
	Where results make sense

Topic: Deliberation

	Public Deliberation and Scientific Expertise
		This essay is concerned primarily with the role of expertise in public deliberation about health and biomedical research issues -- and, conversely, with the public's role in deliberations that at one time might have been restricted to experts alone.
		On this view, the function of expertise is not to set the limits of the possible for public deliberation, but rather to furnish support for the positions of various parties engaged in that deliberation.
		And once the deliberation characteristic of science has reached a consensus, it might seem, again, that non-experts are left with no reasonable option but to accept the results; the expert consensus would seem to be rationally uncontestable.
	www.puaf.umd.edu /IPPP/fall98/public_deliberation_and_scientif.htm (3999 words)

	By The People: Deliberation Week
		The Citizen Deliberations ranged from day-long discussions centered on Deliberative Opinion Polls® and using a random sample of participants to smaller scale conversations with participants drawn from local community groups.
		Deliberation Week was built on public broadcasting's unique local-national base, its commitment to public affairs programming and its mission as a convener of civic dialogue.
		BTP's national partners for Deliberation Week were the Center for Deliberative Democracy at Stanford University and the Institution for Social and Policy Studies at Yale University.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/btp/articles/events_deliberation.html (1634 words)

	deliberation (definition)
		[n] (usually plural) discussion of all sides of a question; "the deliberations of the jury";.
		[n] the trait of thoughtfulness in action or decision; "he was a man of judicial deliberation".
		[n] planning something carefully and intentionally; "it was the deliberation of his act that was insulting".
	lookwayup.com /lwu.exe/lwu/d?s=f&w=deliberation (67 words)

	Deliberation Reasons and Explanation Reasons
		The first requirement for deliberation, then, is the existence of a "choice set", a set of two or more alternative courses of action (A, B, C, D,...) each of which it is physically possible for the deliberator to perform or implement, and which together exhaust the available options.
		As long as the deliberator believed (falsely) that each alternative in the choice set was realizable, deliberation could proceed as usual, the eventual decision being taken in favour of the one option that was in fact open.
		At the end of a deliberation we are left either with the choice set with which we began, or with a reduced choice set, or an enlarged one, but in any case a set consisting of at least two members.
	www.mcgill.ca /philosophy/faculty/mccall/deliberation (4163 words)

	Discovering Common Ground: Missouri Communities Deliberate
		Deliberation is designed to produce a change in the way people habitually interact with each other over public issues.
		Deliberation is a particular form of reasoning and talking together in which we weigh carefully the costs and consequences of our various options for action, in the context of the views of others.
		Deliberation helps people find connections among their varied purposes and a shared sense of direction.
	muextension.missouri.edu /cd/pubdelib/moreDeliberation.htm (382 words)

	CPN - About CPN
		Deliberation that accords respect to all participants and rests outcomes on reasons and points of view that stand up under questioning generates outcomes that even opponents can respect.
		Deliberation, and the political process more broadly speaking, ought to make participants more aware of their real interests, even when those interests turn out to conflict.
		Good deliberation is not fostered by "keeping emotion out of it." Rather, "integrative" or "win-win" solutions often require the emotional capacity to guess what others want, or at least to ask in a genuinely curious and unthreatening way.
	www.cpn.org /topics/families/deliberation.html (4865 words)

	Democratic Deliberation and Mobilization on the Internet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Rule-bound deliberation is slow and ponderous, emphasizes the acquisition of knowledge and expertise, focuses on government laws and policies, and succeeds when citizens partner with government officials in the service of good decisions, political legitimacy, and social stability.
		On the one hand, citizens who deliberate and partner with entities such as public universities to boycott manufacturers who operate sweatshops may be working in tandem with global activist networks fighting for children’s and workers’ rights.
		On the other hand, citizens who deliberate with local planning officials to make their cities attractive to corporate investors may be counteracting the efforts of networked environmentalists seeking to reduce global warming.
	netpublics.annenberg.edu /about_netpublics/democratic_deliberation_and_mobilization_on_the_internet (7154 words)

