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	Chinese Democracy
		In fact, the Democracy Wall Movement (named for the large, high wall bordering a street near Tiananmen, where posters advocating various sorts of political and social change were pasted by various members of the populace) was a direct challenge to Party dictatorship.
		Given this long and tortuous history of democracy in China, and the numerous connotations and layers of meaning associated with the term "minzhu", when the term appeared on wall posters again in 1989, it was sometimes used less for its intrinsic meaning than for its ability to link present concerns with those of the past.
		The "Goddess of Democracy," although it had plenty of antecedents in Chinese religious and political ceremonies, was also instrumental in tugging the heartstrings of millions of Westerners who drew a connection to the Statue of Liberty and assumed that Chinese aspirations were identical to their own.
	www.tsquare.tv /themes/essay.html (1409 words)

	Democracy International - Alan Wall (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		He currently manages Democracy International’s programs in Indonesia, where he leads projects providing assistance to national, provincial, and district election authorities and nongovernmental organizations in support of national election reform, local election administration (in seven provinces), post-conflict/post-tsunami elections under regional autonomy in Aceh, and increased government transparency at national and local levels.
		Wall served in senior positions with the Australian Electoral Commission, including six years as the Director of Internal Audits, responsible for assurance of the efficiency, effectiveness and integrity of electoral operations and financial management.
		Wall was one of the initial lead writers for the Administration and Cost of Elections (ACE) Project (http://www.aceproject.org), the electronic textbook of electoral matters developed jointly by the United Nations, IFES and International IDEA.
	www.democracyinternational.us /pages/wall.html (289 words)

	Free-TermPapers.com - Democracy Movements In China
		Many of the views expressed during the Democracy Wall movement regarding the corruption of the party and its lack of legitimacy as a representative of the people are directly related to the main concerns of the Cultural Revolution Rebels and indeed many of the same people, both workers and former students were involved.
		When questioned about democracy wall by overseas visitors he reaffirmed more than once that the Chinese people had every right to express their views and that the CCP was not in the least concerned with the criticism in the posters.
		Democracy Wall activists had stood for election to the local people's congresses in 1980 and had made a very good showing despite party harassment and intimidation of them and their supporters.
	www.free-termpapers.com /tp/36/pwr130.shtml (4282 words)

	Democracy Wall (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		When this website was originally created, the Democracy Wall page was a place where visitors could post their opinions about the site or the film, "The Gate of Heavenly Peace." The page was administered by Frontline, and has not been updated since shortly after the initial PBS broadcast of the film in June 1996.
		Wei Jingsheng, an activist in the Democracy Wall events, called for democracy to become China's "Fifth Modernization" as a precondition for other aspects of modernization.
		Democracy, freedom and happiness are the only goals of modernization.
	www.tsquare.tv /wall (442 words)

	OpinionJournal - Featured Article
		Its Broader Middle East and North Africa initiative to promote democracy in the Middle East through high-profile rhetorical support for democracy and funding for local democratic organizations was originally conceived as a way of capitalizing on the momentum gained from a successful Iraqi transition to democracy.
		The administration's highly visible embrace of democracy promotion as a component of its national security strategy (as outlined in last week's official document on the subject), and its telegraphing ahead of time of intentions to bring about regime change in places like Iran, only hurt the cause of real democrats in the region.
		Democracy promotion should remain an integral part of American foreign policy, but it should not be seen as a principal means of fighting terrorism.
	www.opinionjournal.com /editorial/feature.html?id=110008147 (1637 words)

	Untitled Document
		Like Wei, he resumed his advocacy of democracy and was arrested once again, held incommunicado for 17 months, and then sentenced to 11 years imprisonment in a pro forma trial that characteristically violated normal standards of justice.
		Wang Dan is an advocate of a "peaceful and rational" democracy movement based upon the recognition that "the realization of democracy is a long-term and difficult process" requiring patience and tenacity.
		For this reason, and for their courage and steadfastness in the cause of democracy, the National Endowment for Democracy is proud to present its Democracy Award to Wei Jingsheng and Wang Dan.
	www.ned.org /events/demaward/demaward1998.html (325 words)

	Harvard Asia Pacific Review
		As used in this article, "democracy movement" refers to collective social actions which clearly present the standpoint of a political opposition and are distinguished by their organization, scope, ideology, and openness to the public.
		This kind of democracy movement asserted its influence from its budding in the 1979 "Democracy Wall" movement in Beijing to its eruption into the wide-scale student protests in 1989.
		China's present democracy movement is a positive factor for future political transformation in China, whereas the current authorities' policy of suppression is irresponsible and dangerous for China's future and international peace and stability.
	hcs.harvard.edu /~hapr/winter00_millenium/ChineseDemocracy.html (997 words)

	Democracy Wall - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Democracy Wall was a long brick wall on Chang'an street in the Xidan District of Beijing, which became the focus for democratic dissent.
		These activists were encouraged to criticize the Gang of Four and previous failed government policies, but the wall was closed in December 1979 when the leadership and the communist party system were being criticized along with past mistakes and leaders.
		After the establishment of democracy in 1990, the square became a rallying point for protesters, but the wall itself was demolished by the city government in August 2005, six months after King Gyanendra dismissed the elected government and assumed direct power himself.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Democracy_Wall (299 words)

