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Topic: Democracy (varieties)

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Participatory democracy

Direct democracy

Consensus democracy

Representative democracy

Direct Access Democracy

Anticipatory democracy

Deliberative democracy

Democracy

Emergent democracy

Deliberative democracy

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	Democracy (varieties) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In bottom-up democracy, or indirect representative democracy nominations and elections are confined to small groupings of people who elect deputies (proxies, representatives) who, in turn, nominate and elect higher level officials.
		One critique of indirect democracy, i.e., direct represntative democracy, is that it centralizes power into the hands of a few, thereby increasing the likelihood of corruption in and abuse of power by the government.
		Moreover, while some contend that indirect democracy, i.e., indirect representative democracy, eliminates demagoguery, there is little reason to believe the elected representatives, for example in a direct representative democracy, are not themselves demagogues, or subject to the persuasive appeal of demagogues.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Democracy_(varieties) (1400 words)

	Democracy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Liberal democracy is a type of representative democracy where the power of the government is limited by the rule of law and separation of powers, while the people are guaranteed certain inviolable liberties and rights.
		In modern democracies, the territory is the nation-state, and since this corresponds (in theory) with the homeland of the nation, the demos and the reach of the democratic process neatly coincide.
		A persistent libertarian and monarchist critique of democracy is the claim that it encourages the elected representatives to change the law without necessity, and in particular to pour forth a flood of new laws.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Democracy (5465 words)

	Democracy
		Democracy is sometimes the de facto form of government, while other forms are technically the case; for example, Canada has a monarchy, but is in fact ruled by a democratically elected Parliament.
		The word democracy originates from the Greek "demos" meaning "the people" and "kratein" meaning "to rule" or, literally: "the people to rule", which means "Rule by the People." The term is also sometimes used as a measurement of how much influence a people has over their government, as in how much democracy exists.
		Some critics of representative democracy argue that party politics mean that representatives will be forced to follow the party line on issues, rather than either the will of their conscience or constituents.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/d/de/democracy_1.html (1445 words)

	The Model>Tenets of Democracy: Summary
		Democracy is a process of self-government in which individuals operate upon their environment directly and indirectly- directly as they make decisions for themselves, pursue careers, enter into relationships with others, and otherwise live their lives and indirectly through political representatives accountable for them.
		Democracy is the best basis for social organization because the logic of democracy denies that absolute truth can be known with certainty, and therefore allows for diversity, tolerance, openness to change and recognition of error.
		Democracy is not solely a political organization, but rather a social relationship, a conscious striving on the part of each member for the advancement of the common welfare.
	www.intime.uni.edu /model/democracy/demo.html (5105 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Guardian daily comment \| Democracy isn't working
		Democracy has become the universal calling card of the west, the mantra that is chanted at every country that falls short (when politically convenient, of course), the ubiquitous solution to the problems of countries that are not democratic.
		Democracy, historical experience suggests, is not that well-suited to achieving the conditions necessary for economic takeoff.
		Democracy is neither a platitude nor an eternal verity - either for the world or for the west.
	www.guardian.co.uk /comment/story/0,3604,1244327,00.html (1287 words)

	The Telegraph - Calcutta : Opinion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		These varied in inflection and emphasis, but were united nonetheless by their belief that the struggle between fascism and communism, with liberal democracy trapped in between, was the defining contest of the 20th century.
		The Nazi invasion of Soviet Russia led to a breakdown of that alliance and the forging of a new one, that between communism and democracy.
		Holding the centre, uncertainly, is liberal democracy, the philosophy upheld by the makers of modern India and embodied in its Constitution.
	www.telegraphindia.com /1051126/asp/opinion/story_5518155.asp (1259 words)

	Aristotle: Politics: Book 6
		Of democracy and all other forms of government there are many kinds; and it will be well to assign to them severally the modes of organization which are proper and advantageous to each, adding what remains to be said about them.
		The mere establishment of a democracy is not the only or principal business of the legislator, or of those who wish to create such a state, for any state, however badly constituted, may last one, two, or three days; a far greater difficulty is the preservation of it.
		The populousness of democracies generally preserves them (for e state need not be much increased,since there is no necessity tha number is to democracy in the place of justice based on proportion); whereas the preservation of an oligarchy clearly depends on an opposite principle, viz., good order.
	www.constitution.org /ari/polit_06.htm (4293 words)

	Deliberative democracy: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Representative democracy comprises a form of democracy and theory of civics wherein voters choose (in free, secret, multi-party elections) representatives to...
		Critics of deliberative democracy have pointed to Arrow's impossibility theorem[For more facts and a topic of this subject, click this link] as limiting the use of deliberative democracy.
		The islamization of knowledge is a term which describes a variety of attempts and approaches to synthesize the ethics of islam with various fields of modern thought....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/d/de/deliberative_democracy.htm (1628 words)

