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Topic: Democide

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	20th Century Democide
		Among all the democide estimates appearing on this website, and in the table on the lower right, some have been revised upward.
		And thus I have had to change the overall democide for the PRC (1928-1987) from 38,702,000 to 76,702,000.
		Also, this democide murdered 6 times more people than died in combat in all the foreign and internal wars of the century.
	www.hawaii.edu /powerkills/20TH.HTM (425 words)

	Democide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Democide is a term created by political scientist R.J. Rummel in order to create a broader concept than the legal definition of genocide.
		Democide can also include deaths arising from "intentionally or knowingly wreckless and depraved disregard for life"; this brings into account many deaths arising through various neglects and abuses, such as forced mass starvation.
		Thus the famine was intentional and a democide.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Democide (1154 words)

	Democide: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		democide is not yet widely accepted, and despite the clear difference from the...refer to acts of democide.
		It should, however, be noted that the term democide is not yet widely accepted, and despite the clear difference from the formal definition of genocide, genocide, is very widely used to refer to acts of democide.
		The United States and Pakistan have been accused in collaborating in democide in Afghanistan during 2001, by the restricting access of humanitarian aid during a period of severe famine.
	www.encyclopedian.com /de/Democide.html (455 words)

	When and Why to Use the Term Democide for “Genocide” - by R. J. Rummel
		The overlap portion of the circles comprise those cases of democide that are the genocidal murder of people in order to eradicate their group in whole or part.
		In the case of democide, the vast majority of government killing is manifestly murder--the intent to commit murder is inherent in the act itself.
		Besides this conceptual issue, the field of democide studies, to now use this term in place of “genocide”, is also retarded by a lack of concern with research methods and quantitative analysis.
	www.ideajournal.com /articles.php?id=26 (1723 words)

	Genocide in the 20th Century - Genocide/Democide (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Democide's necessary and sufficient meaning is that of the intentional government killing of an unarmed person or people.
		Twentieth century democide is relatively unique in that it is the greatest example of what we are not calling the type four genocide/democide hybrid.
		Neither Chalk's type four genocide or Rummel's democide are unique inventions of the 20th century, but the hybrid of the two is a unique form of mass murder that brought terror to million in the first half of the 20th century.
	www.lemworld.com /genocide/genocide.asp (1065 words)

	Archive \| May 1998 \| How many did Communist regimes murder?
		Nor is democide the killing of enemy soldiers in combat or of armed rebels, nor of noncombatants as a result of military action against military targets.
		And democide through deportation is the killing of people during their forced mass transportation to distant regions and their death as a direct result, such as through starvation or exposure.
		Democidal famine is that which is purposely caused or aggravated by government or which is knowingly ignored and aid to its victims is withheld.
	www.enterstageright.com /archive/articles/0598commurder.htm (2326 words)

	NCPA - Study #211 - Murder By The State
		The scale of democide may differ, people's attitudes toward it may vary (e.g., some may be more stoic; genocide may be less disagreeable to the dominant group than a general terror), and some may be better informed about what is occurring than others due to differing levels of literacy and government control of the media.
		Democidal rent seeking is estimated at 24.7 percent of real GDP per capita in Africa, 18.6 percent in Asia and 18.0 percent in Latin America.
		Democidal rents averaged 27.0 percent in Rwanda over the period 1962-90; about 15,000 were murdered in genocide campaigns over the period 1962-73 and an additional 500,000 people in 1994.
	www.ncpa.org /~ncpa/studies/s211/s211b.html (1011 words)

	R. J. Rummel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Rummel coined the term democide for murder by government, his research claiming that six times as many people died of democide during the 20th century than in all that century's wars combined.
		Rummel is the creator of the term democide: "the murder of any person or people by a government, including genocide, politicide, and mass murder".
		He is also an outspoken critic of communism, although he also severely criticises right-wing dictatorships and the democides that occurred under colonialism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/R._J._Rummel (2379 words)

	The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective - by R. J. Rummel
		Moreover, democide is not limited to genocide (that aspect involving the killing of group members), nor to politicide, mass murder or massacre, or terror.
		Pulling all this together, a death constitutes democide if it is the intentional killing of an unarmed or disarmed person by government agents acting in their authoritative capacity and pursuant to government policy or high command (as in the Nazi gassing of the Jews).
		The democide I give here for, say Cambodia, was then the outcome of all these calculations, including polynomial regressions of estimates of her population for each year from the early 60s to late 1980s.
	www.ideajournal.com /articles.php?id=17 (6577 words)