	East Europe: Why Some Worked and Others Didn't - Council on Foreign Relations
		Building a culture of participatory democracy in Ukraine and Belarus, where the state systematically tried to crush the human spirit for centuries, was going to be difficult under any circumstances.
		An example is seen in the recent predicament of BP Amoco PLC, a major oil concern that spent $600 million for a stake in a Russian oil company only to struggle in Russian courts to gain even a role in the company's bankruptcy proceedings.
		At the beginning of this decade, many analysts predicted that it would be possible to build sustainable democracies and free markets in the former Soviet bloc within 10 years.
	www.cfr.org /publication.html?id=3230 (1574 words)

	Wei Jingsheng: "The Fifth Modernization" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Their main purpose was to suppress the most rudimentary form of democracy, because they clearly knew that democracy was the most formidable and irresistible enemy.
		Democracy is by no means the result of social development as claimed by Lenin.
		Democracy has been able to surmount all these obstacles because it is highly valued and eagerly sought by the people.
	www.rjgeib.com /thoughts/china/jingshen.html (3832 words)

	TIMEasia.com \| Visions of China: Democracy Wall \| 9/27/99
		Democracy Wall was located in central Beijing on Xidan street, right next to a busy bus terminal.
		Before becoming the centerpiece of a political movement, the wall had served as a mundane bulletin board.
		I argued that democracy should be added to the government's agenda and that without it our society would never achieve the standards of living and levels of production we hoped for.
	www.time.com /time/asia/magazine/99/0927/democracy_wall.html (654 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Allen Ginsberg; democracy; the wall of separation; chess; etc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		...Kagan's lament for democracy if he had argued that it is possible to be a little bit democratic, and that, perhaps, a little is better than going all the way...
		...Democracy is assumed to have an opposite pole, dictatorship...
		...and that his wall of separation was standard for the era, not an aggressive move against religion...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V104I5P5-1.htm (11300 words)

	Democracy Wall - China Mainland - June 4th Tiananmen Memorial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Democracy is not a moral state of people consciousness, it is only the overstructure of the result of an high economical development.
		Democracy is an unavoidable conseguence of a " pure " model of an even (smooth) economic development, it is her most suitable political folder.
		Democracy is not a safely guarantteed gift of the Comunist Party of China for the Chinese people and it is currenly an orphane unless nurtured with care by the Chinese people themselves.
	books.dreambook.com /vead/tiananmen2.html (11917 words)

	Chinese Democracy Movements
		The background to the Democracy Wall movement was the
		Democracy Wall Movement was accompanied by outbreaks of industrial unrest as
		Democracy Wall In 1978, stimulated by the opening of China to the West and also
	www.xsbusiness.com /Politics/Chinese-Democracy-Movements.html (3854 words)

	P4PD - Palestinians for Peace and Democracy - The Wall (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		However, it is clear to all who would look with open mind and heart that any barrier separating between a house and its garden, a son and his father, a farmer and his land, the worker and her workplace will inevitably fail: it is against the natural course of life.
		P4PD opposes the separation wall and recognizes it for exactly what it is: a wall of apartheid intended to further the policies of the government of Israel for the continued occupation and destruction of Palestine.
		The Wall has already led to the confiscation of Palestinian agricultural land, the isolation and increased paralysis of commercial, industrial and tourist life for Palestinian Jerusalem and the West Bank as a whole.
	www.p4pd.org /wall.html (443 words)

	[No title]
		In the spectrum of opinions presented on Democracy Wall, Wei Jingsheng's was a distinctive voice.
		Since it was too cold to stand for long at the Wall reading posters, more people could be reached through the printed word and visitors from outside Beijing could take copies home, while activists could venture outside the city to distribute their work, informal publications became the most popular mode of disseminating ideas.
		At the time the first posters appeared on Democracy Wall, public criticism of Mao was still oblique, and none of the activities centering around Democracy Wall were reported in the domestic Chinese media.
	www.echonyc.com /~wei/Voice.html (2863 words)

	The Epoch Times \| High Level Internal Tension: Hu Jintao Introduces "Message Board Democracy"
		In 1979, Deng Xiaoping successfully used the Xidan Wall of Democracy as a medium for the fight for democracy and human rights, and to bring down Huang Guofeng, then Chinese premier, who was also the president of the Central Military Committee and the leader of the Chinese Communist Party.
		(Editor’s note: The Xidan Wall of Democracy was a wall in the Xidan District in Beijing where activists were encouraged to post criticism of the existing government.
		Today, Internet message boards and other internet websites, which are frequently used by Chinese democracy advocates and intellectuals to display opinions and criticisms against the existing government, may play a role in influencing change in today's Chinese government.
	english.epochtimes.com /news/4-7-28/22601.html (643 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Inside China's ruling party
		In Beijing, the most outspoken posters appeared on a section of wall near the Forbidden City, and this became known as Democracy Wall.
		But criticism continued to mount and protesters started arriving in the capital demanding that rulings handed down during the Cultural Revolution be reversed.
		The most prominent critic, Wei Jingsheng, called for China to adopt democracy as the "fifth modernisation", implicitly criticising Deng who had said China only needed four.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/shared/spl/hi/asia_pac/02/china_party_congress/china_ruling_party/key_people_events/html/democracy_wall.stm (177 words)