	Deliberative Discourse \| Theory
		In local communities, deliberation and discourse is almost a necessity; after all, citizens in the traditional model of a community have to live with one another.
		The motivation driving deliberation in cyberspace cannot be that participants are forced to (physically) live with one another, but possibly that they are all forced to abide by deliberative decisions that affect all Internet users (e.g.
		Given the strong possibilities for abuse by technical moderators (“technological tyranny”) and the devastating effect this could have on the legitimacy and the outcome of the deliberation, it is advisable to have direct oversight on this issue or some other recourse for members who are having trouble with their technical moderators.
	cyber.law.harvard.edu /projects/deliberation/theory (5018 words)

	Peter Levine: Public Journalism and Deliberation
		We could perhaps leave deliberation to our elected representatives, who are interested in public issues, chosen for their competence, fairly diverse, well served by expert advisors, and accountable.
		In deliberation, they do not abandon their right to their own interests and beliefs, but they test them in public discussion.
		After all, racism is a barrier to deliberation; it undermines the equality and mutual respect that (among other things) distinguish deliberation from less valuable forms of discourse.
	www.puaf.umd.edu /IPPP/levine_pubjourn_delib.htm (2856 words)

	Legal Definition of 'Deliberation'
		DELIBERATION - The act of the understanding by which the party examines whether a thing proposed ought to be done or not to be done, or whether it ought to be done in one manner or another.
		The deliberation relates to the end proposed, to the means of accomplishing that end, or to both.
		It is a presumption of law that all acts committed are done with due deliberation; that the party intended to do what he has done.
	www.lectlaw.com /def/d122.htm (216 words)

	The Choices Program
		Deliberation is not foreign; it is very familiar to us all.
		Deliberation requires a commitment on the part of all who enter into the process to listen to the perspectives and the knowledge of all who are participating and to try to learn from one another.
		The aim of deliberation is to share perspectives and knowledge and to build ideas, not to defend them.
	www.choices.edu /deliberation.cfm (738 words)

	KET Election Coverage \| Deliberation Day
		The participants, chosen by a national research firm to represent a cross-section of the state’s population, discussed two key national issues and then were polled on their attitudes about them.
		And because the participants were surveyed about the same issues before deliberating, the survey also gauged the effect of the dialogue on their opinions.
		Deliberation Day in Kentucky: By the People is a KET production, produced by Bill Goodman and Renee Shaw in cooperation with the NewCities Foundation and the Kentucky League of Cities.
	www.ket.org /election./deliberation.htm (276 words)

	Deliberation
		It is not intended that this provisional acceptance is a final approval of the content of any instruction and each judge may use or refuse any instruction as he or she sees fit[,]" according to law.
		The Court instructs the jury that to deliberate is to reflect, with a view to making a choice.
		If a person reflects even for a moment before he acts it is sufficient deliberation.
	www.state.wv.us /wvsca/jury/crim/deliberation.htm (83 words)

	E–deliberation and local governance
		And there is clearly a gesture towards the possibilities of developing online deliberation, as well as the significant impact this may have on democracy more broadly in which a "civic commons in Cyberspace" might, "become part of the democratic furniture" [14].
		Therefore at best it is an understanding of deliberation in the liberal constitutionalist sense: discussion as preferable, though not necessary, and the passing of views on to a representative, who ultimately makes his or her own decision, at worst this becomes a spectacle of participation.
		Thus the kind of deliberation which is counted as such is fairly limited, and contained within a narrow range of parameters — those being the relationship of individuals to the state.
	www.firstmonday.org /issues/issue10_7/hands/index.html (7540 words)