	Muddling toward Democracy Political Change in Grassroots China: Peaceworks: Publications: U.S. Institute of Peace
		To equate the election of village committees with democracy is a mistake.
		The ministry has set forth four principles essential to democracy: that the chairman, vice chairman, and members of village committees be directly elected by the villagers themselves; that the number of candidates exceed the number of positions; that voting be conducted by secret ballot; and that the winning candidate receive more than half the votes.
		Indeed, the contrast between the anomie of Bend in the River, where halfhearted efforts to democratize have failed, and Guanjiang village, Fujian, where elections have succeeded (see pages 33–39), suggests that one unintended consequence of village elections is the restoration of the sense of community that disappeared with the collapse of the communes.
	www.usip.org /pubs/peaceworks/thurst23/chap3_23.html (12338 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Democracy [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Template:Politics Democracy is a form of government under which the power to alter the laws and structures of government lies, ultimately, with the citizenry.
		The word democracy originates from the Greek δημοκρατíα from δημος meaning "the people", plus κρατειν meaning "to rule", and the suffix íα; the term therefore means "rule by the people." The term is also sometimes used as a measurement of how much influence a people has over their government, as in how much democracy exists.
		Democracy is also related to the idea of constitutional government, setting limits beyond which a current majority in government may not step.
	encyclozine.com /Democracy (2469 words)

	Creating Seed Monopolies: Proposed Indian Plant Variety Legislation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		According to Def (ix), "extant variety" means a variety notified under the Seeds Act 1966 or released by the Central Seed Committee or its sub-committees and qualifies for protection under the provisions of this Act.
		The fact that while varieties essentially derived from farmers varieties are treated as varieties evolved by industrial breeders, when varieties are essentially derived from the protected varieties, the "rights of the breeder of the initial variety extend to the essentially derived variety also" according to clause 7.
		If a variety S is essentially derived from a farmers variety, on the logic of protection in Clause 7, the farmer should have the first right.
	www.navdanya.org /articles/seeds_monopoly.htm (2533 words)

	ipedia.com: Democracy Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This contemporary understanding of democracy to a large degree differs from how the term was originally defined and used by the ancient Greeks in the Athenian democracy political regime.
		For example, it is theoretically possible in a liberal democracy to elect a representative body that will decide that a certain minority (religion, political belief e.t.c) should be criminalized or even its members punished with death.
		Democracy 2.0 — A political science research project dedicated to promoting and effecting Pervasive Democracy and direct, nonpartisan resolution of community issues in U.S. states and localities.
	www.ipedia.com /democracy_1.html (1453 words)

	POSC 261 - Comparative Political Economy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In this section, we will confront central questions such as whether democracy hurts or promotes economic development and what types of democratic institutions seem to be better than others in fostering good economic performance and equality.
		The central questions are how do these varieties of capitalism differ in economic performance, which is generally superior for maximizing efficiency or equality, or both, and is liberal market capitalism the baseline on which all converge in the face of globalization in product and capital markets.
		Note: Recent research, often drawing on both varieties of capitalism and Esping-Andersen’s worlds of welfare framework, has expanded the range of institutions that are studied and addressed the questions of which varieties of welfare capitalism produce which mixes of social, economic, and gender equality with good economic performance.
	www.marquette.edu /dept/polisci/Syllabi/261Swank.htm (4026 words)

	Democracy
		A democracy is a form of government in which ordinary citizens may take part in governing, in contrast with a monarchy or dictatorship.
		society and that democracy is not morally ideal.
		Proponents of democracy argue that just as there is a special constitutional process for constitutional changes, there could be a distinction between legislation which would be handled through direct democracy and the modification of
	www.findthelinks.com /theory/democracy.htm (1172 words)

	Vanguard -Viewpoint : How brazen partisanship undermines democracy
		ONE of the major reasons why varieties of One-man, One-party and military dictatorship took root in most parts of Africa, in the immediate aftermath of colonialism, was the widely perceived incompatibility between liberal democracy and development in the plural ethno-cultural polities of the continent.
		Dictatorships, both of the agbada and khaki varieties worsened the problem of poverty and underdevelopment in Africa through mind boggling corruption which eroded the moral fabric of society and the denigration of human rights to the detriment of individual initiative, creativity and dignity.
		It is not impossible that the anti-democratic elements within the PDP may be deliberately employing this kind of extreme and unhealthy partisanship to undermine and ultimately destroy democracy in Nigeria by steadily chipping away at the foundations of constitutionalism and the Rule of Law.
	www.vanguardngr.com /articles/2002/viewpoints/vp106032004.html (1546 words)

	SSRN-Varieties of Rule of Law: An Introduction and Provisional Conclusion by Randall Peerenboom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Rule of law is one of the pillars of modernity, and widely considered necessary for sustained economic development, the implementation of democracy and the protection of human rights.
		At the same time, critics in Asia and the West note that rule of law is closely associated with Western liberal democracy and wonder whether rule of law will take root given the different cultural, economic and political context.
		It also takes up the relationship between rule of law and democracy, and what the experiences of these Asian countries tell us about the factors that facilitate or hinder the establishment and implementation of rule of law.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=445821 (664 words)