	BBC News \| Special Reports \| China's Communist Revolution
		Beijing democracy activists were allowed to record news and ideas on a designated wall in the city from December 1978.
		In line with the party's new policy of "seeking truth from facts," the activists were encouraged to criticise the Gang of Four and failed government policies.
		Two of the more prominent leaders of the poster movement were placed on public trial and given heavy jail sentences.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/static/special_report/1999/09/99/china_50/democ.htm (109 words)

	VFW Post 764 Wall of Valor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 1995, the Wall of Valor was dedicated as a part of military history to honor veterans of VFW Post 764, living and dead, for valor “above and beyond the call of duty” while in action against enemy forces.
		This Wall serves as a token of our appreciation where symbols of their valor can be seen and respected for many generations to come.
		The Wall of Valor was designed by members of Post 764 who were eventually designated the Wall of Valor Committee: Richard Callender, James Morin and Daniel O’Neill.
	www.vfw764.org /wallofvalor.htm (4588 words)

	Wei Jingsheng hero file (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		But chances were the majority of other Democracy Wall activists would not be arrested immediately.
		In the autumn, Wei is transferred from Qinghai Province to a labour camp at Nanpu on the Bo Hai Gulf in the north of China.
		"Those who already enjoy democracy, liberty, and human rights, in particular, should not allow their own personal happiness to lull them into forgetting the many others who are still struggling against tyranny, slavery, and poverty; and all those who are suffering from unimaginable forms of oppression, exploitation, and massacres," he tells the assembled media.
	www.moreorless.au.com /heroes/wei.html (4646 words)

	WEI JINGSHENG
		His first visit filled him with inspiration: in a single night he wrote his celebrated essay, "The Fifth Modernization-Democracy." With virtually no revisions, it was posted on Democracy Wall by a friend at 2 o'clock in the morning of December 5, 1978.
		But as Democracy Wall activists began to go beyond the limited role he had envisaged for them and to criticize China's whole political system, Deng began to reconsider this alliance of convenience.
		This was "The Fifth Modernization-Democracy," signed with the pen-name Wei Jingsheng was to use throughout the Democracy Wall movement, Jin Sheng (golden voice).
	www.echonyc.com /~wei/Story.html (1076 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series/ China / Glossary
		It often denotes, in a more restricted sense, a person who has been fully indoctrinated in party ideology and methods and uses this training in his or her work.
		The danwei typically controls the allocation of housing, grain, edible oil, and cotton rations; the issuance of permits to travel, to marry, and to bear or adopt children; and permission to enter the army, party, and university and to change employment.
		A wall in the Xidan district in Beijing where, beginning in December 1978, in line with the party's policy of "seeking truth from facts," activists in the democracy movement recorded news and ideas, often in the form of big-character posters (q.v.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/china/cn_glos.html (2744 words)

	PoetryFoundation.org: Writing on the Wall
		His act sparked the Democracy Wall Movement, in which dissidents posted news and ideas on a wall in the Xidan district of Beijing.
		It is moving to see his house, covered in characters as it is, as an echo of the act of the young man who traveled to Beijing in order to post his poems, holding a bucket of flour paste in front of a growing crowd of sympathizers who linked arms to protect him.
		Like the poems on the Democracy Wall, the house poems are public objects of art.
	poetryfoundation.org /features/feature.onpoetry.html?id=178260 (1694 words)

	China News
		A waitress hospitalized in the southern Chinese city of Guangzhou was declared the country's second suspected SARS case of the season on Thursday, just as the first patient was pronounced recovered and released.
		WALL" link at at the bottom of any entry.
		The WALL was originally created in support of the Global Petition
	radio.weblogs.com /0118924/categories/chinaNews/2004/01/08.html (468 words)

	Carnegie Young People Initiative - Wakefield Council Democracy Wall (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In order to engage young people in local democracy and the political process, The Campaign Company, working alongside Wakefield Council, designed and pioneered Democracy Wall.
		This tool was used for the first time in Wakefield as a key youth engagement activity for Local Democracy Week 2005.
		The preparation and building of the wall captured the views of over 100 young people in relation to the ‘one thing’ the council could do in the next financial year to improve the quality of their lives.
	www.carnegieuktrust.org.uk /cypi/participation_workers/sharing_practice/democracy_wall (247 words)

	Democracy Wall
		One element of the entire democracy question in China that seems to be underplayed is the economic motivation that seems to underly so many of the actions of those in charge, those who would overthrow them and the average citizen caught in the middle.
		Their lives or death gave birth to democracy and freedom in China, though the birth is a rather prolonged progress.
		Seeing these people, one quicky realizes that the "democracy" that they sought was not a true democracy of majority rule/minortiy rights, but rather it was a term for a new totalitarianism with a new ruling class.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/flfeedback/readflfeedbackgate.html (15453 words)

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