	SSRN-What Happened on Deliberation Day? by David Schkade, Cass Sunstein, Reid Hastie
		The major effect of deliberation was to make group members more extreme than they were when they started to talk.
		As a result, the division between the citizens of Boulder and the citizens of Colorado Springs were significantly increased as a result of intragroup deliberation.
		Implications are explored for the uses and structure of deliberation in general.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=911646 (304 words)

	Jury Deliberation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In fact, when a foreperson is ineffective in handling the organization of the deliberations, a secondary foreperson tends to emerge informally and take on the role of the foreperson, without ever actually being identified as such.
		The next group of individuals in the jury deliberation room are the "participants." These six to eight individuals tend to be active and participate in the discussions, but they usually have opinions in reaction to statements made by the leaders.
		Even though, as advocates, we may be disappointed in a particular jury verdict, upon review of the jury deliberations, either through post-trial interviews or through mock jury studies, one can generally retrace the jury's rationale and understand their verdict in light of the evidence that they examined.
	members.tripod.com /~jctMac/delib.html (1677 words)

	Amazon.com: Deliberation Day: Books: Bruce Ackerman,James S. Fishkin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Deliberation Day adapts an antiquated civic institution, President's Day, to provide voters the opportunity and motivation to make informed citizenship a larger part of their busy lives.
		Deliberation Day would be the name of a two-day national holiday (everyone gets one of the two days) scheduled two weeks prior to a presidential election.
		Deliberators would discuss the issues in groups of 15 and take questions to plenaries of 500 at which local representatives of each campaign would respond to questions.
	www.amazon.com /Deliberation-Day-Bruce-Ackerman/dp/0300101015 (2439 words)

	JG: Research, Model of Deliberation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Public deliberation is defined as a combination of careful problem analysis and an egalitarian process in which participants have adequate speaking opportunities and engage in attentive listening and dialogue that bridges divergent ways of speaking and knowing.
		This model posits that public deliberation is more likely to occur when discussion participants perceive potential common ground, believe deliberation is an appropriate mode of talk, possess requisite analytic and communication skills, and have sufficient motivation.
		Deliberation directly reinforces participants’ deliberative habits and skills, and it indirectly promotes common ground and motivation by broadening participants’ public identities and heightening their sense of political efficacy.
	faculty.washington.edu /jgastil/research/abstract/model.html (227 words)

	Failure Magazine-Archives-History-Deliberation Day
		In the new book "Deliberation Day" (Yale University Press) co-authors Ackerman and Fishkin propose the creation of a new national holiday—one devoted to structured, balanced public discussion of issues—in hopes of fostering a more politically attentive and better-informed citizenry.
		What we've shown with deliberative polling research is that even one day of deliberation can make a big difference in terms of people focusing on issues, feeling empowered and often changing their views and voting intentions.
		At first glance, Deliberation Day might strike you as a rather grand undertaking, but if you realize just how little people talk politics with people they disagree with and how little they focus on political issues, it may not be too large a price to pay for revitalizing our democracy.
	www.failuremag.com /arch_history_deliberation_day.html (1195 words)

	Journal of Public Deliberation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		But it is the prospect of deliberation, rather than deliberating itself that motivates people to expand their knowledge.
		Although actually deliberating had no effect on knowledge-gain, the anticipation of deliberation may have promoted learning by prompting participants to read and think about the information materials they received.
		Second, if the chief aim of a public deliberation is to engage and inform as much of the public as possible, then finding ways to get large numbers of people to read may have a broader impact on the issue than holding big-meeting deliberations.
	www.auburn.edu /academic/liberal_arts/poli_sci/journal_public_deliberation/articles/nsf.htm (813 words)

	National Coalition for Dialogue & Deliberation
		This list provides a forum for individuals involved in the dialogue and deliberation fields in Northern California to network, share resources and information, and take advantage of opportunities to work in a more collaborative or coordinated fashion.
		This list started as an outgrowth of the first Northern CA Dialogue and Deliberation Conference, which was held on June 11th, 2004 in Belmont, CA.
		The Dialogue Bureau will consist of a network of leaders of dialogue and deliberation groups who are willing to speak with the media about the key findings and concerns of their groups and, if appropriate, to connect journalists with dialogue participants.
	www.edgateway.net /cs/ncdd/query/q/1254 (890 words)

