmetic appears to bear ADULTERATION or contain a poisonous or deleterious substance which may render it injurious to users under the conditions prescribed in the labeling thereof, or, under such conditions of use as are customary or usual.
	www.fda.gov /ora/oasis/ora_oasis_viol_rpt.html (4680 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| RDMAS: a web server for RNA deleterious mutation analysis
		The statistical distributions of the deleteriousness value are calculated and illustrated as histograms (Figure 2C), which may facilitate the analysis on RNA mutational robustness.
		In addition to the structural deleteriousness profile and deleteriousness distribution histogram (all in "PNG" image format), the secondary structure illustration of the wild-type and the mutants (all in PostScript format) are also included in the result file.
		The structural deleteriousness of possible mutants and the corresponding dot-bracket representations of the structures are listed partly in Figure 2D and Figure 2E.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2105/7/404 (2698 words)

	Evolution is Now Degenerating the Human.
		Under a severe environment, evolution quickly weeds out deleterious genes (those that adversely effect the survival of the species) and perpetuates the 'good' genes (those which aid the survival of the species).
		The accumulation of such deleterious alleles will continue until the organism is so bad that it begins to have difficulty surviving.
		Under a tight evolutionary process (high birthrate, high death rate, severe environmental stress, short average life) the deleterious mutation is discarded from the gene pool almost as fast as it occurs.
	www.onelife.com /evolve/degen.html (3512 words)

	Journal of Biology \| Full text \| Environmental stress and the effects of mutation
		Genotype-environment interactions that affect fitness are widespread in nature, and most studies have found mutations that have unconditionally deleterious or conditionally neutral effects in stressful environments [2,5-13].
		For instance, of the large class of unconditionally deleterious and conditionally neutral mutations, most show aggravated deleterious effects under stress [11,12], leading to their more efficient removal from the population under these conditions.
		Whereas the growth rate of the 65 mutants was on average reduced by 28% relative to the unmutated strain in the favorable environment, this reduction shrank in four of the seven stressful environments (two antibiotics, a reducing agent and low temperature), and became larger only under acidic stress.
	jbiol.com /content/2/2/12 (2170 words)

	Deleterious Materials (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Deleterious is defined as a process or substance which is harmful to concrete.
		Lists of deleterious materials are commonly prepared by funding institutions and lawyers.
		Whilst Alkali-Silica Reaction may be deemed to be a deleterious affect its occurrence within building structures is sufficiently rare not to warrant concern.
	www.quest-tech.co.uk /deleterious_materials.htm (100 words)

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