	R. J. Rummel's democratic antidote to the scourge of democide--Shawn Plourde
		Democide is also different from genocide in the sense that it is intentional and results in actual deaths, unlike cultural genocide (where no one has to die for it to take place), which is a term that has been used by a number of historians, or genocide that was potentially spontaneous; intentionality being they key.
		[9] Interestingly, Rummel notes that democide is not caused by cross--national diversity, such as ethnicities, religion, regional differences, economics, etc; what it is caused by is, once again, is the amount of concentrated power within a regime and its view of a potential rebellion against its policies and leaders.
		His democratic prescription for eradicating democide is a great place to start and, in most cases, serves as an appropriate framework for the long term goals in how to prevent democide from happening in the future.
	gseweb.harvard.edu /~t656_web/peace/Articles_Spring_2004/Plourde_Shawn_Democide.htm (3105 words)

	Democratic Peace: Reevaluating Colonial Democide
		I'm aghast at this democide in the Congo that I missed.
		Yet, this democide far surpassed in human corpses most every democide in the 20th Century except those by Mao, Stalin, and Hitler.
		I recorded no democide for Belgium, although it may have been responsible for close to a million once it took over the Congo.
	freedomspeace.blogspot.com /2005/12/reevaluating-colonial-democide.html (1751 words)

	WHY GENOCIDE AND MASS MURDER
		With the empirical patterns of democide in the social field thus defined, the next problem was to test for the stated relationship between a democracy versus totalitarianism dimension--Power--and these empirical patterns.
		And the characteristic severity of rebellion is correlated with the domestic democide pattern; the characteristic severity of war with foreign democide.
		I found, as Figure 1.3 shows, that democide peaked during world War II, that it is related through time to the severity of war and rebellion, and especially that by far the larger part of the overall democide trend is due to that committed by totalitarian power--that is, Power.
	www.mega.nu:8080 /ampp/rummel/sod.chap1.htm (3432 words)

	DEMOCIDE - Access to Energy Newsletter Archive
		He lists 74 countries that have conducted democides during the 20th century, including 19 communist countries and - among noncommunist countries - 19 in Africa, 15 in Latin America, 13 in Asia and the Middle East, and 8 in Europe.
		The lesson is that governments do not hesitate to kill their own people when those in control decide that this is in their personal interests.
		Scully concludes that democide is associated with about a 20% loss of national wealth and is the result of dominant group and authoritarian rule.
	www.accesstoenergy.com /view/atearchive/s76a2327.htm (449 words)

	Interview with Rudolph Rummel
		Rudolph J. Rummel- What I've learned that is most important is that war, democide, and famine are not matters of psychology, economics, or bad rulers, but a matter of the social structure of society.
		When society is so structured that the people of a society determine its policies and leaders (democratic freedom), then war, democide, and famine will disappear (note that no democracies have ever had a famine).
		I would go further, since it is the absolute dictators of the world that are the major source of war and democide, I would rule dictatorship itself a crime against humanity.
	www.aztagdaily.com /interviews/rummel.htm (1006 words)

	Archived Weblog Entry - 12/17/2005: "More graves for the democide count" (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Rummel's definition of democide is The murder of any person or people by a government, including genocide, politicide, and mass murder.
		His definition excludes "the death of noncombatants killed during attacks on military targets so long as the primary target is military" aka "collateral damage." Democide therefore does not count many of the civilian victims of total war, such as those killed in the bombings of London, Dresden, Hiroshima and many other cities.
		Democide apparently ignores the 30,000 (Bushimo's estimate) to 100,000 (study published in The Lancet, free registration required) civilian victims of our invasion and occupation of Iraq.
	www.clairewolfe.com /wolfesblog/00001884.html (278 words)

	PONSACS (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Table 3 lists these megamurderers by their annual percent democide rates, people killed per capita divided by the number of years that the type of regime was in power.
		The overall, absolute high democide estimate may be around an inconceivable 335,000,000 killed; the absolute low near a hardly less horrible 70,000,000 killed.
		If one were to sit at a table and have this many people come in one door, walk at three miles per hour across the room with three feet between the, and exit an opposite door, it would take over four years for them all to pass, twenty-four hours a day, 365 days a year.
	www.wcfia.harvard.edu /ponsacs/seminars/Synopses/s92rumme.htm (2177 words)

	NCPA - Study #211 - Murder By The State
		Democide is employed to intimidate, demoralize or subjugate and to maintain power.
		This study takes the midyear of the period over which democide occurred and obtains the value of the real GDP per capita (in 1985 dollars) for that year.
		The estimated demand function for democide is shown in Figure I.
	www.ncpa.org /~ncpa/studies/s211/s211.html (1667 words)