	P Sc 3550, Democracies Throughout the World
		Next we study some of the historical sources of democracy, with particular emphasis on the nature of Athenian democracy and the critiques offered by Plato and Aristotle.
		Since the mid-1970s the number of countries classified as democracies has risen sharply: we will examine the origins of this growth and the prospects for its continuance, placing close attention to and comparing the specifics of different countries and regions, including the United States.
		Finally, we will ask about the demands being placed upon democracy in the present and the near future, before reaching some tentative conclusions about the limits and possibilities of democracy.
	www.ou.edu /cas/psc/Kenney/kenney3550.htm (902 words)

	Opinions - The good & the bad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It is high time that all oppressive regimes in the world follow suit and stop ignoring the rights of their nations, claiming that the USA is suspicious.
		The third parliamentary elections held on April 27 in Yemen were a good omen for the future of democracy in the region.
		It has been struggling for a long time to implement democracy out of the realization that democracy is good and dictatorship is terrible.
	www.yobserver.com /cgi-bin/yobserver/exec/view.cgi/18/5861 (426 words)

	Externally Assisted Democracy
		One of its best qualities must be that, recognizing the uncertainties and pitfalls therein, it is a process, a means than an end, a social experiment always on the move through which governmental decisions are deliberated through as many minds and interests as possible.
		Whilst strengthening civil societies outside their jurisdictions could be espoused in principal through the principles of universal human rights, how is that to be reconciled with the principles of non-intervention and sovereignty is an ever evolving controversy in current (post Cold War) Public International Law.
		Their activities included civic education, teaching the public on the general principles of democracy, on politics in general, monitoring and reporting on the human rights situation and violations.
	www.addistribune.com /Archives/2001/07/06-07-01/Externally.htm (1357 words)

	PoSc 252 - European Politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This specialization is necessary as it is virtually impossible in one semester to consider in any detail the politics of both the stable, post-WW II democracies of the West and the post-communist systems of Central and Eastern Europe.
		First, the course is designed to provide an understanding of the continuing development and operation of democratic processes and institutions in Europe in the context of advanced capitalism.
		Peter Hall and Daniel Gingerich, “Varieties of Capitalism and Institutional Complementarities in the Macroeconomy.” MPIfG Discussion Paper 2004-5, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, 2004.
	www.marquette.edu /dept/polisci/Syllabi/252Swank.htm (2701 words)

	Food Democracy v. Food Dictatorship, by Vandana Shiva
		varieties yielded ten quintals/acre, while Bt yields were two quintals/acre.
		The paradox of India importing increasing amounts of food for aid, while 65 million tons rot in storage, shows that food insecurity is a result of erosion of food sovereignty and food democracy, not of food security.
		It is the democracy deficit that is allowing the spread of GM foods.
	zmagsite.zmag.org /Apr2003/shiva0403.html (2311 words)

	What Bush's 'Freedom & Democracy' Means for Iraqi Farmers
		If a corporation develops a variety resistant to a particular Iraqi pest, and somewhere in Iraq a farmer is growing another variety that does the same, it’s now illegal for him/her to save that seed.
		The real motive of the American plutocracy for invading Iraq, and more generally its motive for creating a permanent "war on terror," was certainly not just to control Iraqi farmers, but to control the people of the world in order to strengthen their wealth and privilege and power.
		Real democracy is about control too; it is about making a revolution to take power away from corporate elites and secure it in the hands of ordinary people presently in the grip of Order 81's everywhere from Iraq to the United States.
	www.iraq4u.com /forum/fb.asp?m=2751 (1392 words)

	John G. Gunnell: Imagining the American Polity
		It tracks the varieties of twentieth-century pluralism out of debates over ‘the state’; and convincingly demonstrates the genealogical ties that bind Laski and the Progressive Era to the behavioral revolutionaries of the fifties to today’s multiculturalists.
		Americans have long prided themselves on living in a country that serves as a beacon of democracy to the world, but from the time of the founding they have also engaged in debates over what the criteria for democracy are as they seek to validate their faith in the United States as a democratic regime.
		Along the way he explores how political scientists have grappled with a fundamental paradox about popular sovereignty: whether democracy requires a people and a national democratic community or whether the requisites of democracy can be achieved through fortuitous social configurations coupled with the design of certain institutional mechanisms.
	www.psupress.org /books/titles/0-271-02352-x.html (267 words)

	HOW POLITICAL PARTIES SHAPE DEMOCRACY
		This paper assesses the relationship between the nature of political parties and varieties of democracy.
		Recent cases of democratization, where parties were attributed a markedly privileged position within the democratic institutional framework, provide the most unequivocal testimony of such a conception of the relationship between parties and democracy.
		This paper provides a preliminary attempt to move beyond the consensus which exists on the surface that modern democracy is unthinkable save in terms of parties by considering varieties of party and different conceptions of democracy.
	repositories.cdlib.org /csd/04-16 (180 words)

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