	By The People: Online Deliberation
		Deliberation Week was the focus of a national PBS broadcast that aired November 10, 2005.
		The top priority for health policy, both before and after deliberation, was dealing with the number of Americans without health insurance (45% before, 49% after selected it as the most important problem).
		Deliberators also liked the idea of offering uninsured Americans on a voluntary basis "income tax deductions, tax credits or other financial assistance to help them purchase private health insurance on their own." Support for this proposal rose from 57% to 66%.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/btp/articles/events_dop.html (1560 words)

	Overview of the Conference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This conference is also the latest in a series of conferences on Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC), presented in association with the Public Sphere Project (a CPSR Initiative).
		"Deliberation" denotes "thoughtful, careful, or lengthy consideration" by individuals, and "formal discussion and debate" in groups [1].
		The CMU conference in 2003 was a first move in creating such a tent, and we intend the 2005 Conference on Online Deliberation: Design, Research, and Practice, together with the book and possibly the new organization that will emerge from it, to advance this goal further.
	www.online-deliberation.net /conf2005/overview.php (819 words)

	Deliberation : Why Deliberation?
		Outside the university, deliberation and its allied practices have become the focus of citizen groups, non-profit organizations, and community activists.
		Deliberation has also been of interest to educators who sponsor disagreement and debate in their classrooms both as a way to promote reasoned critical exchange and to teach writing and argument as core academic and civic practices.
		Deliberation: A collaboration between the University Writing Program and The Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University with support from the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation.
	www.deliberations.org /why.htm (375 words)

	The University of Chicago Law School Faculty Blog: Deliberation Day and Political Extremism
		After deliberation, members of nearly all groups showed, in their post-deliberation statements, far more uniformity than they did before deliberation.
		Real deliberation, in my mind, comes when people come to a conversation with an open mind, ready and willing to discuss new ideas and possibly even change their minds.
		I suspect he's largely correct -- confronted by either people from whom the deliberator receives positive feedback, or people to whom the deliberator is almost diametrically opposed, that person seems likely to become more vocal about his or her "real" views.
	uchicagolaw.typepad.com /faculty/2006/02/deliberation_da.html (2994 words)

	LOGI: Levels of organization in deliberation
		The five-layer model of deliberation is not inclusive of everything in the DGI theory of mind, but it covers substantial territory, and can be extended beyond the deliberation superprocess to provide a loose sense of which level of organization any cognitive process lies upon.
		The patterns in deliberation are not just epiphenomenal properties of thought sequences; the deliberation level is a complete layer of organization, with complexity specific to that layer.
		In general, deliberation uses organized sequences of thoughts to solve knowledge problems in the pursuit of real-world goals.
	www.singinst.org /LOGI/levels/levels.html (1253 words)

	Deliberation Day
		Deliberation Day is a bold new proposal, but it builds on a host of smaller experiments.
		Deliberation Day is not merely a novel idea but a feasible reform.
		Ackerman and Fishkin consider the economic, organizational, and political questions raised by their proposal and explore its relationship to the larger ideals of liberal democracy.
	yalepress.yale.edu /YupBooks/book.asp?isbn=0300101015 (227 words)

	:: Deliberative Democracy Consortium ::
		Deliberation is an approach to decision-making in which citizens consider relevant facts from multiple points of view, converse with one another to think critically about options before them and enlarge their perspectives, opinions, and understandings.
		Deliberative democracy strengthens citizen voices in governance by including people of all races, classes, ages and geographies in deliberations that directly affect public decisions.
		Among the most common claims are that public deliberation results in better policies, superior public education, increased public trust, and reduced conflict when policy moves to implementation.
	www.deliberative-democracy.net /deliberation (336 words)

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