	LewRockwell.com Blog: War, Democide, and Liberventionism
		Democide is death by government — excluding war, usually.
		First of all, many governments that have done the most in the realm of outright murdering "their" own people, have also been less warmongering, as Rothbard has shown.
		Democide occurs frequently in wartime situations, and thus democide done by foreign regimes historically is often less a case for foreign intervention than it is one against it.
	blog.lewrockwell.com /lewrw/archives/007054.html (434 words)

	Reevaluated democide totals for 20th C. and China
		Therefore, I argued, this was not a democide.
		I published the details of this in my blog here: http://freedomspeace.blogspot.com/2005/12/reevaluating-colonial-democide.html [hyperlinks are added to the plain text email by Prof Rummel - ed.], and followed that up with a docudrama -- what it was like to be a native in Leopold's Congo -- to give heart and feeling to the cold statistics.
		Note that democide is any murder by government, and includes genocide, politicide, massacres, mass murder, extrajudicial executions, assassinations, atrocities, and intentional famines.
	www.ciolek.com /SPEC/rummel-on-democide-2005.html (1332 words)

	Freedom's Principles: INTRODUCTION
		It is a matter of communication, of spreading the WORD about the power of freedom to solve many of humanities most pressing problems, such as war, democide, other forms of violence, famines, and impoverishment.
		It says this: the more freedom a people have, the less they suffer from death and destruction in international and domestic wars and violence; the less likely their government will murder them; and when the people of two countries are free, they donât make war or violence against each other.
		As I mentioned in the Preface, all this is on my Freedom, Democide, War website in professionally oriented books and articles, with references to the body of supporting literature and statistics that people can gauge for themselves.
	freedomism.blogspot.com /2005/05/introduction.html (1110 words)

	Democide - TheBestLinks.com - Afghanistan, Armenia, Bangladesh, Burundi, ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Democide - TheBestLinks.com - Afghanistan, Armenia, Bangladesh, Burundi,...
		Democide, Afghanistan, Armenia, Bangladesh, Burundi, People's Republic of China...
		The following based on Matthew White's web site [1] (http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstats.htm) lists the significant democides where the death rate can be estimated to exceed 1,000,000.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Democide.html (553 words)

	LIT Verlag Münster-Hamburg-Berlin-Wien-London (Site not responding. Last check: )
		These data are presented and annotated for pre-20th century democide for the megamurderers and for the United States and lesser murderers.
		All data sources referenced in the democide tables are listed in the references.
		Conclusion is that the diverse tests are positive and robust, that the less liberal democracy and the more totalitarian a regime, the more likely it will commit democide.
	www.lit-verlag.de /isbn/3-8258-4010-7 (235 words)

	The Demand for Democide: Publications: The Independent Institute
		This is unfortunate because recent work by Rummel [1994, 1997] has shown that there is a strong relationship between the amount of absolute power held by a government and the number of people killed by that government.
		He has also provided a rich data set documenting the number of deaths by 'democide', defined as killing by government.
		Scully's [1997] is an exception, in that he has tried to relate democide to economic growth rates.
	independent.org /publications/working_papers/article.asp?id=754&s=na (195 words)

	Brad Cox, Ph.D.
		With this understanding of democide, the following lists all communist governments that have committed any form of democide and gives their estimated total domestic and foreign democide and its annual rate (the percent of a government's domestic population murdered per year).
		It also shows the total for communist guerrillas (including quasi-governments, as of the Mao soviets in China prior to the communist victory in 1949) and the world total for all governments and guerrillas (including such quasi-governments as of the White Armies during the Russian civil war in 1917-1922).
		The world total democide of all regimes and groups, whether communist or not.
	www.virtualschool.edu /mon/SocialConstruction/GenocideAndMassMurder.html (2389 words)

	Letters
		I'm writing to draw your attention to the Powerkills web site on democide (murder by government, such as genocide), war, and other forms of collective violence and human insecurity, and some recent additions.
		It deals with the relationship of freedom to human insecurity -- democide, war, revolution, famine, and human development -- and has an extensive appendix providing a statistical proof that the more democratic freedom a people have, the greater their human security.
		Note in particular that in addition to such freedom being a method of nonviolence and an engine of development, democracy solves the problem of famine--no liberal democracy has ever had a famine.
	www.jrnyquist.com /june11/letters.htm (852 words)

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